breast cancer

1. PRESENTED BY:
SUNITA
B.sc. Mls 5th Sem
RegistrationNumber-1929746

2.  Over View
 Types
 Symptoms
 When to see a doctor
 Signs to watch out for
 Causes
 Incidence and Mortality
 Inherited breast Cancer
 Risk factors
 Reproductive factors
 Complementary medicines
 Prevention
 TREATMENT
 Complementary Medicines
 CONCLUSION

3. Breast cancer Is cancer that forms in the cells of the
breasts.After skin cancer, breast cancer is the
most common cancer diagnosed in women in the
United States. Breast cancer can occur in both
men and women, but it's far more common in
women. Substantial support for breast cancer awareness and
research funding has helped created advances in the diagnosis
and treatment of breast cancer. Breast cancer survival rates
have increased, and the number of deaths associated with this
disease is steadily declining, largely due to factors such as
earlier detection, a new personalized approach to treatment and
a better understanding of the disease.

4. • Anglo sarcoma
• Ductal carcinoma In situ (DCIS)
• Inflammatory breast cancer
• Invasive lobular carcinoma
• Lobular carcinoma in situ(LCIS)
• Male breast cancer
• Paget's disease of the breast
• Recurrent breast cancer

5. Signs and symptoms of breast cancer may include:
• A breast lump or thickening that feels
different from the surrounding tissue.
• Change in the size, shape or
appearance of a breast.
• Changes to the skin over the breast,
such as dimpling.
• Peeling, scaling, crusting or flaking of the pigmented
area of skin surrounding the nipple (areola) or breast skin.
• Redness or pitting of the skin over your breast like the skin
of an orange.

6. If you find a lump or other
change in your breast –
even if a recent
mammogram was
normal make an appointment with
your doctor for prompt evaluation.

7.  a lump felt in the breast
 an inverted nipple
 nipple discharge (clear or bloody)
 nipple pain
 sores on the nipple and areola
 enlarged lymph nodes under the arm

8. Doctors know that breast cancer occurs when some
breast cells begin to grow abnormally. These cells divide
more rapidly than healthy cells do and continue to
accumulate, forming a lump or mass. Cells may spread
(metastasize) through your breast to your lymph nodes
or to other parts of your body Breast cancer most often
begins with cells in the milk producing ducts (invasive
ductal carcinoma). Breast cancer may also been in the
landular tissue called lobules (invasive lobular
carcinoma) or in other cells or tissue within the breast.

9. Researchers have identified hormonal,
lifestyle and environmental factors that
may increase your risk of breast cancer.
But it's not clear why some people who
have no risk factors develop cancer, yet
other people with risk factors never do.
It's likely that breast cancer is caused by a
complex interaction of your genetic
makeup and your environment. Inherited
breast cancer.

11. Doctors estimate that about 5 to 10 percent of breast
cancers are linked to gene mutations passed through
generations of a family. A number of Inherited
mutated genes that can increase the likelihood of
breast cancer have been identified. The most well-
known are breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) and breast
cancer gene 2 (BRCA2), both of which significantly
increase the risk of both breast and ovarian cancer.

12. If you have a strong family history of breast cancer
or other cancers, your doctor may recommend a
blood test to help identify specific mutations in
BRCA or other genes that are being passed
through your family.
Consider asking your doctor for a referral to a
genetic counselor, who can review your family
health history. A genetic counselor can also
discuss the benefits, risks and limitations of
genetic testing to assist you with shared decision
making.

13. A breast cancer risk factor is anything
that makes it more likely you will get
breast cancer. But having one or even
several breast cancer risk
factors doesn't necessarily mean
you'll develop breast cancer. Many
women who develop breast cancer have no known risk
factors other than simply being women. Factors that are
associated with an Increased risk of breast cancer
include:
Being female. Women are much more likely than men
are to develop breast cancer.

14. Increasing age. Your risk of breast
cancer increases as you age.
A personal history of breast
conditions. If you've had a breast
biopsy that found lobular carcinoma in
situ (LCIS) or atypical hyperplasia of the
breast, you have an increased risk of
breast cancer.

