SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 42
Descargar para leer sin conexión
Menchie M. Garachico
Freddie C. Santos Jr.
INTELLECTUAL
DISABILITY
*―An intellectual disability, formerly
referred to as ―mental retardation‖ is
characterized by a combination of deficits
in both cognitive functioning and adaptive
behavior.
*The severity of the intellectual disability is
determined by the discrepancy between
the individual's capabilities in learning and
in and the expectations of the social
environment.
(Project IDEAL, 2008)
The Nature of Intellectual Disability
*―Mental retardation / intellectual
disability is a term used when a person has
certain limitations in mental functioning
and skills such as communicating, taking
care of himself/herself and social skills.
*These limitations cause a child to learn and
develop more slowly than a typical child.
(J.F. Smith Library, 2005, as cited by Pierangelo & Giuliani, 2007)
The Nature of Intellectual Disability
Mental Retardation/ Intellectual Disability in
DSM – IV – TR is an Axis II Disorder criteria that
includes:
* Intelligence Test Scores
* Adaptive Functioning
* Age of Onset
(DSM-IV-TR, 2000)
The Nature of Intellectual Disability
“Significantly sub-average general
intellectual functioning, existing
concurrently with deficits in adaptive
behavior and manifested during the
developmental period, that adversely
affects a child’s educational performance.‖
IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act)
Definitions for Intellectual Disability
―Characterized by significant limitations
both in intellectual functioning and
adaptive behavior, which covers many
everyday social and practical skills. The
disability originates before the age of 18.‖
AAIDD (American Association of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities)
Definitions for Intellectual Disability
*Conceptual skills—language and literacy; money,
time, and number concepts; and self-direction.
*Social skills—interpersonal skills, social
responsibility, self-esteem, gullibility, naïveté (i.e.,
wariness), social problem solving, and the ability to
follow rules/obey laws and to avoid being
victimized.
*Practical skills—activities of daily living (personal
care), occupational skills, healthcare,
travel/transportation, schedules/routines, safety,
use of money, use of the telephone.
*Mild IQ = 55 – 69
*Moderate IQ = 40 – 54
*Severe IQ = 25 – 39
*Profound IQ = below 25
Severity of ID based on the levels of
intellectual functioning
Intellectual disability is the most common
developmental disability.
Approximately 6.5 million people in the
United States have an intellectual disability.
(IDEA)
In the Philippines, intellectual disability
comprises 7.02% of the total population of
persons with disabilities.
(2000 National Statistics Office Census)
Prevalence of Intellectual Disability
PRENATAL CAUSES PERINATAL CAUSES POSTNATAL CAUSES
1. Chromosomal
Disorders
2. Inborn Errors of
Metabolism
3. Developmental
Disorders of Brain
Formation
4. Environmental
Influences
1. Anoxia
(complete deprivation of oxygen)
2. Low birth weight (LBW)
3. Syphilis and
herpes simplex
1. Biological
2. Psychosocial
3. Child Abuse and
Neglect
Etiology and Classifications of Intellectual Disability
PRENATAL CAUSES
*Congenital intellectual
disability
*Involves heart defects, hearing
loss, and abnormalities of
fingers and hands.
*Manifest self-injurious behavior
(Pierangelo & Giuliani,2007)
PRENATAL CAUSES
Cornelia de Lange
Syndrome
*Difficulty swallowing and
sucking
*Low birth weight and poor
growth
*Unusual facial features
*Hyperactive, aggressive, and
repetitive movements
(Pierangelo & Giuliani,2007)
PRENATAL CAUSES
Cri-du-Chat
Syndrome
*Also referred to as trisomy 21
*Usually not an inherited condition
*The most common type of
chromosomal disorder
*It involves the anomaly at the 21st
set of chromosomes.
*People with DS exhibits unusual
facial features and with broad
hands with short fingers
(Hallahan & Kauffman,2003)
PRENATAL CAUSES
Down’s Syndrome
*Sterility in men
*Decreased IQ
*Poor coordination
*Skeletal abnormalities
*Poor coordination
(Pierangelo & Giuliani, 2007)
PRENATAL CAUSES
Klinefelter’s
Syndrome
*Inherited from father
*Infants are lethargic and have
difficulty eating but eventually
becomes obsessed with food as
they grow
*The leading genetic cause of
obesity.
*People with Prader-Willi syndrome
are at risk for a variety of other
health problems such heart
defects, kidney
problems, scoliosis, etc. Prader-Willi Syndrome
PRENATAL CAUSES
(Hallahan & Kauffman,2003)
*Normally found in females
*Persons with Turner’s
syndrome has webbing of the
neck, puffiness or swelling of
the hands and feet
*Associated with heart defects
and kidney problems
Turner’s Syndrome
PRENATAL CAUSES
(Pierangelo & Giuliani,2007)
*Caused by the absence of material
on the seventh pair of
chromosome.
*People with William’s syndrome
exhibit heart defects and “elfin”
facial features.
*Their unusual sensitivity to sound
makes them competent in music
and language despite of their low
IQ level.
William’s Syndrome
PRENATAL CAUSES
(Hallahan & Kauffman,2003) (Pierangelo & Giuliani, 2007)
*Most common known hereditary
cause of intellectual disability
*Associated with X chromosome in the
23rd pair of chromosomes
*Occurs less often in females
*Persons with Fragile X Syndrome
have behavior and emotional
problems and poor socialization skills
*They become anxious when routines
are change
*They have unusual facial features Fragile X Syndrome
PRENATAL CAUSES
(Hallahan & Kauffman,2003) (Piearangelo & Giuliani, 2007)
PRENATAL CAUSES
*Galactosemia - inability of the
body to use simple sugar
galactose
*Hunter Syndrome – defective
breakdown of chemical
mucopolysaccharide.
*Phenylketonuria (PKU) –
inability of the body to convert
phenylalanine to tyrosine)
*Tay-Sachs Disease – absence of
Hex-A enzyme.
PRENATAL CAUSES
(Piearangelo & Giuliani, 2007)
Can be prevented through an early detection
