The document discusses configuring Nginx and PHP-FPM for high performance websites. Some key points: - Nginx is a lightweight and fast HTTP server that is well-suited for high traffic loads. It can be used as a web server, reverse proxy, load balancer, and more. - PHP-FPM (PHP FastCGI Process Manager) runs PHP processes as a pool that is separate from the web server for better isolation and performance. Nginx communicates with PHP-FPM via FastCGI. - Benchmark results show Nginx performing better than Apache, especially under high concurrency loads. Caching with Nginx and Memcached can further improve

1. 1 #Dynatrace
Proper
configura-on
for
high
performance
websites
Harald
Zeitlhofer
February
2015
Boost
your
website
by
running
PHP
on
Nginx
@HZeitlhofer
harald.zeitlhofer@dynatrace.com

2. 2 #Dynatrace
Nginx

3. 3 #Dynatrace
• Lightweight
HTTP
server
• Fast
especially
at
high
load
• Open
Source
project
(BSD)
by
Igor
Sysoev
• Nginx,
Inc.
founded
in
2011
• Nginx+:
enhanced
func-onality
and
enterprise
support
• Load
balancer
• Media
server

4. 4 #Dynatrace
Leading
among
top
10.000
websites

5. 5 #Dynatrace
Nginx
vs
Apache

6. 6 #Dynatrace
Request
handling

7. 7 #Dynatrace
• mod_php
• mod_fcgid
• mod_fastcgi
Integra-on
• ngx_h+p_fastcgi_modul

8. 8 #Dynatrace
PHP
FastCGI
Process
Manager

9. 9 #Dynatrace
• Apache
Module
• used
for
most
PHP
environments
• CGI
• Command
Line
Interface
(CLI)
• FastCGI
(PHP-­‐FPM)
• Available
since
5.3.3,
stable
since
5.4.1
• Run
mul-ple
PHP
worker
processes
to
serve
CGI
requests
• Mul-ple
connec-on
pools
(different
uid/gid
environments
possible)
• Isola-on
from
webserver
(fastcgi_finish_request)
PHP
run
modes

10. 10 #Dynatrace
• Installa-on
• Pool
configura-on
/etc/php5/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
PHP-­‐FPM
[www]
user = www-data
group = www-data
listen = 127.0.0.1:9000 # for Unix socket: unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;
root@hzvm01:/etc/nginx/sites-enabled# ps -ef | grep php
root 6435 1 0 14:39 ? 00:00:32 php-fpm: master process (/etc/php5/fpm/php-fpm.conf)
spelix 6439 6435 0 14:39 ? 00:00:00 php-fpm: pool batch
spelix 6440 6435 0 14:39 ? 00:00:00 php-fpm: pool batch
www-data 10576 6435 1 18:45 ? 00:00:48 php-fpm: pool www
www-data 10920 6435 1 18:47 ? 00:00:47 php-fpm: pool www
www-data 10927 6435 1 18:47 ? 00:00:46 php-fpm: pool www
sudo apt-get install php5-fpm

11. 11 #Dynatrace
• Pool
configura-on
/etc/php5/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
PHP-­‐FPM
[pool_name]
...
pm = [dynamic/static]
pm.max_children = 10
;only used for dynamic:
pm.start_servers = 2
pm.min_spare_servers = 1
pm.max_spare_servers = 3
pm.max_children
=
total
available
memory
/
memory
used
by
1
PHP
process

12. 12 #Dynatrace
Nginx
and
PHP-­‐FPM
Integra-on

13. 13 #Dynatrace
• /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
# max_clients = worker_processes * worker_connections
worker_processes 8; # number of CPUs
worker_rlimit_nofile 40000;
events {
worker_connections 1024;
multi_accept on;
}

14. 14 #Dynatrace
• Communica-on
via
sockets
• TCP
vs
Unix
• Unix
slightly
faster
when
used
on
localhost
• Use
TCP
for
high
load
location ~* .php$ {
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
include fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name;
}
fastcgi_pass unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;

15. 15 #Dynatrace
Nginx
–
PHP
transac-on
flow

16. 16 #Dynatrace
• Sta-c
content
to
be
served
by
Nginx
• Dynamic
requests
to
be
sent
to
PHP-­‐FPM
Integra-on
server {
listen 80;
root /var/www/test;
index index.php index.html index.htm;
server_name test.whateveryourdomain.is;
location ~ .(html|js|css|gif|jpg|jpe|jpeg|png|bmp|tif|pdf|ico)$ {
try_files $uri @notfound;
}
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
location ~* .php$ {
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_pass php;
include fastcgi_params;
}
}

17. 17 #Dynatrace
hdp://www.mysite.com/news/browse/2014
è
to
be
handled
by
index.php
URL
rewrite
...
RewriteEngine On
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-d
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-l
RewriteRule ^(.+)$ index.php
...

