2. Speaker :
Govind Bose
4th Semester
Ph.D. (Forestry)
Silviculture and Agroforestry
Reg. No. 1030319002
ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry
Navsari Agricultural University
Navsari – 396 450
Co- guide
Dr. M. B. Tandel
Assistant Professor ( Forestry )
Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry
ASPEE College of Horticulture & Forestry
Navsari Agricultural University
Navsari- 396 450.
Major guide
Dr. V. M. Prajapati
Assistant Professor ( Silviculture )
Department of Silviculture and Agroforestry
ASPEE College of Horticulture & Forestry
Navsari Agricultural University
Navsari- 396 450.
3. 3
Introduction
What is dryland?
Characteristics of drylands
Why fruit based agroforestry system?
Advantages of fruit based agroforestry systems
Major fruit based agroforestry systems
Factors affecting fruit based agroforestry system?
Review of Research work
Conclusion
4. Introduction
• Crop production on drylands in particular results in low, unstable,
and often uneconomic yields because of aberrant monsoon
behaviour.
• Poor management of marginal lands results in land degradation.
• It is estimated that nearly 65 mha out of 85 mha under rainfed
cultivation are facing some kind of land degradation or the other.
• These marginal lands are not able to sustain arable crops particularly
during the drought conditions.
1
5. Among the alternate land use system developed, fruit based
agroforestry systems are readily picked up by the farmers due to cash
benefits derived from these system.
Tree component in dryland agriculture increases production and
income, besides imparting stability to the farming system.
Fruit trees, apart from the above advantages also yield valuable
byproducts like fodder, and fuel wood, through their annual
prunings and fruits, which are supposed to improve and maintain
good health of human beings
2
6. Fruit based cropping system is now considered to be the most
ideal strategy to provide food, nutrition and income security to
the people (Chundawat, 1993).
Integration of annual crops with fruit trees yields multiple
outputs that ensure production and income generation in a
sustainable manner (Randhawa, 1990).
3
7. Dry lands are defined by a scarcity of water.
These are the tropical and temperate areas
with an aridity index of less than 0.65.
UNEP, (1992)
4
8. Semi- arid - 0.2 < AI < 0.5
Dry, Subhumid - 0.5 < AI < 0.65
Arid - 0.05 < AI < 0.2
5
10. Arid, 25%
Semi -
arid, 45%
Dry sub -
humid,
30%
Arid 50.94 m ha
Semi – arid 122.52 m ha
Dry sub - humid 75.42 m ha
Total 248.88 m ha
Tewari et al. 2014
7
11. Dryland area in different regions of India
S. No States % of Dryland
area
1. Rajasthan and Gujarat 66 to 88
2. Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra, Andhra
Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil
Nadu
76 to 82
3. Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand,
Himachal Pradesh
60 to 81
4. Eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar,
Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal
33 to 73
NBSS & LUP
8
12. State Area (m ha) Percent of total
Rajasthan 19.61 61.00
Gujarat 06.22 19.6
Punjab and haryana 02.73 09.0
Andhra Pradesh 02.15 07.0
Karnataka 00.86 03.0
Maharashtra 00.13 0.4
Total 31.70 100
Distribution of hot arid regions in different states of India
Roy et al. 2011
9
13. Characteristics of Drylands
Uncertain, ill – distributed and limited annual rainfall.
Extreme temperatures, high evapotranspiration.
Occurrence of extensive climatic hazards like drought, flood etc.
Undulating soil surface.
Relatively large size fields, prevalence of mono cropping.
Very low crop yield.
Poor market facility for the produce.
Poor economy of the farmers and poor health of cattle as well as
farmer.
10
15. Why fruit based agroforestry system?
The approach aims at improving productivity by
effective utilization of air space which is not
utilized in single tier system. The multitier system
aims at sustainable management of natural resources
like soil, water, space and environment.
12
16. Components of fruit based agroforestry system
• Main crop- Main crops are the fruit species
having a larger canopy size and prolonged
juvenile as well as productive phase
• Filler crop- These are fruit species, which
are grown in association with the main crop
to diversify the cropping system as per the
requirement of grower. They could be filler
crop as well and may be grown only during
the juvenile phase of the main crop and
uprooted at later stages.
• Inter crop- The inter crop occupy the lower
most layer of the system and are grown in
the remaining unused land.
