< Justification of studying social media > As a whole, media has become an essential element in modern life. In days to come, its role will expand with the expansion of technology. This is an age of advanced digital communication (Abid Hussain, 2019). Post-modernism has given rise to non-face-to-face interaction, i.e. online engagement. With incorporation of social media in our lifestyles, we are heading towards another era beyond Post-modernism (especially since an outburst of COVID-19). Mainstream media, i.e. television, newspaper, its utilization and effects on consumers have been a point of focus for researchers in their scholarly debates and are well documented since half century. New media, particularly social networking sites (SNS), is relatively a new discipline and is being explored through various dimensions since its emergence.

1. FIZA ZIA UL HANNAN
Dependency on social media and its effects on users
Literature
Review

2. 1. A relation between Facebook usage and gratification of individualistic
(psychological) and conformist (sociological) needs of users.
2. To examine excessive usage of Facebook and some of the potential
outcomes.
Foundation
Two media philosophical approaches:
 Uses and Gratification (U&G Theory)
 Media System Dependency (MSD Theory)
Recap

3. (Attainment/Uses) Variables
 Psychological needs: Entertainment, Personal Identity,
Diversion
 *Sociological needs: Surveillance, Socialization

4. (Impacts/Outcomes/Effects) Variables
 Addiction
 Anxiety (offline engagement)
 Facebook Depression: social withdrawal, social compa
rison, insomnia, loneliness
Add-On: *nomophobia, FOMO,

5. Bowe states Facebook to have stood as the fourth most visited website
after six years of its existence (2010) and its consumption is a way to gra
tify one’s sociological and psychological needs (Cheung et al., 2011; Sh
eldon et al., 2011).
Researches have been conducted by some authors to identify the reaso
ns about Facebook usage (Garima cites Hargittai, 2007; Sheldon, 20
08; Stern & Taylor, 2007) while some researches have also focused on
outcomes (Ellison, Steinfield & Lampe, 2007).
Literature Review

6. Sociological need: Socialization
Social networking taps into very fundamental human needs by offering the possibilities
of social support and self-expression (Riva, Wiederhold and Cipresso, 2016).
Connected Motherhood: Social Support for Moms and Moms-to-Be on Facebo
ok
Holtz and colleagues (2015) examined a Facebook page, ‘Ask the Chicks’ and found res
ponses like, ‘‘I have almost NO friends who have kids, so this is my source for questions I do
n’t feel comfortable asking my in-laws or parents.’’
Theoretical framework: U&GT
Literature Review … (USAGE)

7. Sociological need: Surveillance
Social networking taps into very fundamental human needs by offering the possi
bilities of social support and self-expression (Riva, Wiederhold and Cipresso,
2016).
Being Immersed in Social Networking Environment: Facebook Groups, Uses a
nd Gratifications, and Social Outcomes
Holtz and colleagues (2009) examined a Facebook page, ‘Ask the Chicks’ and found res
ponses like, ‘‘I have almost NO friends who have kids, so this is my source for questions I
don’t feel comfortable asking my in-laws or parents.’’
Theoretical framework: U&GT
Literature Review … (USAGE)

8. Sociological need: Surveillance
Uses and Gratification Motivation for Using Facebook and the Impact o
f Facebook Usage on Social Capital and Life Satisfaction among Filipin
o Users
Findings: The five identified U&G motivations contributed to a total of 81% of the var
iance to Facebook usage. The following hypothesis was supported
H4. The need for seeking information will significantly influence Filipinos to use
Facebook. 
Theoretical framework: U&GT
Literature Review … (USAGE)

9. Dr. Mark and Dr. Daria’s study, “Adolescent social media addiction”
(2017)
Literature Review … (OUTCOMES)

10. Research findings:
The outcomes revealed some psychological problems like:
1. Addiction
2. Anxiety
3. Depression
4. Loneliness
5. Attention Deficit Disorder (ADHD)
Literature Review … (OUTCOMES)

11. Definition: Any compulsive or overused activity can be considered addi
ction (Peele, 1985, cited by Park, 2005)
Heavy Users: Cross-cultural research including 10,930 adolescents fro
m six European countries (Greece, Spain, Poland, the Netherlands, Ro
mania, and Iceland) showed that using SNSs for two or more hours a da
y was related to internalizing problems and decreased academic perfor
mance and activity (Tsitsika et al., 2014).
There is a growing scientific evidence base to suggest excessive SNS u
se may lead to symptoms traditionally associated with substance-related
addictions (Andreassen, 2015).
Literature Review … (ADDICTION)

12. Social Media Addiction and its Implications for Communication
Social media itself is not the problem at hand; the problem is the ability for a
dependency to develop. While social media dependency has yet to be forma
lly defined in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, researchers have proposed
behavioral addictions such as internet addiction and smartphone addiction (
Nicole, 2018).
Instead of device usage, the criteria would evolve to reflect social media net
working sites and applications, whether accessed on a smartphone, tablet or
computer.
Literature Review … (ADDICTION)

