Wireless Sensor Networking in Railways

WIRELESS SENSOR
NETWORKING IN RAILWAYS

BATCH MEMBERS:
HARI BALAKRISHNAN
R.PRAVEEN CHANDAR
R.SATHISH KUMAR

Thursday 1 September 2011

What Is a Wireless Sensor Network?

• A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network
consisting of spatially distributed autonomous devices
that use sensors to monitor physical or environmental
conditions.

• These autonomous devices, or nodes, combine with
routers and a gateway to create a typical WSN system.

• The distributed measurement nodes communicate
wirelessly to a central gateway, which provides a
connection to the wired world where you can collect,
process, analyze, and present your measurement data.

• To extend distance and reliability in a wireless sensor
network, we can use routers to gain an additional
communication link between end nodes and the
gateway.

• National Instruments Wireless Sensor Networks offer
reliable, low-power measurement nodes that operate for up
to three years on 4 AA batteries and can be deployed for
long-term, remote operation.


DEVELOPMENT OF WSN

• It consists of spatially distributed nodes to cooperatively
monitor physical or environmental conditions.

• The development of wireless sensor networks was
motivated by military applications such as battlefield
surveillance.

• Nowadays, it is used in many industrial and civilian
application areas.

• USED BY LEADING TECHNOLOGIES like Sun
Microsystem, Crossbow Technology, MEMS & Agro-Sens.


GENERAL FEATURES & APPLICATIONS OF SENSOR
NODES

• CONSIDERABLE AMOUNT OF POWER CAN BE STORED.

• ABILITY TO WITHSTAND HARSH ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS.

• DYNAMIC NETWORK TOPOLOGY.

• ABILITY TO COPE WITH NODE FAILURES

• THEY USUALLY CONSIST OF A PROCESSING UNIT WITH
MEMORY,SENSORS,COMMUNICATION DEVICE,POWER SOURCE AND THE SECONDARY
COMMUNICATION DEVICE(RS-232).

• APPLICATIONS ARE:- AREA MONITORING,ENVIRONMENTAL
MONITORING,GREENHOUSE MONITORING,LANDSLIDE DETECTION,INDUSTRIAL
MONITORING,WATER/WASTEWATER MONITORING, AGRICULTURE AND
TRANSPORTATION MONITORING FOR FLAW DETECTION.


IMPLEMENTATION IN RAILWAYS


NEED FOR WSN IN RAILWAYS

• THE TRAINS MOVE AT A HIGH SPEED AND PROPER BREAKING DISTANCE NEEDED TO STOP
FROM THE FULL SPEED

• TO SAFETY RECEIVE AND DISPATCH TRAINS AT A STATION

• RAILWAY SIGNALING DECIDES THE NUMBER OF TRAIN THAT CAN RUN ON A SINGLE DAY

• BY PROPER SIGNALING THE NUMBER OF TRAINS CAN BE INCREASED FOR COMMUTERS

• TO CONTROL THE MOVEMENTS OF TRAINS FROM ONE STATION TO ANOTHER AFTER
ENSURING THAT THE TRACK ON THIS TRAIN WILL BE FAR FROM MOVEMENT OF ANOTHER
TRAIN EITHER IN THE SAME OR OPPOSITE DIRECTION


EXISTING TECHNOLOGY IN
INDIA

• The statistics in the developing
countries showing that 80% of
worst collisions occurred so far is
due to either human error