13
17. Characteristics of different component in fruit based agroforestry system
Fruit component
1. Characters such as deep tap root
system, high bound water in tissues,
sunken stomata, waxy coating, thick
cuticle and pubescence.
2. It should be drought tolerant
3. Ability to complete maximum
vegetative and reproductive phase
during the period of moisture
availability.
4. Root system and root growth should
be able to exploit deeper soil layers
than those tapped by the under and
ground storey crops.
5. Branching habit that allows light
penetration to the under storey
crops.
6. Ability to withstand browsing /
grazing
Intercrop
1. Early maturing.
2. Should have shade tolerance suiting
the amount of available solar
radiation.
3. It should be drought tolerant
4. Should not require mechanized
harvesting or other operations that
would damage the main crop or
induce soil erosion or damage soil
structure.
5. Should be high yielding
6. Leguminous ground storey crops
that have nitrogen fixing capacity
should be preferred.
7. Dwarf and spreading in nature
14
19. Advantages of fruit based agroforestry systems
This system mainly focuses on higher income per unit area.
The farmer can practice intercropping during early stages of the
fruit trees
The system is helpful in generating more employment especially
during off-season when crops are not cultivated
Fruit growing also provides scope for ancillary industries like fruit
processing, canning, preservation, dehydration, essential oils,
package transport and refrigeration
Fruits are protective foods, necessary for the maintenance of
human health.
Many fruits are also known to possess medicinal values. Pectin
and cellulose found in several fruits stimulates intestinal activity
in human body
Fruit trees provide minimum guaranteed returns even in drought
years when arable crop fails .
16
20. Major fruit based agroforestry systems
Guava based agroforestry system
Aonla based agroforestry system
Ber based agroforestry system
Pomegrante based agroforestry system
Custard apple based agroforestry system
17
21. Table 1. Fruit crops for drylands in different rainfall zones
Rainfall (mm) Plains
Plateaus and sub mountain
regions
>500
Ber, Phalsa, Indian fig,
Karonda, Gonda or Lasora,
Jharber, Khejri and Ker
Custard apple, Bael, Karonda,
and Jamun
500-1000
Ber, Aonla, Jamun, Wood
apples, Custard apple, Wild
date palm, Indian almond,
Guava, Sour lime, Lemon,
Mango and Tamarind
Ber, Custard apple, Chironji,
Wood apple, Karonda, Indian
almond, Mango, Cashew,
Tamarind, Sour lime, Lemon,
Grape fruit and Pomegrantae
>1000
Mango, Litchi, Jack fruit,
Mandarin, Avocado, Tamarind,
Jamun, Mahua and Kokum
Mango, Jackfruit, Guava,
Tamarind, Mahua, Cashew nut,
Cherry and Pomegrante
Sharma et al. (2013)
18
22. Crop Cultivars
Ber Gola, Mundia, Kaithali, Banarasi Karaka, Early Umran
Aonla NA-4, NA-5, NA-6, NA-7, NA-10,
Pomegranate P-23, P-26, IIHR Selection, Mridula, Bhagwa
Custard apple Balanagar, Mammoth, Red Sitaphal, Arka Sahan, GJCA-1
Guava Allahabad Safeda, Sardar, Kohir Safed, Safed jam, Arka Mridula
Papaya Pusa Delicious, Honey Dew, Pusa Majesty, Pusa Dwarf, Pusa
Giant
Bael NB-5, NB-9
Sapota Kalipatti, Cricket Ball
Fig Poona fig, Black Ischiq
Mango Bangalora, Neelam, Kesar, Bombay Green
Table 2. Popular cultivars of fruit crops in drylands of India
Singh et al. 2013
19
23. Growing
conditions
Horticultural component Crop
component
High storey Medium storey Ground storey
Rainfed
(150–300 mm)
Bordi and
Indian mesquite
Jhar ber Cucurbits and
guar
Guar, moth
bean, pearl
millet and
sesame
Rainfed
(300–500 mm)
Indian cherry,