15. • A personal history of breast cancer. If you have breast cancer
in one breast, you have an increased risk of developing cancer in the
other breast.
-A family history of breast cancer. If your mother, sister or
daughter was diagnosed with breast cancer, particularly at a young
age, your risk of breast cancer is increased. Still, the majority of
people diagnosed with breast cancer have no family history of the
disease.
•Inherited genes that Increase cancer risk. Certain gene
mutations that increase the risk of breast cancer can be passed from
parents to children. The most well-known gene mutations are
referred to as BRCA1 and BRCA2. These genes can greatly Increase
your risk of breast cancer and other cancers, but they don't make
cancer Inevitable.

16. Pregnancy
Pregnancy has a dual effect on breast cancer risk.94 In the short term, women
who have had a full-term pregnancy have an increased risk of both HR+ and
HR- breast cancers that peaks at 5 years after childbirth. However, after about
two decades, the relative risk of HR+ breast cancer becomes slightly lower (by
about 20%-25%) in women who have given birth compared to those who have
not. Risk is further reduced among women who have their first child at a
younger age or have a greater number of children. In contrast, the increased risk
for HR- breast cancer persists following a full-term pregnancy. Fertility drugs
More research is needed on the relationship between breast cancer risk and the
long-term effects of ovulation-stimulating drugs.95 Most studies to date have
found that breast cancer risk is not elevated in women who undergo in vitro
fertilization.96-100 However, the data are less clear for clomiphene (Clomid), a
drug that is often used as a first-line treatment for infertility.97, 99, 100 A long-
term follow-up study of women seen at 5 US fertility clinics found no association
with ever use of Clomid or gonadotropins; however, risk of invasive breast
cancer was increased among women who underwent more than 12 Clomid
treatment cycles compared to women who had never used fertility drugs.100
Another recent study from Norway reported that use of Clomid was linked to a
slightly increased risk of breast cancer, but only among women who had given
birth.99 .

17. Fertility drugs
More research is needed on the relationship between
breast cancer risk and the long-term effects of
ovulation-stimulating drugs.95 Most studies to
date have found that breast cancer risk is not
elevated in women who undergo in vitro
fertilization.96-100 However, the data are less
clear for clomiphene (Clomid), a drug that is often
used as a first-line treatment for infertility.97, 99, 100 A long-term follow-up
study of women seen at 5 US fertility clinics found no association with ever use of
Clomid or gonadotropins; however, risk of invasive breast cancer was increased
among women who underwent more than 12 Clomid treatment cycles compared
to women who had never used fertility drugs.100 Another recent study from
Norway reported that use of Clomid was linked to a slightly increased risk of
breast cancer, but only among women who had given birth.99
Physical inactivity
Women who get regular physical activity have a 10%-20% lower risk of breast
cancer compared to women who are inactive, with greater risk reduction
associated with increasing levels of activity.128-131 The protective effect is
independent of BMI and may be limited to women who have never used
menopausal hormone therapy.131 The benefit may be due to the effects of
physical activity on systemic inflammation, hormone levels, and energy balance.

18.  Acupuncture
 Meditation
 Aromatherapy
 Guided Imagery
 Hypnosis
 Journaling
 Chiropractic Therapy
 Massage
 Spirituality & Prayer
 Reiki
 Support Groups
 Tai Chi
 Shiatsu
 Yoga
 Music Therapy
 Progressive Muscle
Relaxation

19. TREATMENT
Treatment decisions are made jointly by the patient
and the physician after consideration of the stage
and biological characteristics of the cancer, the patient’s age, menopausal status,
and preferences, and the risks and benefits associated with each option.
Ductal carcinoma in situ
Since there is currently no certain way to determine the progressive potential of a
DCIS lesion, surgery and sometimes radiation and/or hormonal therapy are the
usual course of action following a diagnosis of DCIS. However, there is likely a
group of patients that could safely forgo surgical treatment for DCIS.192 Several
clinical trials are currently underway that are comparing standard treatment to
active monitoring (with optional hormonal therapy) in women with “low-risk”
DCIS.6 Ongoing research also seeks to identify molecular markers of DCIS that
could predict recurrence or progression to invasive cancer.