(e.g. newborn screening) and can be treated
by providing a special diet program.
PRENATAL CAUSES
*The intellectual disability
usually ranges from severe to
profound.
*There is no specific
treatment and life
expectancy is low.
Microcephalus
PRENATAL CAUSES
(Hallahan & Kauffman,2003)
*Results from an accumulation
of cerebrospinal fluid inside
or outside the brain.
*The degree of intellectual
disability depends on how
early the condition is
diagnosed and treated.
Hydrocephalus
PRENATAL CAUSES
(Hallahan & Kauffman,2003)
PRENATAL CAUSES
*Maternal Malnutrition and
Infection
*Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
*Lead exposure
*Illicit drug exposure
*Exposure to Radiation
*Rubella (German measles)
PRENATAL CAUSES
(Hallahan & Kauffman,2003) (Piearangelo & Giuliani, 2007)
PERINATAL CAUSES
*Anoxia (deprivation of oxygen)
*Low birth weight (LBW)
*Syphilis and herpes simplex
PERINATAL CAUSES
(Hallahan & Kauffman,2003)
POSTNATAL CAUSES
Environmental and
Psychosocial Problems
*Nutritional Problems
*Adverse living conditions
*Inadequate health care
*Lack of early cognitive
stimulation
POSTNATAL CAUSES
Environmental and
Psychosocial Problems
(Pierangelo & Giuliani,2007)
*Child abuse and neglect
*Traumatic Brain Injury
*Meningitis or Encephalitis
*Lead Poisoning
POSTNATAL CAUSES
Environmental and
Psychosocial Problems
(Pierangelo & Giuliani,2007)
PLACEMENT
PROGRAMS
for Persons with
Intellectual Disabilities
*For children with mild intellectual disability, readiness and functional academic
skills are present and thus can be placed into Inclusion Programs.
*Educational placement programs for children with moderate to severe intellectual
disability can be more tedious. Curriculum and materials for these children should
be age-appropriate, which should help develop independent behavior within the
child.
*Individualized Education Program (IEP) is designed to cater the special
educational needs of special children. This is a useful and common vehicle to
develop skills and educate children with intelletual disabilities who are in more
severe cases.
*Behavior Therapy Programs may also be employed, as they are very useful in
altering behavior by lessening distruptive or inappropriate actions of a particular
child.
*Alternative Programs can also be incorporated in a child’s special education
process. Such programs would include vocational training, physical education,
theatre, music, etc.
*Unlike preschool programs for
children at risk, in which the
goal is to prevent intellectual
disability from
occurring, programs for infants
and preschoolers who are
already identified with
intellectual disability are
designed to help them achieve as
high a cognitive level as possible
(Hallahan & Kauffman, 2003).
PLACEMENT PROGRAMS
Early Childhood
*These programs gives more
emphasis on conceptual and
language development and
usually involves speech and
physical therapists most
specially when children have
multiple disabilities.
PLACEMENT PROGRAMS
Early Childhood
*Most authorities agree that
although the degree of emphasis
on transition programming should
be greater for older than for
younger students, such
programming should begin in the
elementary years (Hallahan &
Kauffman, 2003).
PLACEMENT PROGRAMS
Transition to Adulthood
*Transition programming for
individuals involves two related
areas; first, community
adjustment to acquire a number
of self-help skills and
second, employment to lead to a
meaningful job.
PLACEMENT PROGRAMS
Transition to Adulthood
Current Researches
about
Intellectual Disability
Intellectual disability
Intellectual disability
Cerrero, M. E. (2009) Academic engagement of learners with moderate mental retardation through
pictorial self-management and video self-modeling , Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University
of the Philippines – Diliman
Clark, L.L. and Griffiths, P. (2008) Learning Disability and other Intellectual
Impairments, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Davidson, P.W., Janicki, M.P. and Prasher, V.P. (2003) Mental Health,
Intellectual Disabilities and Aging Process, Blackwell Publishing
Definition of Intellectual Disability, AAIDD (2006) retrieved from:
http://www.aaidd.org/content_100.cfm
Drew, C.J. and Hardman, M.L. (2007) Intellectual Disabilities Across the Life
Span, 9th edition, Pearson Education, Inc.
Friend, M. (2011) Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School
Professionals, 3rd edition, Pearson Education, Inc.
Hallahan, D.P. and Kauffman, J. M. (2003) Exceptional Learners:
Introduction to Special Education, 9th edition, Pearson Education, Inc.
REFERENCES
Heward, L.W. (2006) Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special
Education, 8th edition, Pearson Education, Inc.
Intellectual Disability, Project IDEAL (2008) retrieved from:
http://www.projectidealonline.org/intellectualDisabilities.php
Koa, K.S. (2009) Young Adults with Mental Retardations:Their Response
to Death, Grief and Bereavement, Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University
of the Philippines – Diliman
Oliver-Africano, P., Murphy, D., & Tyrer, P. (2009). Aggressive behaviour in
adults with intellectual disability. CNS Drugs,23(11), 903-13.
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11310930-000000000-00000
Pierangelo, R. & Giuliani G. (2007) The Educator’s Diagnostic Manual of
Disabilities and Disorders, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pownall, J. D., Jahoda, A., & Hastings, R. P. (2012). Sexuality and sex
education of adolescents with intellectual disability: Mothers' attitudes,
experiences, and support needs. Intellectual and Developmental
Disabilities, 50(2), 140-54. Retrieved from:
http://search.proquest.com/docview/1022483830?accountid=141440
Salvador-Curalla, L., & Bertelli, M. (2007). 'Mental retardation' or
'intellectual disability': Time for a conceptual
change.Psychopathology, 41(1), 10-6. Retrieved from:
http://search.proquest.com/docview/233349678?accountid=141440

