Hello Everyone, Welcome to Hangzhou Green Drinks (HZGD)! These are the PPT slides for HZGD#12 presentation event which was held at the Vineyard Cafe/Bar in Hangzhou on 4 June 2012. The topic was: "The Way We See Water : The Water Scenario of Developing countries" Thank you to Sanjala Hari, Gabriella D'cruz and Pooja Kulkarni for this presentation. To watch the video of the presentation online, go to our HZGD page on the TuDou video sharing site: http://www.tudou.com/home/item_u113433256s0p1.html There were some technical difficulties during the presentation, so you will have to skip some parts. The contrast settings on the video are also not perfect, but the sound is reasonably clear. Thank you to Matthias Schönborn for recording the video. Best wishes, Tim and the HZGD Team (Aaron, Lara, Cady, Tim) HZGD Website: http://www.greendrinks.org/Hangzhou

1. WATER SCENARIO OF THE DEVELOPING WORLD

2. The global view Total Water
Total Water
Total volume of water on earth is
about 1 million km3. The volume
of freshwater is only 2.5% of that
total volume. Fresh
Water
Out of the total volume of freshwater (2.5%)
on earth, 98.8% is from ice and
groundwater and 0.3% is of rivers
and lakes.
Freshwater
In only forty years (1960-2000), global
water use has doubled. Ice and
Globally we use 70% of our water Groundwa
sources for agriculture and ter(98.8%)
irrigation, and only 10% on
domestic uses. Rivers and
Lakes
(0.3%)

3.  Global Freshwater reserves are rapidly depleting and
this is expected to significantly impact many densely
populated areas of the world.
 Low to middle income developing regions as well as
highly developed countries will face water stress in the
future, unless existing water reserves are managed
effectively.
 By 2025, India, China and select countries in Europe
and Africa will face water scarcity if adequate and
sustainable water management initiatives are not
implemented.

7. WASTE WATER
Facts :
 2.2 million deaths per year due to waste water consumption.
 In developing countries, as much of 80% of illnesses are linked to poor
water and sanitation conditions.
Reasons :
 Improper sewage disposal
 Improper disposal of industrial effluents
 Excessive pollution
 Open defecation
 Radioactive waste leakage
 Lack of waste treatment plants

8. PATNA’S REALITY
•Patna mainly relies on river Ganga and underground
water.
•Less than 10% of the cities population is connnected to
the sewage network.
•And hence 90% of the cities let their wastes in open
drains in same river.
•This waste water percolates in the ground water which is
taken by the government.
to pump and supply it to the people.
•Hence Patna drinks its own untreated sewage water.

9. MEXICO’S POLLUTION
•815 l/s raw municipal waste
untreated dumped into river
•Hundreds of industries along the
bank contribute to pollution
•High levels of heavy metals like
lead, mercury and arsenic are
present
•Respiratory disorders and cancers
are caused in the areas nearby

10. MINAMATA INCIDENT

11. YANGTZE RIVER POLLUTION
•33.9 Billion tons of
industrial waste poured
into the river annually
•70% of water expected to
be polluted in 3-5 years
•40% of waste water
dumped into river
•Main source of water for
Shanghai

12. OPEN DEFECATION

13. LIST OF THE MAIN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
 India
 China
 Pakistan
 Egypt
 Mexico
 Nepal
 Congo Republic
 Sri Lanka
 Ethiopia
 Brazil

14. INDIA
Location – South Asia
Capital – New Delhi
Area - 3,287,263 km2 (7th
largest country in the world)
Largest city - Mumbai
Population - 210,193,422
people.
GDP - Total$4.457 trillion
Currency - Indian rupee
(INR)

15. INDIA
•Freshwater withdrawal : 761 km3/year
•Surface water withdrawal : 510 km3/
year
•Groundwater withdrawal :
251km3/year

16. Dams In India: Tehri Dam

17. TEHRI DAM
 Country – India
 Location – Uttarakhand
 Construction began - 1978
 Opening date – 2006
 Construction cost – US$ 1
billion
 Type of Dam –
Embarkment, earth and
rock fill
 Maximum capacity – 2,400
MW

18. TEHRI DAM
ADVANTAGES OF THE DAM :
 Irrigation for 6,70,000 acres
 270 Gallons of drinking water to the capital of India, New Delhi
 2,400 MW of maximum hydropower generation
 Clean source of energy
 Flexible
 Low power costs
 Suitable for industrial applications

19. TEHRI DAM
DISADVANTAGES :
 Destroyed fragile ecosystem of
the Himalayan foothills
 Dam is located on Seismic Gap
 Cultural significance
 More than 1,00,000 people had
to be relocated
 Nearly 125 villages and the
big, historic Tehri town was
submerged due to the
construction of the dam.
Sunderlal Bahuguna – Is an activist who
fought against the construction of the
dam for 40 years.

