Description of salivary glands, classification, structure, formation of saliva and developmental disorders of salivary glands

1. SALIVARY GLANDS
Presented by:-
 Dr. Himani Thawale
JR-1

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 DEVELOPMENT OF SALIVARY GLAND
 CLASSIFICATION OF SALIVARY GLAND
 STRUCTURES OF GLAND
 SALIVA & It’s Role
 DEVELOPMENTAL DISTURBANCES OF SALIVARY GLAND

3. INTRODUCTION
Salivary glands are specialized
secretory apparatus present from
amphibian upward.
The salivary glands are a group of
compound exocrine gland secreting
saliva .
The architectural arrangement of
salivary gland is tubuloacinar.
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

4. These glands open or secrete Saliva into the oral
cavity.
The oral cavity is kept moist by a film of fluid
called Saliva that coats the teeth and the
mucosa.
Saliva is the complex fluid, produced by salivary
gland & the most important function of which is
to maintain the well being of the mouth.
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

5. DEVELOPMENT
OF
SALIVARY GLAND

6. All salivary glands arise from
Development of
Parotid & Submandibular 6th WEEK of fetal
gland life.
Sublingual gland 7-8 WEEKS of fetal
life.
Minor salivary glands 3rd month of fetal life
ORAL ECTODERM
of oral cavity.
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

7. EPITHELIAL
BUD
EPITHELIAL
CORDS
LUMEN DUCTS
The secretory portions develop later than the duct system formed by repeated
branching and budding of finer cell cords and ducts
Prebud Epithelial bud Epithelial cord DuctLumen
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

8. Primordium of
salivary gland
Preduct cells
Anterior domain
Posterior domain
Pregland cells
Formation of
Acini
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

9. Stages in Development of Salivary Gland
It shows the formation of analogue and the
development of gland
It shows further differentiation of Gland.
Leads to further structural maturation of gland
First
Stage
Second
Stage
Third
Stage
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

10. CLASSIFICATION
OF
SALIVARY GLAND

11. Salivary
Gland
Major salivary
gland
1)Parotid gland
2) Submandibular gland
3) Sublingual gland
Minor salivary
gland
1) Labial and buccal gland
2) Glossopalatine gland
3) Palatine glands
4) Lingual glands

12. BASED ON SECRETIONS:-
MUCOUS
• Labial and buccal glands.
• Glossopalatine gland.
• Palatine gland
• Anterior toungue
SEROUS
• Parotid gland
• Von Ebner’s gland
MIXED
• Submandibular gland
• Sublingual gland
• Posterior toungue
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

13. Major Salivary Gland
Parotid gland
Submandibular gland Sublingual gland

14. Parotid gland
(Para = around ; otic = ear)
Largest major salivary gland.
Purely seroud gland.
Size:- 5.8cm craniocaudally and
3.4cm ventrodorsally.
It weighs between 14 – 28 gms
BD Chaurasia’s volume 3, 5th edition

15. Located :- Below the external acoustic meatus,
between the ramus of mandible and
sternocledomastoid
GRAY’S Anatomy

16. Structures Within The Parotid Gland:-
Arteries:-

17. Structures Passing Through Parotid Gland:-
Veins:-

18. Facial nerve

19. Stensons duct:-
Main excretory duct
Opens at:- buccal mucosa opposite
maxillary 2nd molar
Measures:- 4-6 cm in length
5 mm in diameter.
 A small portion of parotid
generally accompanies the duct
forming accessory duct. STENSONS DUCT
BD Chaurasia’s volume 3, 5th edition

20. ARTERY:-
External Carotid Artery & It’s Branches
VEINS:-
External Jugular Vein
Internal Jugular Vein
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE:-
Parotid nodes & then to upper deep cervical nodes.
BLOOD SUPPLY:-