13. A study, Internet addiction among SNS users: emerging mental heal
th concern among medical undergraduates of Karachi, concluded th
at digital addiction was a major concern in undergraduates students whe
re females were more affected by it (Zaeema and co., 2018).
Methods: A cross-sectional survey (same set of variables in one time on
different groups) The structured questionnaire further enquired regarding
the social and behavior patterns relevant to IA and SNS use. Data was a
nalyzed using SPSS 16.
Literature Review … (ADDICTION)

14. A documented increase in the number of young women experiencing eat
ing psychopathology has been blamed on the rise of engagement with s
ocial media sites such as Facebook.
Facebook Use and Disordered Eating in College-Aged Women
A study by Stephanie et. al (2015) revealed that online physical appear
ance comparison and online fat talk were associated with greater disord
ered eating.
Literature Review … (ADDICTION)

15. Anxiety
Stoney in his study titled, Does personal social media usage affect ef
ficiency and well being? found that higher amounts of personal social
media usage led to lower performance at task accompanied with higher l
evels of technostress and lowered happiness (2015).
Literature Review … (OUTCOMES)

16. Facebook Depression
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) proposed the existence of F
acebook depression in 2011. They defined the condition as: “Depression th
at develops when preteens and teens spend a great deal of time on social
media sites, such as Facebook, and then begin to exhibit classic symptoms
of depression.”
It is a prolonged sadness that develops when adolescents and adults are int
ensive users of virtual world. Those who tend to overuse Facebook feel anx
iety and discomfort when they cannot log on. Their more negative mood affe
cts their physical, interpersonal, and mental functioning (Marta cites Noller,
2019).
Literature Review … (OUTCOMES)

17. What needs to be addressed further?
1. Loneliness
2. Social Withdrawal
3. Social Comparison
4. Insomnia
Literature Review … (OUTCOMES)

18. The Facebook Paradox – Effects of Facebooking on Individuals’ social
relationships and psychological well-being:
The findings of the study conducted by Andrew et al. (2017) indicated both
negative and positive outcomes of Facebook usage;
1.Facebooking is positively associated with users’ psychological well-being t
hrough their online social relationship satisfaction or perceived social sup
port.
2.Facebooking is negatively linked to users’ psychological well-being throug
h offline social relationship satisfaction, perceived social support, and soci
al interaction anxiety.
Literature Review … (OUTCOMES)

19. 1. The sample size is restricted to a specific regional-based population.
2. Adolescents are a more focus in researches related to social media.
3. Female gender is more influenced by Facebook.
4. Facebook has impacts in both online & offline interactive environmen
ts of users.
5. Upon review, an ever-growing body of literature uses the U&GT frame
work to decipher why and how people use different types of social me
dia.
6. Social media addiction is existent but yet to be officially recognized
in Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of psychological dysfunctioning.
Literature Review … (Summary)

20. References
Mathews, J., Tirwa, I. P., & Ligori, A. A. (2020). Evaluation of the Extent of Mobile Phone Use among the Student.
Wainner, C. N. (2018). Social media addiction and its implications for communication.
Griffiths, M. D., & Kuss, D. (2017). Adolescent social media addiction (revisited). Education and Health
Holtz, B., Smock, A., & Reyes-Gastelum, D. (2015). Connected motherhood: social support for moms and moms-to-be on Facebook. Teleme
dicine and e-Health, 21(5), 415-421.
Ahmer, Z., & Tanzil, S. (2018). Internet addiction among social networking sites users: Emerging mental health concern among medical under
graduates of Karachi. Pakistan Journal of medical sciences, 34(6), 1473.
Basilisco, R., & Cha, K. J. (2015). Uses and gratification motivation for using Facebook and the impact of Facebook usage on social capital a
nd life satisfaction among Filipino users. International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications, 9(4), 181-194.
Walker, M., Thornton, L., De Choudhury, M., Teevan, J., Bulik, C. M., Levinson, C. A., & Zerwas, S. (2015). Facebook use and disordered eat
ing in college-aged women. Journal of Adolescent Health, 57(2), 157-163.
Tsitsika, A. K., Tzavela, E. C., Janikian, M., Ólafsson, K., Iordache, A., Schoenmakers, T. M., ... & Richardson, C. (2014). Online social netwo
rking in adolescence: Patterns of use in six European countries and links with psychosocial functioning. Journal of adolescent health, 55(1), 1
41-147.
Andreassen, C. S. (2015). Online social network site addiction: A comprehensive review. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 175-184.
Hu, X., Kim, A., Siwek, N., & Wilder, D. (2017). The Facebook paradox: Effects of Facebooking on individuals’ social relationships and psycho
logical well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 87.