18. 18 #Dynatrace
hdp://www.mysite.com/news/browse/2014
è
to
be
handled
by
index.php
URL
rewrite
upstream php {
server unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;
}
server {
listen 80;
root /var/www;
index index.php index.html index.htm;
server_name www.mysite.com;
location / {
try_files $uri $uri/ @missing;
}
location @missing {
rewrite (.*) /index.php;
}
location ~ .php$ {
fastcgi_index index.php;
include fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_pass php;
}
}

19. 19 #Dynatrace
using
Nginx/PHP-­‐FPM
there’s
a
beder
way:
URL
rewrite
upstream php {
server unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock;
}
server {
listen 80;
root /var/www;
index index.php index.html index.htm;
server_name www.mysite.com;
location /images {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
location /scripts {
try_files $uri $uri/ =404;
}
location / {
fastcgi_index index.php;
include fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /var/www/index.php;
fastcgi_pass php;
}
}
<?php
$params = explode('/', trim($_SERVER["DOCUMENT_URI"],'/'));
...

20. 20 #Dynatrace
• Easy
way
to
deploy
your
applica-on
• All
source
files
packed
into
one
*.phar
file
PHAR
–
PHP
Archives
location ~* .(php|phar)$ {
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
include fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root/myapp.phar;
}

21. 21 #Dynatrace
PHAR
example
root@hzvm01:/var/www/app/src# ls -lrtR
.:
total 8
drwxrwxr-x 2 root root 4096 Oct 10 16:27 lib
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 27 Oct 10 16:27 index.php
./lib:
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 87 Oct 10 16:27 App.php
root@hzvm01:/var/www/app/src# cat index.php
<?php
$app = new App();
?>
root@hzvm01:/var/www/app/src# cat lib/App.php
<?php
class App {
function __construct() {
echo "Starting Applicationn";
}
}

22. 22 #Dynatrace
PHAR
example
location /myapp {
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
include fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root/myapp.phar;
}
root@hzvm01:/var/www/app# phar pack -f myapp.phar src
lib/App.php
index.php
root@hzvm01:/var/www/app# l myapp.phar
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 6923 Oct 10 19:51 myapp.phar

23. 23 #Dynatrace
PHAR
execu-on

24. 24 #Dynatrace
Performance

25. 25 #Dynatrace
• Nginx
running
with
default
sehngs
• Apache
• AllowOverride
None
• Mul--­‐process
mode
to
allow
usage
of
mod_php
Benchmarking
Nginx
vs
Apache

26. 26 #Dynatrace
Sta-c
HTML,
10k
requests
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
100
500
1000
2000
Apache/2.4.9
nginx/1.1.19
concurrency
Total
response
-me
[sec]

27. 27 #Dynatrace
Nginx
and
Caching

28. 28 #Dynatrace
• Part
of
the
Nginx
FastCGI
module
Nginx
FastCGI
cache
fastcgi_cache_path /etc/nginx/cache levels=1:2 keys_zone=APPKEY:100m inactive=60m;
fastcgi_cache_key "$scheme$request_method$host$request_uri";
location ~* .php$ {
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
include fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name;
fastcgi_cache APPKEY;
fastcgi_cache_valid 200 60m;
}

29. 29 #Dynatrace
Tes-ng
FastCGI
cache

30. 30 #Dynatrace
Tes-ng
FastCGI
cache

31. 31 #Dynatrace
Tes-ng
FastCGI
cache
<?php
echo time()."n";
?>

32. 32 #Dynatrace
• ngx_hdp_memcached_module
Full
page
cache
with
Nginx
and
Memcached
server {
location / {
set $memcached_key "$uri";
memcached_pass localhost:11211;
error_page 404 502 504 = @fallback;
}
location @fallback {
proxy_pass http://backend;
}
}

33. 33 #Dynatrace
• PHP
Full
page
cache
with
Nginx
and
Memcached
<?php
...
function cachePage($content) {
$c = new Memcached();
$c->addServer('localhost',11211);
$c->set($_SERVER[”REQUEST_URI"], $content);
}
...
$content = $this->renderPage();
$this->cachePage($content);
...
?>

34. 34 #Dynatrace
PHP,
5k
requests,
concurrency
100
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Apache+PHP
Nginx+PHP
Nginx+Memcached
<?php
echo “Hello World”;
?>

35. 35 #Dynatrace
Server Software: Apache/2.4.7
Server Hostname: test.hzvm01
Server Port: 88
Document Path: /index.php
Document Length: 10 bytes
Concurrency Level: 100
Time taken for tests: 7.296 seconds
Complete requests: 5000
Failed requests: 0
Total transferred: 985000 bytes
HTML transferred: 50000 bytes
Requests per second: 685.31 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request: 145.920 [ms] (mean)
Time per request: 1.459 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate: 131.84 [Kbytes/sec] received
Connection Times (ms)
min mean[+/-sd] median max
Connect: 0 6 6.5 4 56
Processing: 30 138 57.2 120 938
Waiting: 30 135 56.4 117 937
Total: 55 144 55.8 126 938
PHP,
5k
requests,
concurrency
100

