Cereal grains are by far the largest human (and animal) food crop grown and shipped around the world.

1. Digital Re-print - March | April 2011
Grain storage infestation management: UK Experiences
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2. Pub Grain&Feed_VICTAM 2011 2/03/11 8:20 P
FEATURE FEATURE
What can be done?
In simple terms, grain stores
should be prepared by thoroughly
cleaning the store and fixed equip-
ment. Burn the sweepings.
Use Bait-Bags or the Flat PC phe-
romone-baited monitors, or Russell
MST traps to detect any residual PRODUCE COMPONENTS
infestation. If there are any residual FOR YOUR SUCCESS
Flour mites - Acarus sp Grain weevils in wheat; Saw-toothed grain beetle Saw-toothed grain beetle insects and mites, be ready to apply
a suitable insecticide spray at least
three weeks before the harvest.
7
B 029
Why clean? Stand
Insects and mites survive in stores
between harvests by finding grain
spillage and residues. These are usu-
ally in the least accessible places,
both for cleaning and for effective
insecticidal spraying. Thus do the
pests remain hidden ... until the new
Grain weevils chewing (and highly attractive) grain harvest is
Rust-red flour beetle Grain mites Glycyphagus through poly sack Plaster beetle put into store! Cleaning will reduce
the number of these survivors and
allow the insecticide to work effec-
tively, instead of getting bound up
with old grain dust.
Why bother with trapping?
In large stores, there is a clear
cost in labour and insecticide terms
if spraying is necessary. These traps
work 24 hours/day and, will indicate
if there is a need to use insecticides
and, if also used after a spray treat-
ment, they can then confirm that
White-marked spider beetle Confused flour beetle Grain weevil - Sitophilus granarius Flour mite family photograph insect eradication has been achieved
as necessary. We should also bear
in mind the small size of all of our
successful grain pests, and how dif-
Grain storage infestation management
UK Experiences
ficult they are to see in the vastness
of large farm or Co-operative, or
Commercial Grain stores.
Why spray the store?
Although grain fresh from the
fields won't be infested with stor-
by Mike Kelly, acheta, UK age pests, (at least in the UK) there
could still be a small number of the
major pests in the grain store from
C
ereal grains are by far the more reliance on fumigation and admixture So what are these pest species, the previous year; remember then
largest human (and animal) pesticide uses. and do we need to worry? that they can breed at a 60-fold
food crop grown and With hindsight it was natural that, as the In the UK we commonly see four species monthly increase in numbers. There
shipped around the world. chemicals were used more commonly and of primary beetle (ie species which can cause are also several common species of
effectively, so the intrinsic skills of the techni- major damage through heating and physi- “poor hygiene” pests, which damage
Although we have slipped in world tables cally clued up store keepers diminished. cal chewing damage) and about the same grain and will cause rejections just
in recent years, mainly as a result of ever number of storage mite species; the beetles as the primary pests. Cleaning will
more efficient farming techniques, the United And the result today? in about 10 percent of farm–stored grain, and help reduce their numbers, but only
Kingdom had become the third or fourth As we move further into the 21st the mites in about 90 percent of such grain. an effective spray treatment done in
largest producer and exporter of edible century we see a significant reduction in These pests can cause loss of ger- time, can eliminate them. It puts a
cereal grains throughout the 1970s and the choice of admixture insecticides, now mination, heating, taint, stock-feed palat- toxic “barrier” between their hiding
1980s. almost exclusively pyrethroid-based, and we ability problems, rejection by merchants, places, and the new food supply -
This has given us quite a lot of experience are down to almost a single fumigant from mills, exporters, (government/ supported, the freshly harvested grain.
in tackling sudden and sometimes vast insect at least five gases 20 years ago. As with intervention, a loss of the premium for mill-
and mite (invertebrate) infestations in a almost all pest control situations, continued ing wheat and malting barley, the costs of How should I clean the
whole spectrum of storage situations. use of a restricted few chemicals encour- return haulage (UK£10 to UK£20/tonne, or store?
Prior to this quite dramatic expansion ages resistance, and we already see this in even more), the cost of treatment (UK£2 As thoroughly as possible! But STIF France STIF Asia
(Head office) Singapore
of our UK grain trade, we had developed many strains of grain and storage insects - UK£25/tonne?), a loss of goodwill and no real magic here. Use a sweeping
email : sales@stifnet.com email : sales@stif.com.sg
effective disinfestations techniques, with ever against phosphine. contractual problems. brush, scraper and industrial vacuum
26 | march - april 2011 Grain &feed millinG technoloGy Grain &feed millinG technoloGy march - april 2011 | 27

