2. Speaker:
Drew
Day
Presenta0on
Date:
12th
Jan’12
Drew
Day
is
an
environmental
toxicologist
whose
focus
is
on
water
resource
management.
He
currently
works
as
a
core
member
of
Yihua,
an
environmental
networking
pla=orm.
His
earlier
research,
work,
and
study
in
Beijing
and
Yunnan
has
led
him
to
develop
a
high
level
of
Chinese.
In
January
Mr.
Day
will
present
a
comprehensive
view
of
the
sources,
implicaEons,
and
potenEal
soluEons
to
eutrophicaEon,
an
issue
he
researched
at
Dianchi
Lake
in
Kunming.
EutrophicaEon
is
one
of
the
most
common
environmental
issues
affecEng
China’s
waterways,
and
obstacles
to
reducing
sources
and
removing
nutrient
polluEon
make
soluEons
difficult.
For
any
feedback
please
contact
Drew
through
dday612@gmail.com
3. Presenta0on
Overview
1.
What
is
eutrophication,
and
what
are
its
causes
and
effects?
2.
What
is
the
present
eutrophication
situation
in
China?
3.
What
are
the
benefits
of
alleviating
eutrophication?
4.
What
methods
are
there
for
restoring
eutrophic
waters?
4. What
Is
Eutrophica0on?
Eutrophication
is
the
overenrichment
of
waters
by
nutrient
input-‐
particularly
N
and
P
input
-‐
This
promotes
proliferation
of
autotrophs,
which
can
lead
to
algae
blooms
The
plants
and
algae
that
bloom
cause
a
surplus
of
oxygen,
which
is
released
into
the
atmosphere
5. What
Is
Eutrophica0on?
This
oxygen
is
no
longer
available
to
be
consumed
for
decomposing
the
high
number
of
plants,
so
the
decomposers
deplete
the
remaining
oxygen
Differences
in
salinity
or
temperature
cause
stratification,
which
inhibits
oxygen
replenishment,
leading
to
dead
zones
7. Effects
of
Eutrophica0on
Hypoxia
in
the
hypolimnion
Harmful
algae
blooms
Benthic
organism
mortality
Loss
of
biodiversity
Water
quality
impairment
Acid
rain
(caused
by
the
evaporation
of
NO2)
NO2
High
quantities
of
nitrates
can
lead
to
human
health
problems
(over
10
mg/L
methemoglobinemia-‐blue
baby
syndrome)
8. Causes
of
Eutrophica0on
Fertilizers
:
Nitrates
-‐
volatilization
(ammonia):
up
to
60%
of
nitrates
applied
as
fertilizer
are
lost
through
volatilization
(40%
is
more
common)
(MA
2005)
Surface
runoff
and
leaching
into
groundwater-‐
on
average
20%
of
fertilizer
nitrate
lost
(MA
2005)
Phosphates
–
soil
erosion:
binds
to
the
soil
Surface
runoff
and
leaching
into
groundwater
-‐ 60%
40% (MA
2005)
-‐
20%
(MA
2005)
-‐
9. Causes
of
Eutrophica0on
Manure
:
More
cattle
for
meat
production
causes
more
manure
The
overuse
of
manure
to
fertilize
exacerbates
runoff
issues
Meat
production
in
China
rose
by
127%
between
1990
and
2002
(FAO
2009a)
As
of
2007,
fewer
than
10%
of
an
estimated
14,000
concentrated
animal
feeding
operations
(CAFOs)
have
installed
controls
(Ellis
2007)
1990 2002 127% FAO
2009a
10. Causes
of
Eutrophica0on
Aquaculture
:
For
every
ton
of
fish,
aquaculture
operations
produce
between
42
and
66
kg
of
N
waste
and
between
7.2
and
10.5
kg
of
P
waste
(Strain
and
Hargrave
2005)
42 66
11. Causes
of
Eutrophica0on
Urban
and
industrial
:
Point
source:
municipal
and
industrial
discharge
via
discrete
conveyance,
such
as
wastewater
treatment
plant
and
industrial
wastewater
discharges
Sewage
Non-‐point
source:
stormwater
runoff
and
nitrogen
leaching
from
septic
tanks
12. Causes
of
Eutrophica0on
Fossil
fuels
:
NOx-‐
smog
and
acid
rain
Fossil
fuel
combustion
contributes
about
22
teragrams
of
N
pollution
globally
every
year
–
about
1/5
of
the
contribution
from
synthetic
N
fertilizers
(MA
2005)
NOx-‐
22 1/5
14. Which
Is
More
important?-‐
N
or
P
-‐
Wang,
H.,
&
Wang,
H.
(2009).
Mitigation
of
lake
eutrophication:
Loosen
nitrogen
control
and
focus
on
phosphorus
abatement.
Progress
in
Natural
Science,
19(10),
1445-‐1445-‐1451.
doi:10.1016/
j.pnsc.2009.03.009
Research
in
China
and
North
America:
multi-‐year
comparative
research
for
more
than
40
Yangzi
River
lakes
and
long-‐term
whole-‐lake
experiment
in
N.