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

Learning disability
Learning disabilityLearning disability
Learning disabilityArifa T N
 
INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY PART- I
INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY PART- IINTELLECTUAL DISABILITY PART- I
INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY PART- ISubrata Naskar
 
Mental retardation
Mental retardationMental retardation
Mental retardationNilesh Kucha
 
Specific learning disorder
Specific learning disorderSpecific learning disorder
Specific learning disorderEnoch R G
 
Learning Disability
Learning DisabilityLearning Disability
Learning DisabilityAnne Marcelo
 
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) mamtabisht10
 
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) mamtabisht10
 
Intellectual disabilities
Intellectual disabilitiesIntellectual disabilities
Intellectual disabilitiesSWJanetLee
 
Areas of assessment_for_intelletual_disability
Areas of assessment_for_intelletual_disabilityAreas of assessment_for_intelletual_disability
Areas of assessment_for_intelletual_disabilitypjeevashanthi
 
detailed presentation on learning disabilities
detailed presentation on learning disabilitiesdetailed presentation on learning disabilities
detailed presentation on learning disabilitiesDivya Murthy
 
Learning Disability
Learning DisabilityLearning Disability
Learning Disabilityishamagar
 
children with emotional and behavioral disorders
children with emotional and behavioral disorderschildren with emotional and behavioral disorders
children with emotional and behavioral disordersMia de Guzman
 
Ch 9 Intellectual and Deveopmental Disabilities
Ch 9 Intellectual and Deveopmental DisabilitiesCh 9 Intellectual and Deveopmental Disabilities
Ch 9 Intellectual and Deveopmental DisabilitiesErin Waltman
 
LEARNING DISABILITIES.pdf
LEARNING DISABILITIES.pdfLEARNING DISABILITIES.pdf
LEARNING DISABILITIES.pdfMadilynOndoy
 
Types of Disabilities
Types of DisabilitiesTypes of Disabilities
Types of DisabilitiesStefy Angel
 

La actualidad más candente (20)

Learning disability
Learning disabilityLearning disability
Learning disability
 
INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY PART- I
INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY PART- IINTELLECTUAL DISABILITY PART- I
INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY PART- I
 
Mental retardation
Mental retardationMental retardation
Mental retardation
 
Specific learning disorder
Specific learning disorderSpecific learning disorder
Specific learning disorder
 
Learning Disability
Learning DisabilityLearning Disability
Learning Disability
 
AUTISM ppt
AUTISM  pptAUTISM  ppt
AUTISM ppt
 
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
 
Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Autistic Spectrum DisordersAutistic Spectrum Disorders
Autistic Spectrum Disorders
 
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
 
Assess and diagnois
Assess and diagnoisAssess and diagnois
Assess and diagnois
 
Neurodevelopmental disorders
Neurodevelopmental disordersNeurodevelopmental disorders
Neurodevelopmental disorders
 
Intellectual disabilities
Intellectual disabilitiesIntellectual disabilities
Intellectual disabilities
 
Areas of assessment_for_intelletual_disability
Areas of assessment_for_intelletual_disabilityAreas of assessment_for_intelletual_disability
Areas of assessment_for_intelletual_disability
 
Learning disorders
Learning disordersLearning disorders
Learning disorders
 
detailed presentation on learning disabilities
detailed presentation on learning disabilitiesdetailed presentation on learning disabilities
detailed presentation on learning disabilities
 
Learning Disability
Learning DisabilityLearning Disability
Learning Disability
 
children with emotional and behavioral disorders
children with emotional and behavioral disorderschildren with emotional and behavioral disorders
children with emotional and behavioral disorders
 
Ch 9 Intellectual and Deveopmental Disabilities
Ch 9 Intellectual and Deveopmental DisabilitiesCh 9 Intellectual and Deveopmental Disabilities
Ch 9 Intellectual and Deveopmental Disabilities
 