3. GFM06 Mog65th#1 Feeding 132x90:GFMT 132x90 01/02/2011 13:53 Page
FEATURE
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House moth larvae walking in Mass of Acarus mites on bulk Bulk wheat with mass of mouse a MOGENSEN…
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cleaner. Compressed air can sometimes be dust is ideal for brushing through the air like the spider beetles, can also, (given time - at
Harlaxton Road, Grantham, SCREENS
useful, though it will generate a lot of air- slots in ventilated floors and ducts, especially least a whole season) seriously damage the proven solutions for monitoring & control Lincolnshire NG31 7SF, UK
borne dust (consider the health and safety where effective cleaning has been difficult to surface grain. So it pays to monitor the grain
Tel +44 (0)1476 566301
implications and always wear appropriate achieve. DE dusts can also be admixed with throughout the storage period. NIR-Online GmbH
Fax +44 (0)1476 590145
breathing and eye protection), and will tend grains, but check first that the final user will Monitoring for pests used to mean labori- SAP Partnerport
Altrottstraße 31 E-mail sales@mogensen.co.uk
to blow the small insects and mites from one accept this admixture. Smoke generators ously sampling all parts of the bulk or bins and
place to another. High-pressure washing is can sometimes be used to good effect in sieving to separate insects and mites from the D-69190 Walldorf www.mogensen.co.uk COMPACTORS
Tel.: +49 (0) 6227 732 660
also good, but the store must be dried out enclosed spaces such as bins and elevators, grain. Modern traps give believable results quite
Fax: +49 (0) 6227 732 670
again before trapping, spraying and loading and sometimes for very high roofs, but they quickly with little effort. The best, for cost and Email: info@nir-online.de www.nir-online.de
in the new grain. Make sure any sub-floor are not an effective substitute for a high- efficacy, is the PC trap, a simple clear plastic
ventilation ducting is particularly well cleaned volume conventional spray. cone with a perforated plastic lid. These are
and dried. ULV formulations are not appropriate for used (as a pair) at the surface and about 20 cm
UK grain store treatments, being designed below. Tied to canes, the traps are removed
NIRonline_90x132_finalV2.indd 1 25.02.2011 14:19:22
How do I spray the store? to kill flying insects, which are not an issue for inspection at weekly intervals after harvest,
ite
It’s often the most efficient to employ in UK-stored cereal grains. An ineffective extending to 2 to 3-weekly later in the season.
ur we b s
i sit o gan.com
a reputable contractor with the necessary insecticide treatment is a waste of effort (and Trapping is effortless and should be continuous,
powerful equipment, including hydraulic lifts technically illegal if you know in advance that as proof of zero infestation. All insects and V vi
www.
etc. However the choice of insecticide and it won’t work.) mites thus trapped should be identified to
formulations has reduced dramatically in It is essential that clear records are kept, decide the appropriate action to take.
recent years, and everyone is obliged by law of any insecticidal treatments carried out Remember the right action to take (includ-
only to use an insecticide labelled for use inside (and outside) the grain store. If appro- ing, perhaps, no action), depends on accurate
in grain storage. At the time of writing we priate, make a simple diagram of the store, pest identification. However, it is also important
have one organophosphate insecticide (chlo- and mark where you have sprayed or used to monitor, the temperature of the bulk. VIGAN manufactures bulk materials handling equipment: Latest references
rpyrifos methyl = “Reldan”), which is also other insecticides. Keep a log of all treat- Provided that the general temperature is below DEKHEILA PORT
approved for admixture with some cereal ments, including the type (manufacturer's 12°C, there is little risk of significant beetle • Mobile pneumatic conveyors or vacuvators. in Egypt (Africa silos) :
grains, and some pyrethroid insecticides, insecticide name and type, e.g. emulsion, development. But the surface layers can warm • Pneumatic continuous barge unloaders and mechanical barge loaders. 2 mobile machines
which may have general approval for treat- smoke, dust etc.) and the date applied. up due to radiated heat from the roof or as the with conveyors
• Mechanical and pneumatic continuous ship unloaders for vessels up to
ing grain store buildings, but often NOT for ambient air temperature rises in Spring. The 2 x 250 tons/hour
post-Panamax.
treating surfaces which the grain will touch, Any other points? grain surface is most at risk and is where insect
in other words such resulting contamination In the United Kingdom, the primary grain trapping (detection) is vital. PC Traps will take • Mechanical loaders for any size of ships.
may make the grains unsaleable. beetles do not come in with the harvest from the guesswork out of pest-free storage. as well as complete storage systems in ports and the agricultural industries. HAUTRAGE
In general the pattern of spraying will the field, but they may be introduced into the Don't forget that whereas the principal in Belgium :
be from the wall-top down, in bands 1 to store in transport, on bags of feed, on pallets beetles cope well in very dry grain, mites 1 pneumatic tower
3 metres wide, depending on the sprayer. or in the grain tank of a contract combine. require a high humidity environment (to avoid From project design to complete turnkey bulk handling solutions 300 tons/hour
Spraying just to the point of 'run-off' means Transfer of grain from one store to another death through desiccation), and therefore grain and port terminals with reliable and cost effective equipment.
you can’t get any more insecticide on the often moves insect pests around. moisture content is critical to their success,
surface, (whatever its absorbency) and there Remember… No pests this year doesn’t which is why mites often develop at the surface
will be correct coverage. guarantee no pests next year – they are com- during a long damp winter. Maintaining cereal
PORT SUDAN
monly transported around the industry, in grains below 15 percent moisture content 1 ship unloader
And other insecticides? sacks, wagons and bulk transport/containers. should ensure that there are virtually no 600 tons/hour
Desiccant dusts (= Diatomaceous Earth There are also other species: fungus and mites present in the grain, though atmospheric
dusts) for a long time required Government mould beetles, spider beetles, plaster beetles, humidity will increase this in the upper layers.
An affiliate company of VAN DE WIELE group.
approval, but are now generally available reg- booklice and house moths. Most are really Remember, too, that mites can breed down to
istration-free, and smoke generators (always indicators of suspect hygiene or damp condi- 5°C, unlike the 18°C beetles. Mite monitoring
registered) are also available for treating tions in the store or on the surface of the grain. in bulk grain by surface PC traps will give early VIGAN Engineering s.a. • Rue de l’Industrie, 16 • B-1400 Nivelles (Belgium)
grain store structures. Each has its uses: the All can be the cause of rejection and some, warning of developing problems. Phone : +32 67 89 50 41 • Fax : +32 67 89 50 60 • Web : www.vigan.com • E-mail : info@vigan.com
28 | march - april 2011 Grain &feed millinG technoloGy Grain &feed millinG technoloGy march - april 2011 | 29
New VIGAN adv material for 2011 for April, August and December 2011

4. News March - April 2011 NEWS
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