21. NERVE SUPPLY:-
Inferior salivatory nucleus
IX Nerve
Tympanic branch
Tympanic Plexus
Lesser petrosal Nerve
Relay in otic ganglion
Postganglionic fibre
Auriculotemporal Nerve
Parotid gland
Preganglionic Fibres
BD Chaurasia’s volume 3, 5th edition

22. Sympathetic
Division
Preganglionic
fibres
Postganglionic
fibres
Originate in thoracic spinal
chord.
Synapse in superior
cervical ganglion
Reach the gland along with
arterial blood supply

23. Forms plexus of unmylienated fibres
Secretory cells receives innervation of nerves
by one of the two pattern
Subepithelial typeIntraepithelial type
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

24. Intraepithelial type
These vesicles contains
neurotransmitters and release
them by exocytosis like process.
Schwann cell covering is lost as
it pass through the basal lamina
Axon split off from nerve bundle
and penetrate basal lamina
Site of innervation contains
small vesicles and mitochondria
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

25. Subepithelial Type
Presumbly ,these are sites of
neurotransmitter release.
Axons come close to secretory cells
and loose schwann cell covering
Axons remains associated with
nerve bundle in connective tissue
In adjacent exoplasm vesicles
containing neurotransmitters exist
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

26. Submandibular Gland
Also called as submaxillary gland
Second largest salivary gland.
Mixed gland with both serous and
mucous secreting units.
Weight:- 10-15gms, about the size
of walnut
BD Chaurasia’s volume 3, 5th edition

27. Situated in Anterior part of diagastric triangle.
It is roughly J- shaped , being indented by the posterior
border of mylohyoid which divides it into larger superficial
part to the muscle and small deep part lying deep to muscle
BD Chaurasia’s volume 3, 5th edition

28. Wharton’s duct
Main excertory gland.
It is thin walled and is about 5 cm
long.
It runs forward above the mylohyoid
muscle lying just below the mucosa
of floor of mouth .
Opens at:- sublingual papillae also
called as caruncula sublingularis,
lateral to lingual frenum.
Whartons duct
BD Chaurasia’s volume 3, 5th edition

29. ARTERY:-
Facial Artery
VEINS:-
Common Facial Vein
Lingual Vein
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE:-
Submandibular lymph nodes
BLOOD SUPPLY:-
BD Chaurasia’s volume 3, 5th edition

30. NERVE SUPPLY:-
 Secretomotor Fibres
Superior Salivatory Nucleus
Nervus intermedius
Facial nerve
Chorda Tympani
Joins Lingual nerve, brance
of V3
Relay in Submandibular
ganglion
 Sensory Fibres –
Lingual nerve
 Vasomotor Sympathetic Fibres-
Plexus of facial artery
BD Chaurasia’s volume 3, 5th edition

31. Sublingual gland
Smallest salivary gland.
Mixed gland, weighs about 3-4 gms.
Gland lies between the floor of the
mouth , below the mucosa and
above the mylohyoid muscle.
 It is almond shaped and rests in the
sublingual fossa of the mandible.
Sublingual
gland
BD Chaurasia’s volume 3, 5th edition

32. Sublingual Ducts:-
It is composed of one main duct
with many small duct.
Main Duct- Bartholin’s duct open
with or near the submandibular
duct.
Several smaller ducts; duct of
Rivinus, open independtly along
the sublingual fold
BD Chaurasia’s volume 3, 5th edition

33. ARTERY:-
Lingual and Submental arteries
VEINS:-
Common Facial Vein
Lingual Vein
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE:-
BLOOD SUPPLY:-
Submental and submandibular lymph nodes
BD Chaurasia’s volume 3, 5th edition

34. MINOR SALIVARY GLANDS

35. Minor salivary galnds are estimated to be 600-1000
& are found throughout the oral cavity.
They are predominantly mucous glands, except for
Lingual serous gland.
These glands usually consist of several small groups
of secretory units opening via short ducts directly
into the mouth.
They lack distinct capsule , instead mixing with the
connective tissue of submucosa or muscle fibres of
tongue and cheek.