Am.
Indicates
P
is
the
key
factor
in
determining
phytoplankton
growth
regardless
of
N
concentrations
“To
mitigate
eutrophication,
it
is
not
nitrogen
but
phosphorus
that
should
be
reduced,
unless
nitrogen
concentrations
are
too
high
to
induce
direct
toxic
impacts
on
human
beings
or
other
organisms.”
“
15. What
is
the
Present
Eutrophica0on
Situa0on
Worldwide?
International
Lake
Environment
Committee
(ILEC)
–
“Survey
of
the
State
of
the
World’s
Lakes”
All
217
lakes
covered
showed
an
increase
in
eutrophication
level
in
the
past
50
years
Even
though
by
2000
nutrient
inputs
to
66
lakes
had
been
reduced,
most
are
still
more
eutrophied
than
50
years
ago
ILEC -‐“ ”
50 217
2000 66 50
16. What
is
the
Present
Eutrophica0on
Situa0on
Worldwide?
-‐1
-‐1
-‐2
-‐1 -‐1
-‐2
17. What
is
the
present
eutrophica0on
situa0on
in
China?
In
a
2003
survey
of
50
major
Chinese
lakes,
66%
have
eutrophic
or
hypereutrophic
conditions
The
5
largest
freshwater
lakes
are
all
eutrophic
or
hypereutrophic
Urban
lakes
are
nearly
all
in
a
hypereutrophic
state
2003 50 66%
5
18. What
is
the
present
eutrophica0on
situa0on
in
China?
19. What
is
the
present
eutrophica0on
situa0on
in
China?
20. Dianchi
Lake
400
300
200
100
0
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
Agricultural
produc0on
value
per
unit
produc0on
area
(ten
thousand
yuan/ha.)
Applica0on
of
Nitrogen
fer0lizers
per
unit
area
(tons/1000ha)
Applica0on
of
phosphate
fer0lizers
per
unit
area
(tons/1000ha)
Applica0on
of
pes0cide
per
unit
area
(tons/1000ha)
22. What
are
the
benefits
of
allevia0ng
eutrophica0on?
Improving
the
quality
of
water
used
for
all
purposes
Increased
aesthetic
and
recreational
value
of
adjacent
land
The
restoration
of
species
important
to
local
food
chains,
thus
bolstering
the
local
fish
industry
A
reduction
of
the
amount
of
money,
capacity,
and
maintenance
needed
for
water
treatment
A
reduced
health
threat
to
the
local
population
23. A
business
case
for
eutrophica0on
mi0ga0on
Economic
effects
of
eutrophication
and
benefits
of
reducing
eutrophication
(UNEP.
Planning
and
Management
of
Lakes
and
Reservoirs:
An
Integrated
Approach
to
Eutrophication.
2000)
Effect
of
Eutrophication
Benefits
of
Reducing
Eutrophication
•Lower
costs
of
treating
water
Increased
taste
and
odour
•Happier
consumers
problems
in
water
supply
•Less
need
for
substitute
water
(e.g.,
bottled
water)
•Increased
consumption
of
water
and
differential
between
prices
of
substitutes
and
municipal
supply
•Happier
nearby
residents
Reduced
visual
and
tactile
•Increased
development
around
water
body
qualities
of
water
body
•Increased
recreation
•More
diverse
biota
•Increased
value
of
properties
•Increased
commercial
and
recreational
fishing
Increased
possibility
of
toxins
•Increased
development
of
land
•More
diverse
biota
in
water
•Increased
expenditures
on
recreation
•Prices
for
water
contact
•Increased
different
fish
caught
•Increased
number
and
value
cosystem
•Public’s
WTP
for
improved
e of
fish
caught
•Public
WTP
for
improved
ecosystem
•Reduced
nexpenditures
on
recreation
•Increased
eed
for
alternative
water
supplies
Loss
of
water
depth,
surface
•Values
of
shoreline
property
preserved
area,
and
storage
capacity
•Continued
viability
of
fisheries
•Continued
viability
of
recreation
•Avoided
costs
for
dredging
and
substitute
water
supplies
24. What
methods
are
there
for
restoring
eutrophic
waters?
Water
treatment
coupled
with
nutrient
removal
Water
treatment
plants
Pumping
stations
to
remove
algae
Lake
and
riverbed
dredging
25. What
methods
are
there
for
restoring
eutrophic
waters?
The
addition
of
chemicals
to
prevent
nutrient
or
algae
increases
Hypolimnetic
aeration:
prevents
nutrient
upwelling
and
increases
oxygen
in
the
hypolimnion
Addition
of
gases
to
kill
algae
–
ozone
(expensive)
–
26. What
methods
are
there
for
restoring
eutrophic
waters?
Methods
for
restoration
of
lakes
and
reservoirs
(UNEP.
Planning
and
Management
of
Lakes
and
Reservoirs:
An
Integrated
Approach
to
Eutrophication.