Indian jujube
and Indian
mesquite
Jhar ber Cowpea,
cucurbits, guar
and Indian bean
Cowpea, guar,
green gram,
moth bean, pearl
millet and
sesame
Irrigated Bengal quince,
Indian
gooseberry
Indian jujube
and Indian
mesquite
Guava, kinnow,
karonda, lime,
pomegranate
and sweet
orange
Brinjal, chilli,
cole crops,
cucurbits, garlic,
okra, onion,
peas, root/leafy
vegetables and
tomato
Chickpea, green
gram, groundnut
mustard and
seed spices
Recommanded Agri – horti component for Indian Arid Zone
Bhanderi et al. 2014
20
24. Varieties released by CIAH, Bikaner
Crop name Variety name
Aonla Goma Aishwariya
Bael Goma Yashi
Ber Thar Sevika, Thar Bhubharaj, Goma Kirti, Seb, Umran,
Gola, Kaithali
Jamun Goma Priyanka
Pomegranate Goma Khatta
Tamarind Goma Prateek
Chironji Thar Priya
21
25. Factors affecting fruit based cropping systems
Selection of varieties
Planting system
Mulching
Weed control
Nutrient management
22
26. Management of cropping system in Drylands
Physiological approach
It is used to check evapotranspiration from plants
Mulches
Antitranspirants
Genetic approach
It is focuses on use of HYV with high tolerance, drought resistant,
deep root, resistant to diseases, dwarf growth etc. ICAR is working
with ICRISAT to develop such hybrids
23
27. Promotion of agri+ horticulture at village of Tumkur districts of Karnataka
Promotion of cashew orchard along with agriculture at village of Gadag district of Karnataka
24
28. soil moisture at 90 day intervals during 2004–2005
to a distance of 50 m from the trees for a summer
fallow field.
soil water at approximately 30-day intervals during
2004–2005 to a distance of 50 m from the trees for
a summer cotton crop. Arrows indicate the position
of ‘skipped’ rows.
Huth and poulton et al 2007
Soil moisture in AFS
25
34. Crop combinations with
mango
Fruit size
(cm)
Fruit
weight (g)
Pulp weight
(g)
Stone weight
(g)
Pulp:stone
ratio
First phase (1995-2005)
Mango+Cowpea+toria 9.3 410.0 364.1 48.9 7.4
Mango+Sesame+toria 8.6 379.6 345.9 47.6 7.3
Mango+pigeon pea 8.7 389.7 354.6 48.2 7.4
Mango+Black gram+toria 9.0 406.6 363.2 49.0 7.4
Mango+Okra+toria 8.9 391.3 358.3 48.8 7.3
Sole mango 8.5 380.0 352.1 46.0 7.4
CD (5%) 0.20 7.8 2.1 0.90 0.20
Second phase (2006-2010)
Mango + turmeric 9.8 400.0 360.3 45.8 7.4
Mango + colocasia 9.4 395.6 351.4 43.7 7.3
Sole mango 9.0 390.0 348.1 40.8 7.4
CD (5%) 0.45 5.1 3.0 2.0 0.1
Rathore et al. (2013)
CSWCRTI, Dehradun, Uttarakhand
Table 3. Annual mean fruit quality parameters in mango based AHMs on degraded lands
during both phases
28
35. Table 4. Fertility status of the soil during both phases of AHMs
Crop combinations with mango Organic carbon
(%)
Nitrogen (%) Phosphorus
(ppm)
Potash
(ppm)
First phase (1995-2005)
Mango+Cowpea+toria 0.76 0.075 10.85 79.23
Mango+Sesame+toria 0.57 0.051 8.05 60.35
Mango+pigeon pea 0.70 0.069 9.24 75.45
Mango+Black gram+toria 0.71 0.065 10.00 73.12
Mango+Okra+toria 0.60 0.055 8.66 65.34
Sole mango 0.56 0.050 8.12 56.54
Initial value 0.51 0.048 7.30 50.00
CD (5%) 0.08 0.011 2.11 8.20
Second phase (2006-2010)
Mango + turmeric 0.80 0.071 11.67 77.54
Mango + colocasia 0.69 0.063 10.34 70.23
Sole mango 0.59 0.054 9.43 65.35
Initial value 0.53 0.049 9.00 60.12
CD (5%) 0.02 0.010 0.86 4.50
Rathore et al. (2013)
CSWCRTI, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 29
36. 6.68 5.76 4.87 4.06
9.51
8.75
7.4
6.23
Mango + Gamhar +
Groundnut
Mango + Gamhar +
Maize
Mango + Gamhar Sole mango
Fruit Yield of Mango (t/ha)
2015 2016
Fig.1. Effect of agroforestry system and sole plantation on fruit yield of mango
RRS, BCKV, West Bengal Sharma et al. (2017)
30
37.