LEARNING DISABILITIES.pdf
LEARNING DISABILITIES.pdfLEARNING DISABILITIES.pdf
LEARNING DISABILITIES.pdf
 
Types of Disabilities
Types of DisabilitiesTypes of Disabilities
Types of Disabilities
 

Similar a Intellectual disability

Modyul 2 sub modyul 2.2 paksa 4 sesyon 3 pwds presentationrevised
Modyul 2 sub modyul 2.2 paksa 4 sesyon 3 pwds presentationrevisedModyul 2 sub modyul 2.2 paksa 4 sesyon 3 pwds presentationrevised
Modyul 2 sub modyul 2.2 paksa 4 sesyon 3 pwds presentationrevisedDhon Reyes
 
MULTIPLE DISABILITIES.pptx
MULTIPLE DISABILITIES.pptxMULTIPLE DISABILITIES.pptx
MULTIPLE DISABILITIES.pptxMonojitGope
 
MENTAL RETARDATION
MENTAL RETARDATIONMENTAL RETARDATION
MENTAL RETARDATIONdivya2709
 
2. cerebral palsy and mental retardation.pptx
2. cerebral palsy and mental retardation.pptx2. cerebral palsy and mental retardation.pptx
2. cerebral palsy and mental retardation.pptxssuser93fc8e
 
Mental retardation [recovered]
Mental retardation [recovered]Mental retardation [recovered]
Mental retardation [recovered]NehaSundriyal1
 
Intellectual disabilities PPS 6009
Intellectual disabilities PPS 6009Intellectual disabilities PPS 6009
Intellectual disabilities PPS 6009JannyFernandez
 
Mental retardation
Mental retardationMental retardation
Mental retardationNursing Path
 
[9 15]educational programmes for children with cerebral palsy
[9 15]educational programmes for children with cerebral palsy[9 15]educational programmes for children with cerebral palsy
[9 15]educational programmes for children with cerebral palsyAlexander Decker
 
Intelectual disability
Intelectual disabilityIntelectual disability
Intelectual disabilityUsman Khan
 
Child psychiatric problems PPT
 Child psychiatric problems PPT Child psychiatric problems PPT
Child psychiatric problems PPTShimla
 
Mental Retardation and other child psychiatric disorders
Mental Retardation and other child psychiatric disordersMental Retardation and other child psychiatric disorders
Mental Retardation and other child psychiatric disordersSathish Rajamani
 
Cognitive disabilities, Schizophrenia and Anxiety Disorder
Cognitive disabilities, Schizophrenia and Anxiety DisorderCognitive disabilities, Schizophrenia and Anxiety Disorder
Cognitive disabilities, Schizophrenia and Anxiety DisorderOmedul Mondal
 
Nature, characteristics and etiology of mental retardation
Nature, characteristics and etiology of mental retardationNature, characteristics and etiology of mental retardation
Nature, characteristics and etiology of mental retardationUsman Khan
 
Disability & special education
Disability & special educationDisability & special education
Disability & special educationDr Saim Ali soomro
 
Disability & special education
Disability & special educationDisability & special education
Disability & special educationDr Saim Ali soomro
 

Similar a Intellectual disability (20)

Modyul 2 sub modyul 2.2 paksa 4 sesyon 3 pwds presentationrevised
Modyul 2 sub modyul 2.2 paksa 4 sesyon 3 pwds presentationrevisedModyul 2 sub modyul 2.2 paksa 4 sesyon 3 pwds presentationrevised
Modyul 2 sub modyul 2.2 paksa 4 sesyon 3 pwds presentationrevised
 
MULTIPLE DISABILITIES.pptx
MULTIPLE DISABILITIES.pptxMULTIPLE DISABILITIES.pptx
MULTIPLE DISABILITIES.pptx
 
SPECIAL EDUCATION
SPECIAL EDUCATIONSPECIAL EDUCATION
SPECIAL EDUCATION
 
Psychology
Psychology Psychology
Psychology
 
MENTAL RETARDATION
MENTAL RETARDATIONMENTAL RETARDATION
MENTAL RETARDATION
 
2. cerebral palsy and mental retardation.pptx
2. cerebral palsy and mental retardation.pptx2. cerebral palsy and mental retardation.pptx
2. cerebral palsy and mental retardation.pptx
 
Mental retardation [recovered]
Mental retardation [recovered]Mental retardation [recovered]
Mental retardation [recovered]
 
Intellectual disabilities PPS 6009
Intellectual disabilities PPS 6009Intellectual disabilities PPS 6009
Intellectual disabilities PPS 6009
 
Mental retardation
Mental retardationMental retardation
Mental retardation
 
Adaped pe2
Adaped pe2Adaped pe2
Adaped pe2
 
Mental retardation
Mental retardationMental retardation
Mental retardation
 
[9 15]educational programmes for children with cerebral palsy
[9 15]educational programmes for children with cerebral palsy[9 15]educational programmes for children with cerebral palsy
[9 15]educational programmes for children with cerebral palsy
 
Intelectual disability
Intelectual disabilityIntelectual disability
Intelectual disability
 
Child psychiatric problems PPT
 Child psychiatric problems PPT Child psychiatric problems PPT
Child psychiatric problems PPT
 