36. 1.Labial and buccal glands
These are glands of lips and cheeks.
Glands are mixed, consisting of
mucous tubules with serous
demilunes.
Intercalated ducts are variable in
length, and the intralobular duct
posses few cells with basal striations.
Buccal glands are described as
continuation of labial glands.
Labial gland
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

37. Palatine glands
The glands are pure mucous glands.
Consists of several hundred glandular
aggregates.
Excretory ducts have irregular contours
with large distensions.
Openings of duct on palatal mucosa are
often large and easily recognizable
Palatine glands
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

38. Glossopalatine Gland
These are pure mucous glands.
Location :- localized to the region of the isthmus in the
glossopalatine fold, but may extend from posterior
extension of the sublingual gland to the gland of soft
palate
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition
Glossopalatine
gland

39. Lingual glands
 The glands of tongue can be divided into several groups:-
Lingual glands
Anterior lingual glands
Posterior mucous glands
Posterior serous glands
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

40. Anterior lingual glands:-
Also called as Glands of Blandin
and Nuhn.
Glands are chiefly Mucous glands.
Located:- Near the apex of the
tongue.
Opening of duct:- On the ventral
surface of tongue near the lingual
frenum
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

41. Posterior Mucous Glands
These glands are purely Mucous glands.
Located:- Lateral and posterior to the valate
papillae and in association with lingual tonsil.
Opening of duct:- Dorsal surface of toungue.
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

42. Posterior serous glands:-
Also called as Von Ebner’s Gland.
These are extensive group of pure
serous glands.
Located:- Between the muscle fibres
of tongue below the vallate papillae.
Opening of duct:- trough of vallate
papillae and at rudimentary foliate
papillae on sides of tongue
Von Ebner’s gland
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

43. Functions of Von Ebner’s Gland:-
Their secretions serve to wash out the trough of the
papillae and ready the taste receptors for a new
stimulus.
These gland also have significant digestive and
protective function as it contains lingual lipase.
Antibacterial enzymes peroxidase and lysozyme have
been seen in these glands.
Presence of secretory enzymes with lipolytic activity
also seen
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

44. STRUCTURES
OF
SALIVARY GLAND

45. Secretory Unit
SECRETORY
UNIT
ACINI
DUCTAL
SYSTEM
MYOEPITHELIAL
CELLS
INTERCALATED
DUCT
STRIATED
DUCT
EXCRETORY
DUCT

46. ACINUS
The basic functional unit of
salivary gland is terminal secretory
unit called Acini.
The cells in the acini roughly
tubular or spherical in shape, rest
on the basement membrane
Central lumen has a star shaped
morphology and extension
beteween the cells called as
intercellular canaliculi
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

47. Acinar epithelial
cells
Serous cells Mucous cells

48. Serous cells
Serous cells are pyrmidal with a broad
base on the basement membrane , the
apex faces the lumen
Serous cells have a spherical nucleus
placed at basal region.
The apical cytoplasm of these cells
shows accumulation of secretory
granules called as zymogen granules
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition
Zymogen
granules

49. Function of serous cell:-
The serous cell show acid phosphates, esterase
glucoronidase, glucosidase activity
A typical serous cells spend most of its synthetic capacity
for producing the secretory proteins.
These cells are specialized for synthesis ,storage, and
secretion of protein.
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

50. Diagrammatic representation of serous cell and pathway of
secretory proteins
Rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Golgi complex
Immature granules
Mature granules
Exocytosis
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

51. Mucous cells
Cells appears pyramidal and apex of
cell appears empty except for thin
strands of cytoplasm forming a
trabacular network
The nucleus is oval or flattened in
shape and located above the basal
plasma membrane
Demilunes:- Sometimes mucous acini
have bonnet or crescent shaped
covering which is made up of serous
cells Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