36. 36 #Dynatrace
Server Software: Nginx + PHP
Server Hostname: test.hzvm01
Server Port: 80
Document Path: /index.php
Document Length: 10 bytes
Concurrency Level: 100
Time taken for tests: 4.514 seconds
Complete requests: 5000
Failed requests: 0
Total transferred: 625000 bytes
HTML transferred: 50000 bytes
Requests per second: 1107.62 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request: 90.284 [ms] (mean)
Time per request: 0.903 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate: 135.21 [Kbytes/sec] received
Connection Times (ms)
min mean[+/-sd] median max
Connect: 0 2 3.2 1 38
Processing: 22 88 13.1 87 148
Waiting: 21 87 13.1 86 148
Total: 42 89 12.5 88 148
PHP,
5k
requests,
concurrency
100

37. 37 #Dynatrace
Server Software: Nginx + Memcached
Server Hostname: test.hzvm01
Server Port: 82
Document Path: /index.php
Document Length: 23 bytes
Concurrency Level: 100
Time taken for tests: 3.058 seconds
Complete requests: 5000
Failed requests: 0
Total transferred: 865000 bytes
HTML transferred: 115000 bytes
Requests per second: 1634.92 [#/sec] (mean)
Time per request: 61.165 [ms] (mean)
Time per request: 0.612 [ms] (mean, across all concurrent requests)
Transfer rate: 276.21 [Kbytes/sec] received
Connection Times (ms)
min mean[+/-sd] median max
Connect: 7 24 6.0 24 59
Processing: 8 36 7.8 36 75
Waiting: 6 28 7.4 29 69
Total: 32 60 9.3 60 101
PHP,
5k
requests,
concurrency
100

38. 38 #Dynatrace
• set
HTTP
response
expires
header
Client
Side
Caching
location ~ .(html|js|css|gif|jpg|jpe|jpeg|png|bmp|tif|pdf|ico)$ {
expires 90d;
access_log off;
error_log off;
try_files $uri =404;
}

39. 39 #Dynatrace
• keep
handlers
for
requested
sta-c
files
open
Filehandle
Caching
open_file_cache max=1000 inactive=5m;
open_file_cache_valid 60s;
open_file_cache_min_uses 5;
open_file_cache_errors off;

40. 40 #Dynatrace
• ngx_hdp_upstream_module
Load
balancing
PHP
upstream php_loadbalancer {
ip_hash;
server unix:/var/run/php5-fpm.sock weight=5;
server 192.168.56.12:7777 weight=2;
server 192.168.56.13:7777;
}
server {
listen 80;
root /home/www/test;
server_name test.hzvm01;
location / {
try_files $uri =405;
}
location ~ .php$ {
fastcgi_pass php_loadbalancer;
fastcgi_index index.php;
include fastcgi_params;
}
}

41. 41 #Dynatrace
Load
balancing
PHP

42. 42 #Dynatrace
Load
balancing
/
Reverse
Proxy
upstream backend {
ip_hash;
server 192.168.56.11 weight=5;
server 192.168.56.12 weight=2;
server 192.168.56.13;
}
server {
listen 80;
root /var/www/mysite.com/html;
server_name www.mysite.com;
location / {
try_files $uri =405;
proxy_pass http://backend;
}
}

43. 43 #Dynatrace
Reverse
Proxy
/
Load
balancing
/
Caching
proxy_cache_path /etc/nginx/cache keys_zone=APPKEY:10m;
proxy_cache_key "$host$request_uri$cookie_user";
proxy_cache_min_uses 5;
proxy_cache_methods GET HEAD;
proxy_cache_valid 200 302 10m;
proxy_cache_valid 404 1m;
upstream backend {
ip_hash;
server 192.168.56.11 weight=5;
server 192.168.56.12 weight=2;
server 192.168.56.13;
}
server {
listen 80;
root /var/www/mysite.com/html;
server_name www.mysite.com;
proxy_cache APPKEY;
location / {
proxy_pass http://backend;
}
}

44. 44 #Dynatrace
Performance
Monitoring

45. 45 #Dynatrace
End-­‐To-­‐End
Monitoring

46. 46 #Dynatrace
User
Experience
Management

47. 47 #Dynatrace

48. 48 #Dynatrace

49. 49 #Dynatrace
• Load
Generator
(Apache
Benchmark,
JMeter)
• Firebug,
Google
Developer
Tools
Dynatrace
Ajax
Edi-on
• Google
PageSpeed
• Dynatrace
Free
Trial
• Free
trial
license
for
30
days
• Free
for
developers
on
local
machine
Tools
hdp://bit.ly/ddrial

50. 50 #Dynatrace
Thank You
harald.zeitlhofer@dynatrace.com
@HZeitlhofer
www.dynatrace.com