Mental Retardation and other child psychiatric disorders
Mental Retardation and other child psychiatric disordersMental Retardation and other child psychiatric disorders
Mental Retardation and other child psychiatric disorders
 
Cognitive disabilities, Schizophrenia and Anxiety Disorder
Cognitive disabilities, Schizophrenia and Anxiety DisorderCognitive disabilities, Schizophrenia and Anxiety Disorder
Cognitive disabilities, Schizophrenia and Anxiety Disorder
 
Nature, characteristics and etiology of mental retardation
Nature, characteristics and etiology of mental retardationNature, characteristics and etiology of mental retardation
Nature, characteristics and etiology of mental retardation
 
Disability & special education
Disability & special educationDisability & special education
Disability & special education
 
Disability & special education
Disability & special educationDisability & special education
Disability & special education
 
disability ability and response
disability ability and responsedisability ability and response
disability ability and response
 

Último

SGK PHÙ PHỔI CẤP ĐHYHN .pdf
SGK PHÙ PHỔI CẤP ĐHYHN                   .pdfSGK PHÙ PHỔI CẤP ĐHYHN                   .pdf
SGK PHÙ PHỔI CẤP ĐHYHN .pdfHongBiThi1
 
airway management recorded for S2.pptx
airway management  recorded  for S2.pptxairway management  recorded  for S2.pptx
airway management recorded for S2.pptxnakera38
 
Thyroid hormones- synthesis, secretion, functions and disorders
Thyroid hormones- synthesis, secretion, functions and disordersThyroid hormones- synthesis, secretion, functions and disorders
Thyroid hormones- synthesis, secretion, functions and disordersSai Sailesh Kumar Goothy
 
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 12032019 TUESDAY pptx
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 12032019 TUESDAY  pptxHERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 12032019 TUESDAY  pptx
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 12032019 TUESDAY pptxPulkitMittal54
 
ANATOMY OF CEREBELLUM With Clinical Anatomy.pptx
ANATOMY OF CEREBELLUM With Clinical Anatomy.pptxANATOMY OF CEREBELLUM With Clinical Anatomy.pptx
ANATOMY OF CEREBELLUM With Clinical Anatomy.pptxsiddharthroy26587
 
Reproductive and Child Health Services ppt.pptx
Reproductive and Child Health Services ppt.pptxReproductive and Child Health Services ppt.pptx
Reproductive and Child Health Services ppt.pptxVeereshDemashetti
 
CANCER SeminarCancer Overview Type of Cancer.pptx
CANCER SeminarCancer Overview  Type of Cancer.pptxCANCER SeminarCancer Overview  Type of Cancer.pptx
CANCER SeminarCancer Overview Type of Cancer.pptxMrStavanUdayKadam
 
TARGET DELINEATION IN VULVAL CANCER BY DR KANHU
TARGET DELINEATION IN VULVAL CANCER BY DR KANHUTARGET DELINEATION IN VULVAL CANCER BY DR KANHU
TARGET DELINEATION IN VULVAL CANCER BY DR KANHUKanhu Charan
 
Ayurveda research in Hypothyroidism, P
Ayurveda  research  in Hypothyroidism, PAyurveda  research  in Hypothyroidism, P
Ayurveda research in Hypothyroidism, PDr.Shalu Jain
 
Ortho Products Franchise-solace biotech limited
Ortho Products Franchise-solace biotech limitedOrtho Products Franchise-solace biotech limited
Ortho Products Franchise-solace biotech limitedSBL DIGITAL
 
Thyroid function tests for MBBS, LAB. MED & BDS.pptx
Thyroid function tests for MBBS, LAB. MED & BDS.pptxThyroid function tests for MBBS, LAB. MED & BDS.pptx
Thyroid function tests for MBBS, LAB. MED & BDS.pptxRajendra Dev Bhatt
 
SGK VIÊM KHỚP DẠNG THẤP YHN .pdf
SGK VIÊM KHỚP DẠNG THẤP YHN              .pdfSGK VIÊM KHỚP DẠNG THẤP YHN              .pdf
SGK VIÊM KHỚP DẠNG THẤP YHN .pdfHongBiThi1
 
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)Ahmad Thanin
 
CELL BLOCK PREPARATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE
CELL BLOCK PREPARATION AND ITS IMPORTANCECELL BLOCK PREPARATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE
CELL BLOCK PREPARATION AND ITS IMPORTANCEShubhadip Ghosh
 
Cholesterol Biosynthesis and catabolism for MBBS, Lab. MEd. BDS.pptx
Cholesterol Biosynthesis  and catabolism for MBBS, Lab. MEd. BDS.pptxCholesterol Biosynthesis  and catabolism for MBBS, Lab. MEd. BDS.pptx
Cholesterol Biosynthesis and catabolism for MBBS, Lab. MEd. BDS.pptxRajendra Dev Bhatt
 
The Art and the Science of UK General Practice A historical review and timeli...
The Art and the Science of UK General Practice A historical review and timeli...The Art and the Science of UK General Practice A historical review and timeli...
The Art and the Science of UK General Practice A historical review and timeli...JakeMatthews12
 
Neutraceuticals, Herb-drug & Herb-food inetractions
Neutraceuticals, Herb-drug & Herb-food inetractionsNeutraceuticals, Herb-drug & Herb-food inetractions
Neutraceuticals, Herb-drug & Herb-food inetractionsPradnya Wadekar
 