52. The mucous cell shows accumulations of large amounts
of secretory product at the apical cytoplasm
The mucous secretion differs from secretion of serous in
two important respects:-
1) They have little or no enzymatic activity and probably
serves for lubrication and protection of oral tissues.
2) The ratio of carbohydrate to protein is greater and
large amounts of sialic acid and ocasionally sulfated
sugars are present
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

53. SEROUS ACINI MUCOUS ACINI
Circular or round in shape. Ovoid or tubular in shape
Composed of less number of cells. More in number of cells
Small lumen Wider lumen.
Cells are pyramidal in shape. Cells are columnar in shape
Nucleus is round and placed at basal
one third of the cell.
Nucleus is flattened and pressed
against basal plasma membrane of the
cell.
Apical cytoplasm appears eosinophillic
because of zymogen granules.
Apical cytoplama appears empty in H&
E stained section
Produce more watery, enzyme rich
saliva
Secrete more viscous fluid with
plentiful salivary glycoprotein known as
mucins
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

55. Myoepithelial cells
Cells are stellate or spider- like with
flattened nucleus, scanty perinuclear
cytoplasm and long branching
process.
Location:- Around the terminal
secretory units and the first portion of
duct system
Myoepithelial cells are similar to
smooth muscles cells but are derived
from epithelium
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

56. The Morphology of myoepithelial cells depends on its
location.
Myoepithelial cells associated
with secretory cells:-
Cells have been linked to
octopus sitting a rock
The net effect is that secretory
end pieces are encompassed by
processes of myoepithelial
cells
Myoepithelial cells related to
intercalated duct:-
Myoepithelial cells have a
more fusiform shape and are
elongated with few short
processes
The processes apears
longitudnally on the surface
creating a bulge known as
basket cells
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

57. Functions of Myoepithelial cells:-
 Myoepithelial cells have contractile functions.
 Accelerate the initial outflow of saliva from acini.
 Reduce luminal volume .the intercalated duct may shorten and widen
the ducts helping to maintain their patency
 Contribute to secretory pressure in acini or duct.
 Support the underlying parenchyma and reduce the back permeation
of fluid.
 Helps salivary flow to overcome increase in peripheral resistance of
the duct Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

58. Recent studies show Myoepithelial cells are involved in
signaling the secretory cells and protecting the salivary
gland tissue
Myoepithelial cells also produce a number of proteins
that have tumous suppresor activity such as proteinase
inhibitors and anti angiogenesis factors , which act as
barriers against invasive epithelial neoplasms
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

59. Ductal system
 The ductal system of salivary gland consists of hollow tubes
connected initially with the acinus and then with the other ducts.
 The ductal system is not just a pipeline or conduit for the passageway
for the saliva; it also actively participates in the production and
modification of saliva
 According to its location ductal system is known as:-
Intralobular
duct
Interlobular
duct
1)Intercalated duct
2) Striated duct
1)Excretory duct

60. Intercalated ducts
 Smallest duct connecting the terminal
secretory units to next larger duct.
 Ducts are lined by low cuboidal cells
with centrally placed nuclei and little
cytoplasm.
 A small amount of RER is located in
basal cytoplasam, and golgi apparatus of
moderate size is found apically.
 In proximally located cells a few small
secretory granules may be found.
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

61. Functions of Intercalated duct:-
Intercalated ducts , do not act as a simple conduit, but modify the
saliva through secretory and absorptive process.
Intercalated ducts contribute to macromolecular components like
lysozymes, lactoferrin of saliva.
Intercalated ducts also house undifferentiated cells which can
undergo differentiation to replace damaged or dying cells in the
end piece or striated ducts.
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

62. Striated Duct
Striated ducts are lined by tall
columnar cells with centrally
placed nucleus and intensly
eosinoplhilic cytoplasam
The characteristic feature of these
cells is their prominent striations
at basal end of cells , giving the
duct their name
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