20. Targeted therapy
Multiple medications are available for the treatment of the HER2+ subtype, which
accounts for about 15% of all female breast cancers in the US (Figure 1).
Trastuzumab, the first approved drug, is a monoclonal antibody that directly
targets the HER2 protein. Several newer drugs have been developed that target the
HER2 protein and can be used in combination with trastuzumab or if trastuzumab
is no longer working. All invasive breast cancers should be tested for HER2 to
identify women who would benefit from this therapy. Additional targeted therapy
drugs, such as CDK4/6, PARP, and PIK3 inhibitors, are available for treatment of
select patients with advanced disease.
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy drugs are an emerging area of breast cancer treatment. These
drugs stimulate a person’s own immune system to recognize and destroy cancer
cells more effectively. Checkpoint inhibitors are one type of immunotherapy drug
that has been identified to treat some breast cancers, particularly the triple
negative subtype. Drugs that target these checkpoints help to restore the immune
response against breast cancer cells. Atezolizumab targets the PD-L1 “checkpoint”
and can be used along with the chemotherapy drug nab-paclitaxel in patients with
advanced triple negative breast cancer whose tumor makes the PD-L1 protein.215
Research on other immunotherapy drugs for metastatic breast cancer treatment is
ongoing.

21. Systemic therapy
Systemic therapies are drugs that travel through the bloodstream, potentially
affecting all parts of the body, and work using different mechanisms. For example,
chemotherapy drugs generally attack cells that grow quickly. Hormonal therapy
works by either blocking or decreasing the level of the body’s natural hormones,
which sometimes act to promote cancer growth. Targeted therapies work by
attacking specific proteins on cancer cells (or nearby cells) that normally help them
grow. Immunotherapy stimulates the patient’s immune system to attack the
cancer.
When systemic therapy is given to patients before surgery, it is called neoadjuvant
or preoperative therapy. For larger breast tumors, it is often used to shrink the
tumor enough to make surgical removal easier and less extensive (such as BCS in
women who would otherwise have required mastectomy). Systemic treatment
given to patients after surgery is called adjuvant therapy and is used to kill any
undetected tumor cells (micro metastases) that may have migrated to other parts of
the body. Systemic therapy is the main treatment option for women with
metastatic breast cancer.
Systemic therapy can affect fertility in premenopausal women, so young breast
cancer patients who are interested in future childbearing should consult with a
reproductive endocrinologist to determine fertility prevention strategies. In
addition, hormonal therapy is not recommended during pregnancy and
chemotherapy can cause premature ovarian failure.

22. Breast cancer risk reduction for women with an
average risk
Making changes in your daily life may help reduce your risk of breast
cancer. Try to:
Ask your doctor about breast cancer screening. when to begin
breast cancer screening exams and tests, such as
clinical breast exams and
mammograms. Discuss with your doctor Breast
self exam .
Talk to your doctor about the benefits and risks
of screening Together, you can decide what
breast cancer screening strategies are right for you.

23. •Become familiar with your breasts through breast self-exam for breast
awareness. Women may choose to become familiar with their breasts
by occasionally inspecting their breasts during a breast self-exam for
breast awareness if there is a new change, lumps or other unusual signs
in your breasts, talk to your doctor promptly.
Breast awareness can't prevent breast cancer, but it may help you to
better understand the normal changes that your breasts undergo and
identify any unusual signs and symptoms.
•Drink alcohol in moderation, If at all. Limit the amount of alcohol you
drink to no more than one drink a day, If you choose to drink

24. •Exercise most days of the week. Aim for at least 30 minutes of exercise on
most days of the week. If you haven't been active lately, ask your doctor
whether it's OK and start slowly
•Limit postmenopausal hormone therapy. Combination hormone therapy
may increase the risk of breast cancer. Talk with your doctor about the
benefits and risks of hormone therapy.
Some women experience bothersome signs and symptoms during
menopause and, for these women, the increased risk of breast cancer may be
acceptable in order to relieve menopause signs and symptoms.

25. To reduce the risk of breast cancer, use the lowest dose of hormone therapy
possible for the shortest amount of time.
Maintain a healthy weight. If your weight is healthy, work to maintain that
weight. If you need to lose weight, ask your doctor about healthy strategies to
accomplish this. Reduce the number of calories you eat each day and slowly
increase the amount of exercise.

26. Hence cancer is second leading cause of
deaths following ‘Breast Cancer’ one should
care about its prevention before the
occurrence of disease by varies examinations
and if disease is already exists then one
should go for its regular treatment. Recent
treatment mainly includes radiation therapy,
cell based immunotherapy, gene therapy,
chemotherapy are most widely used methods
used for treatment of various type of cancers.