Problems associated with the production of recombinant protein.pdf
Problems associated with the production of recombinant protein.pdfProblems associated with the production of recombinant protein.pdf
Problems associated with the production of recombinant protein.pdfNetHelix
 

Último (20)

SGK PHÙ PHỔI CẤP ĐHYHN .pdf
SGK PHÙ PHỔI CẤP ĐHYHN                   .pdfSGK PHÙ PHỔI CẤP ĐHYHN                   .pdf
SGK PHÙ PHỔI CẤP ĐHYHN .pdf
 
airway management recorded for S2.pptx
airway management  recorded  for S2.pptxairway management  recorded  for S2.pptx
airway management recorded for S2.pptx
 
Thyroid hormones- synthesis, secretion, functions and disorders
Thyroid hormones- synthesis, secretion, functions and disordersThyroid hormones- synthesis, secretion, functions and disorders
Thyroid hormones- synthesis, secretion, functions and disorders
 
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 12032019 TUESDAY pptx
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 12032019 TUESDAY  pptxHERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 12032019 TUESDAY  pptx
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS 12032019 TUESDAY pptx
 
ANATOMY OF CEREBELLUM With Clinical Anatomy.pptx
ANATOMY OF CEREBELLUM With Clinical Anatomy.pptxANATOMY OF CEREBELLUM With Clinical Anatomy.pptx
ANATOMY OF CEREBELLUM With Clinical Anatomy.pptx
 
Reproductive and Child Health Services ppt.pptx
Reproductive and Child Health Services ppt.pptxReproductive and Child Health Services ppt.pptx
Reproductive and Child Health Services ppt.pptx
 
CANCER SeminarCancer Overview Type of Cancer.pptx
CANCER SeminarCancer Overview  Type of Cancer.pptxCANCER SeminarCancer Overview  Type of Cancer.pptx
CANCER SeminarCancer Overview Type of Cancer.pptx
 
TARGET DELINEATION IN VULVAL CANCER BY DR KANHU
TARGET DELINEATION IN VULVAL CANCER BY DR KANHUTARGET DELINEATION IN VULVAL CANCER BY DR KANHU
TARGET DELINEATION IN VULVAL CANCER BY DR KANHU
 
Evolving Concepts in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Dermatologic Disorders ...
Evolving Concepts in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Dermatologic Disorders ...Evolving Concepts in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Dermatologic Disorders ...
Evolving Concepts in the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Dermatologic Disorders ...
 
Ayurveda research in Hypothyroidism, P
Ayurveda  research  in Hypothyroidism, PAyurveda  research  in Hypothyroidism, P
Ayurveda research in Hypothyroidism, P
 
Ortho Products Franchise-solace biotech limited
Ortho Products Franchise-solace biotech limitedOrtho Products Franchise-solace biotech limited
Ortho Products Franchise-solace biotech limited
 
Oral disorders .pptx
Oral disorders .pptxOral disorders .pptx
Oral disorders .pptx
 
Thyroid function tests for MBBS, LAB. MED & BDS.pptx
Thyroid function tests for MBBS, LAB. MED & BDS.pptxThyroid function tests for MBBS, LAB. MED & BDS.pptx
Thyroid function tests for MBBS, LAB. MED & BDS.pptx
 
SGK VIÊM KHỚP DẠNG THẤP YHN .pdf
SGK VIÊM KHỚP DẠNG THẤP YHN              .pdfSGK VIÊM KHỚP DẠNG THẤP YHN              .pdf
SGK VIÊM KHỚP DẠNG THẤP YHN .pdf
 
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
 
CELL BLOCK PREPARATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE
CELL BLOCK PREPARATION AND ITS IMPORTANCECELL BLOCK PREPARATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE
CELL BLOCK PREPARATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE
 
Cholesterol Biosynthesis and catabolism for MBBS, Lab. MEd. BDS.pptx
Cholesterol Biosynthesis  and catabolism for MBBS, Lab. MEd. BDS.pptxCholesterol Biosynthesis  and catabolism for MBBS, Lab. MEd. BDS.pptx
Cholesterol Biosynthesis and catabolism for MBBS, Lab. MEd. BDS.pptx
 
The Art and the Science of UK General Practice A historical review and timeli...
The Art and the Science of UK General Practice A historical review and timeli...The Art and the Science of UK General Practice A historical review and timeli...
The Art and the Science of UK General Practice A historical review and timeli...
 