38. Crop rotation Spacing (m)
6x6 8x8 16x4 Mean
Groundnut - Wheat 13.37 7.64 7.85 9.62
Cluster bean – Mustard 13.81 7.83 7.77 9.80
Indian Aloe 19.13 10.76 10.76 13.55
Sole plantation 11.45 6.54 6.54 8.09
Mean 14.44 8.13 8.23
Sem 0.03 0.02 0.05
CD ( 5%) 0.06 0.05 0.11
CIAH, Bikaner, Rajasthan Saroj et al. (2003)
Table 5. Yield of ber fruit ( q/ha ) under ber based agri – horti system
31
39. Table 6. Performance of Ziziphus based system
Treatment Yield of Ziziphus (t/ha) Gross income (Rs/ha)
Sole Ziziphus 3.3 10,000
Ziziphus + Sorghum 4.5 15,222
Ziziphus + Cluster bean 1.7 8990
Ziziphus + Pearl millet 1.7 6620
Ziziphus + Mung bean 4.0 20460
CD at 5% 0.94 2830
Solanki and RamNewaj (1999)
AICRPDA, Dantiwada, Gujarat 32
40.
41. Table 7. Effect of inter cropping on growth of aonla
Treatments
Plant height (m) Collar girth (cm)
2007 2008 2009 Mean 2007 2008 2009 Mean
Aonla (Solo) 5.09 6.44 6.67 6.07 51.8 64.8 77.4 64.7
Aonla + turmeric 5.85 7.53 8.73 7.37 57.5 77.5 95.1 76.7
Aonla + ginger 5.45 6.92 7.52 6.63 53.6 68.6 82.4 68.2
Aonla + arbi 5.62 7.24 8.16 7.01 55.0 71.0 85.7 70.6
Mean 5.50 7.03 7.77 54.5 70.5 85.2
CD @ 5%
Treatment 0.51 Treatment 3.4
Year 1.45 Year 14.6
HRS, RAU, Bihar Das et al. (2011)
33
42. Table 8. Effect of intercrops on fruit characters of aonla
Treatments
Fruit weight
(gm)
Fruit size
Pulp weight
Length Width
Aonla (Solo) 21.50 3.01 3.28 19.26
Aonla + turmeric 26.28 3.19 3.64 23.50
Aonla +ginger 21.71 3.04 3.39 19.74
Aonla + arbi 22.86 3.11 3.48 20.44
CD @ 5% 2.52 0.17 0.28 3.80
HRS, RAU, Bihar Das et al. (2011)
34
43. Table 9. Effect of intercropping on fertility status of the soil in aonla
orchard
Treatments Organic carbon
(%)
Available N
(kg/ha)
Available P2O5
(kg/ha)
Aonla 0.45 200.8 20.5
Aonla + turmeric 0.58 229.2 24.2
Aonla + ginger 0.49 209.8 22.6
Aonla + arbi 0.51 218.6 23.4
Initial value 0.37 166.3 18.5
C.D @ 5% 0.03 8.8 2.0
HRS, RAU, Bihar Das et al. (2011)
35
44. M - F M - C M - M* M - C* Control
2.82 2.8
2.44 2.4
1.34
0.16 0.18 0.14 0.13 0.09
1.07 1.13
0.9 0.93
0.65
Plant height (m ) Stem girth ( cm ) Canopy spread ( m )
M - Mothbean, F – Fenugreek, C- chickpea, M* - Mustard, C* - Cumin
Figure 2. Effect of different intercrop on growth of Aonla
CIAH, Bikaner, Rajasthan Awasthi et al. (2009)
36
45. 465 497
443 451
406 420 407 408
986
1493
1232
602
770
1081
1027
441
M - F M - C M - M* M - C* M - F M - C M - M* M - C*
Grain yield ( Kharif ) Grain yield ( Rabi )
Figure 3. Grain yield ( kg/ha) of different crops grown in sole and in association with
aonla
M - Mothbean, F – Fenugreek, C- chickpea, M* - Mustard, C* - Cumin
CIAH, Bikaner, Rajasthan Awasthi et al. (2009)
With Aonla Sole cropping
37
46. 79.95
74.4
49.14
68.61
43.73
60.53 58.35 56.03 52.85
59.5
148.48
132.75