63. Functions of striated duct:-
Striated duct cells are involved in active transport.
Are sites of electrolyte reabsorption
The luminal content is converted from isotonic fluid into a
hypotonic fluid.
Cells synthesize and secrete glycoproteins.
Cells are also capable reabsorbing proteins from the luminal
surface by endocytic mechanism
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

64. Excretory duct
Salivary fluid is secreted into the oral cavity through
terminal excertory duct.
As the excretory duct enlarges it contains two layers:-
- Mucosa
- connective tissue
In the excretory duct a small number of other type of cells
are present
Tuft or brush cell
Macrophages and lymphocytes
Dendritic cells or antigen presenting cells
The mucosal epithelium of duct consists of pseudostratified
columnar epithelium cells admixed with small basal cells ; goblet
cells also occur.
The ductal epithelium slowly undergoes transmission to stratified
epithelium, cuboidal epithelium and finally into strtified epithelium
, when it merges with the epithelium of oral cavity.
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

65. Connective Tissue Elements
Include fibroblast, macrophages, mast
cells, occasional leukocytes , fat cells
and plasma cells.
Cells along with the collagen and
reticular fibres are embedded in ground
substance.
It consits of surrounding capsule that
demarcate the gland from adjacent
structures.
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

66. SALIVA & IT’S ROLE

67. According to Webster’s Medical
Dictionary:
“Saliva is defined as a watery secretion in
the mouth produced by the salivary glands
that aids in the digestion of food.’’

68. Properties of Saliva:-
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition
 Volume : 1 – 1.5 lit/day
Parotid gland: 30%
Submandibular glands: 60%
Sublingual glands : 5%
Rest from : minor salivary glands
 Reaction : slightly acidic with pH of
6 – 7.
 Specific gravity : 1.002 – 1.012
 Tonicity : Hypotonic to plasma

69. Watery saliva reach in enzymes(amylase)
,proteins (proline rich proteins) & other
Glycoproteins.Parotid gland
In addition contains highly glycosylated
substance called Mucins
Submandibular
Gland
Produces Viscous saliva rich in MucinsSublingual Gland

70. MINOR GLAND SALIVA:-
They are typically rich in mucins, various
antibacterial proteins & secretory
immunoglobulins.
The minor salivary gland exhibit a continuous
slow secretory activity, especially at night
when major salivary glands are mostly
inactive.

71. Salivary flow rate:-
FLOW RATE
(ML/MIN)
WHOLE PAROTID SUBMANDIBULAR
Resting 0.2- 0.4ml/min 0.4ml/min 0.1ml/min
On Stimulation 0.4-0.8ml/min 1.0-2.0 ml/min 0.8ml/min
pH 6.4-7.4 6.0- 7.8
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

72. Composition of Saliva
SOLIDS
1%
SALIVA
WATER
99%
Organic
substance
Inorganic
substance
Inorganic
Substance

73. Organic
substance
Enzymes:-
-Amylase
-ribonuclease
-Kallikrein
-Esterase
-Nystatin
- Cystatin
- Lyzozymes
Other
Constituents:-
-Immunoglobins
- Blood clotting factors
-Urea & uric acid
-Glucose
-Lipids
- Hormones
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

74. Inorganic
substance
Major electrolye:-
-Sodium
-Potassium
-Calcium
-Chloride
-Bicarbonate
-Phosphate
Other electrolytes:-
-Magnesium
- Flouride
- Sulphate
-Thiocynate
- Iron
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

75. FIRST STAGE
Formation of saliva:-
Secretory end pieces Striated & Excretory Ducts
& intercalated ducts
Produce Primary saliva Modify Primary secretion by
(Isotonic fluid)
Reabsorption Secretion of
electrolytes
Produce Final Saliva
(Hypotonic fluid)
SECOND STAGE

76. Functions of Saliva
Protection
Buffering
Antimicrobial action
Digestion
Mastication and deglutation
Taste perception
speech
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