Neutraceuticals, Herb-drug & Herb-food inetractions
Neutraceuticals, Herb-drug & Herb-food inetractionsNeutraceuticals, Herb-drug & Herb-food inetractions
Neutraceuticals, Herb-drug & Herb-food inetractions
 
Problems associated with the production of recombinant protein.pdf
Problems associated with the production of recombinant protein.pdfProblems associated with the production of recombinant protein.pdf
Problems associated with the production of recombinant protein.pdf
 

Intellectual disability

  • 1. Menchie M. Garachico Freddie C. Santos Jr. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
  • 2. *―An intellectual disability, formerly referred to as ―mental retardation‖ is characterized by a combination of deficits in both cognitive functioning and adaptive behavior. *The severity of the intellectual disability is determined by the discrepancy between the individual's capabilities in learning and in and the expectations of the social environment. (Project IDEAL, 2008) The Nature of Intellectual Disability
  • 3. *―Mental retardation / intellectual disability is a term used when a person has certain limitations in mental functioning and skills such as communicating, taking care of himself/herself and social skills. *These limitations cause a child to learn and develop more slowly than a typical child. (J.F. Smith Library, 2005, as cited by Pierangelo & Giuliani, 2007) The Nature of Intellectual Disability
  • 4. Mental Retardation/ Intellectual Disability in DSM – IV – TR is an Axis II Disorder criteria that includes: * Intelligence Test Scores * Adaptive Functioning * Age of Onset (DSM-IV-TR, 2000) The Nature of Intellectual Disability
  • 5. “Significantly sub-average general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.‖ IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) Definitions for Intellectual Disability
  • 6. ―Characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, which covers many everyday social and practical skills. The disability originates before the age of 18.‖ AAIDD (American Association of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities) Definitions for Intellectual Disability
  • 7. *Conceptual skills—language and literacy; money, time, and number concepts; and self-direction. *Social skills—interpersonal skills, social responsibility, self-esteem, gullibility, naïveté (i.e., wariness), social problem solving, and the ability to follow rules/obey laws and to avoid being victimized. *Practical skills—activities of daily living (personal care), occupational skills, healthcare, travel/transportation, schedules/routines, safety, use of money, use of the telephone.
  • 8. *Mild IQ = 55 – 69 *Moderate IQ = 40 – 54 *Severe IQ = 25 – 39 *Profound IQ = below 25 Severity of ID based on the levels of intellectual functioning
  • 9. Intellectual disability is the most common developmental disability. Approximately 6.5 million people in the United States have an intellectual disability. (IDEA) In the Philippines, intellectual disability comprises 7.02% of the total population of persons with disabilities. (2000 National Statistics Office Census) Prevalence of Intellectual Disability
  • 10. PRENATAL CAUSES PERINATAL CAUSES POSTNATAL CAUSES 1. Chromosomal Disorders 2. Inborn Errors of Metabolism 3. Developmental Disorders of Brain Formation 4. Environmental Influences 1. Anoxia (complete deprivation of oxygen) 2. Low birth weight (LBW) 3. Syphilis and herpes simplex 1. Biological 2. Psychosocial 3. Child Abuse and Neglect Etiology and Classifications of Intellectual Disability
  • 12. *Congenital intellectual disability *Involves heart defects, hearing loss, and abnormalities of fingers and hands. *Manifest self-injurious behavior (Pierangelo & Giuliani,2007) PRENATAL CAUSES Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
  • 13. *Difficulty swallowing and sucking *Low birth weight and poor growth *Unusual facial features *Hyperactive, aggressive, and repetitive movements (Pierangelo & Giuliani,2007) PRENATAL CAUSES Cri-du-Chat Syndrome
  • 14. *Also referred to as trisomy 21 *Usually not an inherited condition *The most common type of chromosomal disorder *It involves the anomaly at the 21st set of chromosomes. *People with DS exhibits unusual facial features and with broad hands with short fingers (Hallahan & Kauffman,2003) PRENATAL CAUSES Down’s Syndrome
  • 15. *Sterility in men *Decreased IQ *Poor coordination *Skeletal abnormalities *Poor coordination (Pierangelo & Giuliani, 2007) PRENATAL CAUSES Klinefelter’s Syndrome
  • 16. *Inherited from father *Infants are lethargic and have difficulty eating but eventually becomes obsessed with food as they grow *The leading genetic cause of obesity. *People with Prader-Willi syndrome are at risk for a variety of other health problems such heart defects, kidney problems, scoliosis, etc. Prader-Willi Syndrome PRENATAL CAUSES (Hallahan & Kauffman,2003)
  • 17. *Normally found in females *Persons with Turner’s syndrome has webbing of the neck, puffiness or swelling of the hands and feet *Associated with heart defects and kidney problems Turner’s Syndrome PRENATAL CAUSES (Pierangelo & Giuliani,2007)
  • 18. *Caused by the absence of material on the seventh pair of chromosome. *People with William’s syndrome exhibit heart defects and “elfin” facial features. *Their unusual sensitivity to sound makes them competent in music and language despite of their low IQ level. William’s Syndrome PRENATAL CAUSES (Hallahan & Kauffman,2003) (Pierangelo & Giuliani, 2007)
  • 19. *Most common known hereditary cause of intellectual disability *Associated with X chromosome in the 23rd pair of chromosomes *Occurs less often in females *Persons with Fragile X Syndrome have behavior and emotional problems and poor socialization skills *They become anxious when routines are change *They have unusual facial features Fragile X Syndrome PRENATAL CAUSES (Hallahan & Kauffman,2003) (Piearangelo & Giuliani, 2007)