105.17
121.46
103.23
Aonla + Bottle
gourd
Aonla +
Pumpkin
Aonla + Bitter
gourd
Aonla +
Cucumber
Aonla + Sponge
gourd
Intercrop yield (q/ha) AonlaFruit yield (q/ha) Cumulative Yield (q/ha)
ICAR – CHES, Panchmahal, Gujarat Singh et al. (2020)
Fig. 4. Yield of different combinations of cucurbits crop with aonla based agroforestry
system
38
49. Table 10. Growth of tamarind and tree species affected by mixed cropping
Agroforestry
system
Tamarind Tree species
Height (m) Dbh (cm) Height (m) Dbh (cm)
T+C. equisetifolia 10.46 20.85 21.60 23.70
T+E. tereticornis 10.63 19.32 18.34 18.21
T+G. robusta 9.32 15.36 8.36 12.64
T+D. sissoo 8.31 16.23 8.76 11.36
Tamarind (T) 7.46 15.21 - -
CD at 5% 1.17 1.20 4.70 5.56
Mutanal et al. (2007)
FRS, UAS, Dharwad, Karnataka 40
50. Growth attribute 30 DAP 60 DAP 90 DAP
IC SC IC SC IC SC
Plant height ( cm ) 4.20 2.46 7.40 4.76 11.13 8.93
Plant spread ( cm ) 27.46 24.66 38.36 31.63 54.50 50.36
Leaf size ( cm sq) 18.46 22.63 58.80 61.03 80.06 79.96
Leaf area ( cm sq) 175.92 156.82 1082.45 870.28 2140 1727.36
Yield attribute Intercrop ( IC ) Sole crop ( SC )
Fresh weight of tuber ( g/plant ) 37.80 25.00
No. of tuber per plant 16.46 10.40
Length of tuber (cm ) 12.86 12.86
Width of tuber ( cm ) 0.71 0.59
Dry weight of tuber ( g/plant) 9.25 5.86
Dry tuber yield ( q/ha) 10.18 5.55
B: C ratio 1.94 1.51
Table 11.Growth attributes of safed musli as an intercrop in tamarind plantation and as sole crop in open
Table 12. Yield performance and B:C ratio of safed musli as intercrop in tamarind plantation and as sole crop in
open
KRC, COH, ARABHAVI, Karnataka Kumar et al. (2010)
41
51. Treatments Total net returns
( Rs. /ha )
Benefit Cost ratio
( Rs. /ha )
Tamarind + Custard apple + Red gram 29,972 1.99
Tamarind + Custard apple + Jowar 23,662 1.58
Tamarind + Custard apple + Cowpea 17,470 1.36
Tamarind + Custard apple + Cluster bean 19,340 1.59
Tamarind + Curry leaf+ Red gram 16,692 1.16
Tamarind + Curry leaf + Jowar 21,510 1.49
Tamarind + Curry leaf + Cowpea 12,866 1.07
Tamarind + Curry leaf +Cluster bean 23,746 1.92
AICRPA, ANGRAU, Hyderabad, AP Khan et al. (2010)
Table 13. Gross returns and B: C ratio in tamarind based agri-silvi-horti system
42
53. Treatment
Height ( cm )
Percent
increase
Girth ( cm ) Percent
increase
Average canopy
spread ( cm)
Percent
increase
2015 2016 2015 2016 2015 2016
Sole P 122 148 21.3 10.17 14.8 45.5 113.7 123.8 8.8
P + W- G 117 165 41.0 9.75 16.8 72.3 118.2 146.2 23.6
P + F - C 122 169 38.5 10.15 16.30 60.5 122.3 145.2 18.7
P – Pomegranate , W – Wheat, G – Groundnut, F – Fenugreek, C- Cluster bean
Table 14. Growth of Pomegranate as affected by different intercrops in agri –
horti system
ICAR- CAZRI, RRS, Bikaner, Rajasthan Soni et al. (2020)
43
54.