77. Protection
The protective functions of saliva is expressed in many ways:-
The constant secretion of saliva prevents desiccation of the oral
tissues.
Saliva is a lubricanat. Its gylcoprotein content makes it mucinous
and protect its lining mucosa
It’s fluid consistency, provides mechanical washing action, which
flushes away nonadherent bacteria and acellular debris from
mouth. Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

78. Buffering
Saliva provides buffer that protects the oral cavity in two ways:-
 First, many bacteria require a specific pH for maximal growth ; the
buffering capacity of saliva prevents potential pathogen from
colonizing by denying them opitmal environmental conditions.
 Second; plaque microorganisms produce acid from sugars, which if
not buffered and cleared by saliva can demineralize enamel.
 Buffering capacity of saliva resides in its bicarbonate and phosphate
ions.
 Negatively charged residues on salivary proteins are also thought to
serve as buffers; a salivary peptide, sialin
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

79. Antimicrobia
l agents
Lysozyme
Lactoferri
ns
Uric acid
&
ascorbic
acid
Lactopero
xidase
Immunogl
obulins
Cystatins
Hystatins
Antimicrobial action
Saliva contains many antimcirobial substance such as:-
Ten cate oral histology 5th edition

80. Digestion
Saliva is important for digestion.
 It provides:- Taste acuity
Neutralizes esophageal contents
Dilutes gastric chymes
Lingual lipase, initiates digestion of dietary lipids
Forms the food bolus
Its amylase contents, breakdown
starch

81. Mastication and deglutition
Saliva moistens the food and helps its breakdown into
smaller particles to initiate digestion.
The moistening and lubricating properties of saliva allow
the formation of bolus and facilitate deglutition.
Saliva not only moistens thr dry food but also reduces the
temperature of hot foods
Ten cate oral histology 5th edition

82. Taste perception
Saliva also plays a role in taste.
Although it enables the pleasurable sensation of food to be
experienced, its primary role is protection in that it permits the
recognition of noxious substances.
Saliva is required to dissolve substances to be tasted and carry
them to taste buds.
Contains a protein called as gustin, that is
thought to be neccesary for growth and
maturation of taste buds

83. Speech
Saliva keeps the oral tissue moist and well lubricated
which facilitates speech.
It helps in vocalization and communication ability
Tissue repair
A variety of growth factors and trefoil proteins are present in
small quantities in saliva.
Under experimental conditon these promotes tissue growth,
differentiation and wound healing
Ten cate oral histology 5th edition

84. Maintaince of tooth integrity
Proline rich protein and statherin:- inhibits the
percipitation of calcium phosphate from the
saliva
These proteins along with other glycoproteins
bind to tooth surface, forming enamel pellicle.
Reduces dissolution and promotes
remineralization of tooth enamel
Also causes posteruptive maturation of
enamel, increases surface hardness and
resistance to demineralization
Ten cate oral histology 5th edition

85. Excretion
Salivary gland have an excretory function:-
Many substances from blood reach the saliva, thus saliva can be
considered as route of excretion.
Infective agents from blood can reach the saliva ,
particularly true for hepatits B virus
The nitrates in the food reach the saliva and are reduced to
nitrites , which are considered to be important in carcinogenesis
Orban’s oral histology and embryology 13th edition

86. DEVELOPMENTAL
DISTURBANCES
OF
SALIVARY GLAND

87. Disturbances of salivary gland
Aplasia
Xerostomia
Hyperplasia of Palatal glands
Atresia
Aberrancy
Developmental lingual salivary gland depression
Anterior lingual depression
Shafer’s textbook of oral pathology- 7th edition

88. Aplasia
Any one or group of salivary glands may be absent, unilaterally
or bilaterally.
CT scan and MRI will indicate the glands absence and its
replacement by fat and fibrous tissue.
Salivary gland loss leads to :-
- Increased caries
- Burning sensation
- Oral infections
- Taste aberrations
- Difficulty with denture retention
Shafer’s textbook of oral pathology- 7th edition

