2. Facts
•Less than 3% of the world’s water is fresh –the rest is seawater
and undrinkable.
•Of this 3% over 2.5% is frozen,lockedup inAntarctica, the Arctic
and glaciers, and notavailable to man.
•Thus humanity mustrely onthis 0.5% for all of man’s and
ecosystem’s fresh water needs.
3.
4. Facts
• water isnot distributedevenly over the globe. Fewer than 10 countries possess
60% of the world’savailablefresh water supply:Brazil, Russia, China, Canada,
Indonesia, U.S., India, Columbia andthe Democratic Republicof Congo.
However, localvariationswithincountries canbe highly significant.
• According to WHO, almost 1 Billionpeople (~15% of world population)mainly
in developing countries have noaccessto clean potable water.
6. Water treatment and Water Purification
WaterTreatment
• It is the industrial-scaleprocesses thatmakes water more acceptable for an end
use, whichmay be drinking, industry, or medicine.
Potable WaterPurification
• Water purificationis theremoval of contaminantsfrom untreatedwater to
produce drinking water.
8. Desalination Basic Considerations
•Demand for fresh water (domesticuse, industry, agriculture…..)
•Lack of conventionalwater sources
•Availabilityof salt water
•Availabilityof Infrastructure (energy, water distributionnetwork)
•Interest for financing(invest, maintenance, energy,…)
9. •Standardseawater has a salinityof 35.000ppm TDS (TotallyDissolved
Solids)
•Brackish water has a salinityof 1000 –10.000ppm TDS
•Fresh water for human consumptionshouldnotexceed 500 ppm TDS. A
maximum of 1000ppmTDS isrecommended by WHO.
Desalination BasicConsiderations
11. Reverse Osmosis (RO)
•is a water purificationtechnology that uses a semipermeable
membrane to remove larger particlesfrom drinking water.
ThermalDesalination
•The thermal desalinationprocess uses energy to evaporate water and
subsequentlycondense it again.
Two Types of Desalination Processes