55. Treatments
Grain yield ( Kg/ha) Stalk yield ( kg/ha)
Clusterbean Cowpea Mothbean Clusterbean Cowpea Mothbean
Aonla 304 278 191 763 752 405
Ber 399 391 269 864 1005 532
Pomegranate 315 302 205 707 771 414
SEm 6.67 8.5 5.6 20.4 21.8 9.2
CD ( 5%) 19.7 25.6 16.8 61.2 65.3 27.7
ICAR- CAZRI, RRS, Bhuj, Gujarat Dayal et al. (2015)
Table 15. Grain and stalk yield of legumes under different fruit trees
44
59. A farmer Shri Nand Kishore Jaisalmeria in Manaklao village of Jodhpur (25 km north) owns 3.1 ha
agricultural land under rainfed conditions (average rainfall 365 mm), which was earlier a degraded land.
His income from crops was very low with zero or negative income in the years of drought.
In the early 1980s, he came in contact of CAZRI scientists and planted 750 plants of improved varieties
of ber (Gola, Seb, Umran) provided by CAZRI, along with recommended package of practices. The
piece of land was developed as an integrated farming system.
Along with Ber orchard, annual crops as intercropping and 10 + 1 goat unit was maintained by him.
Fencing of the farm was created by developing shelterbelts of multipurpose tree species like Accacia
tortillis, Prosopis juliflora, Neem and other drought hardy tree species of economic value.
The shelterbelt developed as fencing of the farm not only provided sustainable output in terms of fuel
wood and fodder but also provided protection and conserved the soil and improved its fertility levels.
For the first 20 years the land was totally rainfed, and then a bore well was established whose water is
saline. Ber is tolerant to saline water irrigation to some extent.
The supplemental irrigation with saline water especially during fruit setting stage helped produce good
yield. Even after 35 years, at present the farm and the orchard are well maintained and is a source of
sustainable income.
SUCCESS STORY FROM ARID REGION OF RAJASTHAN
Source: CAZRI
47
60. The major revenue for the farm comes from sale of Ber fruit, leaves of Ber and other trees, fuel wood
from pruning. Each plant of Ber produces about 30 kg fruits per annum.
The farmer earns a total annual net income of about Rs 1,25,000 from 3 ha arid land giving a net
income of about Rs.41,000/- per ha per annum, which is much higher as compared to traditional annual
crops in the region.
This perennials based farming system not only gave higher income but provided stability of production
and income in the years of drought which is very common in this region.
In addition to his own farm, Mr. Jaisalmeria also started a nursery of budded ber and sold lakhs of
plants to the farmers, NGOs, Government departments from different states and contributed in spread
of improved germplasm and package of practices of Ber cultivation.
Source: CAZRI
48
61. • Based on study it has been established that various fruit crops like ber,
aonla, tamarind, pomegranate and mango with various intercrops
(specially legume) give maximum productivity compare to sole fruit as
well as of intercrops in drylands.
• Several researchers reported that fruit based agroforestry systems were
useful for improving economic returns of the farmers, generating
employment, higher production, soil fertility status and quality characters
of fruits under drylands..
49
Total cultivated land 143 mha irrigated 58 mha,
There fore it has been thinking that develop some other alternate land use system…for these soils
Dry land, besides being water deficient, are characterized by high evaporation rates, exceptionally high day temperature during summer, low humidity and high run off and soil erosion. The soils of such areas are often found to be saline and low in fertility. As water is the most important factor of crop production, inadequacy and uncertainty of rainfall often cause partial or complete failure of the crops which leads to period of scarcities and famines. Thus the life of both human being and cattle in such areas becomes difficult and insecure.
Dryland offers good scope for development of Agroforestry, Social forestry, Horti- Sylvi-pasture , etc which will not only supply food, nutrition, fodder, fuel to communities but forms a suitable vegetative cover for ecological maintenance.
Main crop - Generally, the crops utilize the entire land after 20-25 years, whereas only 25-30% of land is effectively used up by the main crop up to 10 years. These are planted at wider spacing. Several drought hardy fruit crops like Capparis decidua, Salvadora oleoides, Cordia myxa,.
Intercrop - In general, the inter crops are the location specific annual crops, selected as per the climatic and socio-economic suitability. These could be vegetables, pulses and legumes, oilseed, fodder crops, medicinal plants and seed spices.