  • 21. *Galactosemia - inability of the body to use simple sugar galactose *Hunter Syndrome – defective breakdown of chemical mucopolysaccharide. *Phenylketonuria (PKU) – inability of the body to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine) *Tay-Sachs Disease – absence of Hex-A enzyme. PRENATAL CAUSES (Piearangelo & Giuliani, 2007) Can be prevented through an early detection (e.g. newborn screening) and can be treated by providing a special diet program.
  • 23. *The intellectual disability usually ranges from severe to profound. *There is no specific treatment and life expectancy is low. Microcephalus PRENATAL CAUSES (Hallahan & Kauffman,2003)
  • 24. *Results from an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid inside or outside the brain. *The degree of intellectual disability depends on how early the condition is diagnosed and treated. Hydrocephalus PRENATAL CAUSES (Hallahan & Kauffman,2003)
  • 26. *Maternal Malnutrition and Infection *Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) *Lead exposure *Illicit drug exposure *Exposure to Radiation *Rubella (German measles) PRENATAL CAUSES (Hallahan & Kauffman,2003) (Piearangelo & Giuliani, 2007)
  • 28. *Anoxia (deprivation of oxygen) *Low birth weight (LBW) *Syphilis and herpes simplex PERINATAL CAUSES (Hallahan & Kauffman,2003)
  • 30. *Nutritional Problems *Adverse living conditions *Inadequate health care *Lack of early cognitive stimulation POSTNATAL CAUSES Environmental and Psychosocial Problems (Pierangelo & Giuliani,2007)
  • 31. *Child abuse and neglect *Traumatic Brain Injury *Meningitis or Encephalitis *Lead Poisoning POSTNATAL CAUSES Environmental and Psychosocial Problems (Pierangelo & Giuliani,2007)
  • 33. *For children with mild intellectual disability, readiness and functional academic skills are present and thus can be placed into Inclusion Programs. *Educational placement programs for children with moderate to severe intellectual disability can be more tedious. Curriculum and materials for these children should be age-appropriate, which should help develop independent behavior within the child. *Individualized Education Program (IEP) is designed to cater the special educational needs of special children. This is a useful and common vehicle to develop skills and educate children with intelletual disabilities who are in more severe cases. *Behavior Therapy Programs may also be employed, as they are very useful in altering behavior by lessening distruptive or inappropriate actions of a particular child. *Alternative Programs can also be incorporated in a child’s special education process. Such programs would include vocational training, physical education, theatre, music, etc.
  • 34. *Unlike preschool programs for children at risk, in which the goal is to prevent intellectual disability from occurring, programs for infants and preschoolers who are already identified with intellectual disability are designed to help them achieve as high a cognitive level as possible (Hallahan & Kauffman, 2003). PLACEMENT PROGRAMS Early Childhood
  • 35. *These programs gives more emphasis on conceptual and language development and usually involves speech and physical therapists most specially when children have multiple disabilities. PLACEMENT PROGRAMS Early Childhood
  • 36. *Most authorities agree that although the degree of emphasis on transition programming should be greater for older than for younger students, such programming should begin in the elementary years (Hallahan & Kauffman, 2003). PLACEMENT PROGRAMS Transition to Adulthood
  • 37. *Transition programming for individuals involves two related areas; first, community adjustment to acquire a number of self-help skills and second, employment to lead to a meaningful job. PLACEMENT PROGRAMS Transition to Adulthood
  • 41. Cerrero, M. E. (2009) Academic engagement of learners with moderate mental retardation through pictorial self-management and video self-modeling , Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of the Philippines – Diliman Clark, L.L. and Griffiths, P. (2008) Learning Disability and other Intellectual Impairments, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Davidson, P.W., Janicki, M.P. and Prasher, V.P. (2003) Mental Health, Intellectual Disabilities and Aging Process, Blackwell Publishing Definition of Intellectual Disability, AAIDD (2006) retrieved from: http://www.aaidd.org/content_100.cfm Drew, C.J. and Hardman, M.L. (2007) Intellectual Disabilities Across the Life Span, 9th edition, Pearson Education, Inc. Friend, M. (2011) Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals, 3rd edition, Pearson Education, Inc. Hallahan, D.P. and Kauffman, J. M. (2003) Exceptional Learners: Introduction to Special Education, 9th edition, Pearson Education, Inc. REFERENCES
  • 42. Heward, L.W. (2006) Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special Education, 8th edition, Pearson Education, Inc. Intellectual Disability, Project IDEAL (2008) retrieved from: http://www.projectidealonline.org/intellectualDisabilities.php Koa, K.S. (2009) Young Adults with Mental Retardations:Their Response to Death, Grief and Bereavement, Unpublished Master’s Thesis, University of the Philippines – Diliman Oliver-Africano, P., Murphy, D., & Tyrer, P. (2009). Aggressive behaviour in adults with intellectual disability. CNS Drugs,23(11), 903-13. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11310930-000000000-00000 Pierangelo, R. & Giuliani G. (2007) The Educator’s Diagnostic Manual of Disabilities and Disorders, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Pownall, J. D., Jahoda, A., & Hastings, R. P. (2012). Sexuality and sex education of adolescents with intellectual disability: Mothers' attitudes, experiences, and support needs. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 50(2), 140-54. Retrieved from: http://search.proquest.com/docview/1022483830?accountid=141440 Salvador-Curalla, L., & Bertelli, M. (2007). 'Mental retardation' or 'intellectual disability': Time for a conceptual change.Psychopathology, 41(1), 10-6. Retrieved from: http://search.proquest.com/docview/233349678?accountid=141440