20. TEHRI DAM
Tehri Town submergance for building the reservoir of the Tehri Dam.

21. CHINA
Location : Asia
Capital : Beijing
Area : 9,640,821 km2
Largest City : Shanghai
Population : 1,339,724,852
GDP : $11.299 trillion

22. CHINA
•China has about 6 percent of
the world’s freshwater and 9
percent the world’s farmlands.
•Per capita freshwater
availability was 2 079 m3
•Average annual groundwater resource is
828.8 km3

23. Major Dams in China : Three Gorges Dam
china
Three Gorges Dam

24. THREE GORGES DAM
 Country : China
 Location : Yangtze
river by the town
of Sandouping, in Yiling
District of Yichang,Hubei
province
 Completed – 2006
 Construction cost –
US$26 billion, 180 billion
Yuan
 Type of Dam – Gravity
dam
 Maximum capacity –
21,000 MW

25. THREE GORGES DAM
ADVANTAGES :
 21,000 MW installed capacity
 Increase in shipping capacity of
Yangtze River
 Largest flood conservatory project
 Clean source of energy
 Flexible
 Low power costs
 Suitable for industrial application

26. THREE GORGES DAM
DISADVANTAGES:
 Reduction in biodiversity
 Reduction in the percentage of
forested area
 Harm to the marine life
 Cultural destruction
 Relocation of 1.3 million people
 Increase in Landslides
 Flooding possibilities

27. THREE GORGES DAM
The condition of the river before and after the
Landslides along the Yangtze
dam was constructed

28. SOME OTHER DAMS
Ataturk Dam,Turkey Tarbela Dam,Pakistan

29. SOLUTIONS
 Rain water harvesting
 WATER EFFICIENT CROPS
 Water pollution management
 Water management through centralized body
 Water privatization
 Help from Private sector
 NGO help
 Dolphin help

30. Rain Water Harvesting
 Oldest and Most cost efficient method of water
conservation
Example :
Saurashtra, Gujarat India

31. Rain Water Harvesting
Solution was Rain water harvesting -
 To Replenish ground water they began recharging their wells by
channeling rain water into them.
 They began building tanks on the rooftops to store rain water
 They also began building check dams which resulted in the
increase in the ground water level.
 The dams were funded by the government and the villagers.
 Underground tanks and soak pits were constructed.
 And hence, groundwater and the local river systems were
replenished

32. Present day Saurashtra :

33. Water Efficient Crops
•Crops must be
cultivated in areas
suited to their water
demand, availability
and climatic
conditions.
•Soil type must be
tested before crop is
grown.
•Crop grown should
also compliment the
soil as well as water
availibility so that no
stress is put on the
water resources of that Example : Punjab, India
area.

34. Water Efficient Crops
•Shift from more
intense crops like rice
to less intense and
water consuming
crops
•Like citrus fruits and
corn.
•Therefore
consumption of
water is reduced.
•Higher income
generation than rice.

35. Water Pollution Management

36. CLEAN UP OF WATER RESOURCES : CHINA
 312 Million chinese villagers facing water shortage and
contamination.
 Cost China 136 billion USD to clean up pollution in
2004 alone.
 Solution is to spend 1 trillion Yuan (125 billion USD)
for water security and improving water conditions.

37. Water Pricing
 Positive effects of Pricing Policy:
 1.Reduces demand for water.
 2.Increases the supply of water.
 3.Reallocation of water across different sectors.
 Negative effects of Pricing policy:
 1.Less water for poor.
 2.Urban cannot take sudden price hike.
 3.Ailing industries cannot pay.

38. EGYPT: WATER PRICING
 Drinking water management authorities of each
governorate are now part of one big enterprise
centralized in Cairo: a Holding Company for water and
purification.
 They are subject to the laws of private sector
companies, do not receive any government
subsidies, and must efficiently deliver their
product, water, to a wide customer base.
 Water is currently sold at less than 23 piasters per
cubic meter.

39. Help From Various NGO
 Interaction with local people and
understanding their problems.
 Working from the basic level and making a
change.
 Spreading education and awareness.
 Taking up small projects and working
towards their goal.
 Acting like a bridge between the
government and the local people for voicing
issues related to water.

40. Dolphins In The River Ganges
Threatened by :
• Entanglement in fishing gear
•For Dolphin oil
•Water development projects
•Industrial wastes and
pesticides
•Munciple Sewage discharge
•Noise from Vessel traffic
•Overexploitation of prey
The area covered by the River Ganges

41. WWF INITIATIVE
PLAN OF ACTION FOR
CONSERVATION OF
DOLPHINS:
 Reduce the threat by
fisheries by catch and habitat
degradation.
 Encourage local communities
to use natural fertilizers so as
to prevent pollution of the
river.
 To improve sewerage
management
 To reforest the banks of the
river
 To ban fishing and mining
activities.
 To educate local people to
conserve the dolphin species

42. THANK YOU