89. Treatment :-
It is directed at relieving xerostomia and its effect;
- Salivary substitutes
- Frequent mouth washes
- Comprehensive dental care
- Fluoride therapy
- Good oral hygiene
Shafer’s textbook of oral pathology- 7th edition

90. Xerostomia
DRY MOUTH
• Xerostomia is not a disease but can be a symptom of certain
diseases
• ETIOLOGY:-
TEMPORARY CAUSES-
Psychological
Duct calculi
Sialadenitis
Drug therapy
PERMANENT CAUSES-
Salivary gland aplasia
Sjogren's syndrome
Radiotherapy
Other systemic disorders
Surgical desalivation.

91. CLINICAL FEATURES:-
Soreness, burning and pain of mucous membrane and
toungue are common symptoms.
In many chronic cases xerostomia predispose to-
- Rampant dental caries
- loss of protective effects of salivary buffer
- Speech, eating & Swallowing becomes difficult
- Loss of teeth
- Difficulty with artificial dentures.
Shafer’s textbook of oral pathology- 7th edition

92. MANAGEMENT:-
Systemic salivary
stimulatiuon • Parasympathomimetic secretagogues
Symptomatic
Treatment
• Water
• Oral rinses, gels & mouthwashes
• Increased humidification
• Minimize caffeine and alcohol.
Local or
topical salivary
stimulation
• Sugar free gums & mints
• TENS
• Acupuncture
Preventive
therapries
• Supplemental fluorides.
• Remineralizing solutions
• Optimal oral hygiene
• Non cariogenic diet.
•
BURKET’S Oral medicine

93. Hyperplasia Of Palatal Glands:-
 Described by Giansanti and his asscociates.
 ETIOLOGY:-
- Endocrine disorder
- Hepatic disease
- Sjogren's syndrome
- Diabetes mellitus
- Alcoholism
 CLINICAL FEATURES:-
- Small localized swelling, usually on hard palate or at junction of hard and
soft palate.
- Lesion has intact surface and is firm, sessile and normal in color.
 TREATMENT:-
-Excision
Shafer’s textbook of oral pathology- 7th edition

94. Atresia:-
Congenital occlusion or absence of one or more
of major salivary gland duct.
Exceedingly Rare condition.
If it occurs , it may result in formation of:-
- Retention cyst
or
- Produce Xerostomia
Shafer’s textbook of oral pathology- 7th edition

95. Aberrancy:-
This is a condition in which normal secreting salivary
gland tissue develops at an abnormal position
(Ectopic).
CLINICAL FEATURES:-
Site:- Body of mandible.
 No clinical or pathological significance.
 usually, it is the site for development of retention
cyst or neoplasm.
Shafer’s textbook of oral pathology- 7th edition

96. Developmental Lingual Mandibular Salivary
Gland Depression:-
(Stafne bone cyst, static bone cavity, latent bone cyst)
Most common ectopic salivary tissue
Entrapment of salivary gland tissue during the development
of mandible ,commonly adjacent to lingual surface of body
of mandible.
Radiographically, the lesion appears as an ovoid
radiolucency located between inferior alveolar canal and the
inferior border of mandible.
Treatment:- Not required.

97. Anterior Lingual Depression:-
Asymptomatic round & ovoid radiolucency may occur
in anterior segment of mandible.
LOCATION:- between Central Incisor & premolar area.
CAUSE:- Impingement of sublingual gland.
TREATMENT:- Not required
Shafer’s textbook of oral pathology- 7th edition

98. REFRENCES:-
 Ten cate oral histology (development structure and function)-
5th edition.
 Orban’s oral histology and embryology- 13th edition.
 Oral anatomy, histology and embryology : berkovitz.
 Shafer’s textbook of oral pathology- 7th edition.
 B d chaurasia’s human anatomy 5th edition.
 Grays anatomy
 Burket’s oral medicine

99. THANK YOU!!!