• Large scope for
miscommunication

• Oral communication through
telephonic and telegraphic
conversation


CAUSES FOR RAILWAY
ACCIDENTS

• 76 per cent of the accidents take
place because of derailments

• human error

• track problems or adverse
weather conditions

• Collisions lead to about eight per
cent of the mishaps


OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

• TO IMPLEMENT GATE CONTROL

• TO OVERCOME MISMANAGEMENT
DURING SIGNALING

• TO AVOID COLLISION BETWEEN
TRAINS

• TO IDENTIFY THE FAULTY TRACKS

• REGULARIZATION OF RAIL
TRAFFIC

• TRIPPING OF HT DURING
ABNORMAL CONDITIONS

• SPEED INDICATION ON TO THE
STATIONS


GATE CONTROL
• IT IS AIMED TO AVOID THE
CARELESSNESS IN MANUAL
OPERATIONS OR LACK OF WORKERS

• IF A TRAIN APPROACHES FROM EITHER
SIDE, THE SENSORS PLACED AT A
CERTAIN DISTANCE FROM THE GATE
SENSES THE TRAIN

• IT IS OPERATED WITH THE HELP OF
STEPPER MOTOR

• IT IS INTERFACED AND CONTROLLED
AUTOMATICALLY WITH THE HELP OF
PC

• TRACK SWITCHING CAN ALSO MAKE
THE USE OF STEPPER MOTOR


SPEED INDICATION
• Speed can be determined
by each station’s sensor
module

• These stations calculate
the travel time and
distance

• Therefore determines
the speed effectively


AVOIDING COLLISION
• It can be avoided by the
use of the sensors

• These are separated at a
distance

• One of the sensors
forming IR and the
other metal detection

• Therefore power can be
tripped off


SIGNALING
• RELAY BASED SIGNALING IS PROVED TO BE
SAFE IN PERFORMANCE.

• BY THE USE OF SENSORS AND RELAYS, SAFETY
AND ACCURACY IS INCREASED.

• RAILWAY SIGNALING GOVERNED BY THE
CONCEPT ‘INTERLOCKING’

• MOST OF THEM FOLLOW EIS

• IT REDUCES THE RELAY, WIRINGS,TRACK
EQUIPMENTS.

• IT INVOLVES RADIO COMMUNICATION

• RAILWAY SIGNALING COMBINES THE GROUND
BASE SIGNALING AND ON-BOARD COMPUTER
SIGNALING.


TRIPPING HT

• At extremely vulnerable
position of the train

• It is best to trip off the
power

• It is done by the circuit
breaker


TRACK FAILURE

• Hall effect sensors were used in a
conventional track recording vehicle
(TRV) for use in routinely monitoring the
surface fatigue severities in track along a
railway.

• Nowadays we can make use of
improving relays separately for this
purpose by wireless communication

• As you know it forms similar to a
switching device


RELAY


GENERAL SCHEMATIC OF A TRACK


Block Diagram

Wireless
Receiver

Wireless
transmitter
Rs
232
Con

Sensor from Sensor from Schmitt PIC
track track Trigger 16f877a

Opto
Tr. Power
Mechanical Relay Isolator
Drivers
Model Driver
Wireless Audio
Tx

Signalling
Output’s

Signalling
Relays

Signal Lamps

Audio Receiver For
TRAIN Train Driver


SECTIONS USED IN
THIS PROJECT
• MECHANICAL MODEL

• TRANSMITTER

• RECEIVER

• RS 232

• PC


POWER DRIVER
PIC MICRO CONTROLLER OPTO ISOLATOR

RECEIVER SECTION


SCHMITT RELAY DRIVERS
TRIGGER

RED SIGNAL

GREEN SIGNAL


MINIATURE SENSORS

INFRA RED SENSORS


FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

• WE HAVE WIDER SCOPES FOR DEVELOPING THIS PROJECT

• THE PRIMARY ENHANCEMENT IS THE TRACT DIVERSION TECHNIQUE, WHICH CAN BE
ACHIEVED

• SYNCHRONIZED MIMIC PANEL CAN BE EXPANDED SUCH THAT THE ANNUNCIATION OF
THE ONGOING TRAINS CAN BE MONITORED FROM THE CENTRALIZED CONTROL ROOM

• ENHANCED VERSION OF THIS PROJECT IS THAT TRANSMITTERS AND RECEIVERS REPLACE
CABLE CONNECTING THE SENSORS


CONCLUSION

• IT USES ADVANCED FEATURES OF MICRO CONTROLLER WITH IR SENSORS AND THE METAL
DETECTORS, PROVES TO BE EFFECTIVE IN ACHIEVING THE OBJECTIVES

• IT IS APPLICABLE AT EVERY ASPECT OF THE RAILWAYS FOR UNINTERRUPTIBLE SERVICE

• SAVING HUMAN LIFE, PROTECTION AGAINST ACCIDENTS AND THE COMMUNICABLE
MECHANICAL SYSTEMS ARE THE SALIENT FEATURES AND THE ADDED ADVANTAGE OF THIS
PROJECT


THANK YOU

Wireless Sensor Networking in Railways

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