2000)
Method
Application
Costs
In
situ
precipitation
often
not
applicable
to
shallow
lakes
low
Removal
of
sediment
limited
to
shallow
lakes
very
high
not
recommended
Algicides
medium
Coverage
of
sediment
general
medium-‐high
-‐
has
only
long-‐term
effects
for
small
lakes
Shading
by
trees
very
low
removal
of
nutrients
from
inflow
water
Wetlands
medium
only
applicable
to
lakes
with
thermocline
Aeration
high
to
very
high
-‐
only
applicable
to
lakes
with
thermocline
medium,
high
if
P-‐
removal
is
required
Siphoning
Biomanipulation
only
in
the
P-‐range
0.05-‐0.15
mg/l
usually
low
0.05-‐0.15 /
the
problem
is
moved
not
solved
Diversion
case
dependent
27. What
methods
are
there
for
restoring
eutrophic
waters?
Public
education
and
assistance
Environmental
education
Public
Awareness
Technical
assistance
28. What
methods
are
there
for
restoring
eutrophic
waters?
Regulations
Standards
Product/manufacturing
–
e.g.,
controlling
the
amount
of
phosphates
in
detergents
and
fertilizers
Process/design
–
e.g.,
Maryland’s
Stormwater
Management
Act
of
2007
(reducing
nutrient
runoff)
Technology/practice
–
e.g.,
enhanced
nutrient
removal
technology
for
treatment
plants
(capable
of
reducing
N
concentrations
in
wastewater
to
3
mg/L
and
P
concentrations
to
0.3
mg/L)
Effluent/emission
caps
–
e.g.,
capping
the
amount
of
N
and
P
leaving
a
watershed
(as
in
the
U.S.
Clean
Water
Act)
/
–
/
–
2007
/
–
3 / 0.3 /
/
–
29. What
methods
are
there
for
restoring
eutrophic
waters?
Fiscal
and
Economic
Incentives
Ecotaxes
Polluter-‐pays
tax
–
e.g.,
Denmark’s
wastewater
tax
(tax
point-‐sources
for
every
unit
of
N,
P,
and
BOD
discharged)
and
Netherlands
nutrient
budget
fee
system
Dedicated
environmental
tax
–
e.g.,
Maryland
“flush
tax”
(tax
on
water
and
sewer
bill,
used
to
add
to
nutrient
removal
technology
in
treatment
plants)
Technologies/products/inputs
taxes
–
e.g.,
fertilizer
tax
“ ”
–
–
“ ”
/ /
–
30. What
methods
are
there
for
restoring
eutrophic
waters?
Incentives
and
subsidies
Incentive
payments,
subsidies,
low-‐interest
loan
programs,
and
tax
credits
E.g.,
agricultural
preservation
subsidies
–
encourage
best
management
practices
E.g.,
Pennsylvania
Resource
Enhancement
and
Protection
Program
–
tax
credit
for
farmers
using
best
management
practices
to
improve
water
quality
(estimated
from
2007-‐08
N
pollution
reduced
by
162,176
lbs
and
P
pollution
by
14,939
lbs)
E.g.,
U.S.
Clean
Water
State
Revolving
Fund
-‐
$5
billion
per
year
in
low-‐interest
loans
to
fund
water
quality
protection
projects
Performance-‐based
approaches
–
e.g.,
reverse
auctions
–
–
2007 2008 162,176 14,939
–
50
–
31. What
methods
are
there
for
restoring
eutrophic
waters?
Ecolabeling
–
encourage
‘green’
products
Environmental
Markets
–
provide
price
signals
for
environmental
goods
Regulatory
markets
–
provide
flexibility
and
reduce
the
financial
burden
of
regulatory
compliance
E.g.,
Long
Island
Sound
Nitrogen
Credit
Exchange
in
Connecticut
–
lets
plants
meet
N
discharge
limits
by
upgrading
their
facilities
or
by
purchasing
N
offsets
from
plants
operating
below
their
discharge
limit
–
‘ ’
–
–
–
32. What
methods
are
there
for
restoring
eutrophic
waters?
Voluntary
markets
–
driven
by
value
placed
on
env.
good
or
service
by
buyers
E.g.,
Chesapeake
Fund
–
voluntary
nutrient
market
created
by
a
consortium
of
NGOs
–
–
33. What
methods
are
there
for
restoring
eutrophic
waters?
Restoration
and
Protection
of
Ecosystems
Protected
areas
E.g.,
The
Danube
Delta
under
the
UNESCO
Man
and
Biosphere
Program
Land
purchases
and
conservation
easement
establishment
E.g.,
Worcester
Land
Protection
Partnership:
a
partnership
between
the
city
of
Worcester
and
the
Trust
for
Public
Land
in
which
they
identify
and
acquire
priority
watershed
land
Habitat
restoration
E.g.,
submerged
aquatic
vegetation
and
oyster
bed
restoration
in
the
Chesapeake
Bay
34. What
methods
are
there
for
restoring
eutrophic
waters?
Restoring
flood
pulse
and
hydrological
extremes
Cyanobacterial
blooms
in
a
temperate
river-‐floodplain
ecosystem:
The
importance
of
hydrological
extremes.
(2011).
Aquatic
Ecology,
45(3),
335-‐335-‐349.
