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STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS
Dr. Harinatha Reddy
Assistant Professor
Department of
Microbiology
Nature of bond
linking monomers in a
polymer
• Proteins, as mentioned earlier, are heteropolymers
containing strings of amino acids.
• Biologists describe the protein structure at four levels.
• Primary,
• Secondary,
• Tertiary,
• quaternary structure.
Structure of proteins and nature of bond linking monomers in a polymer
Primary structure
• The sequence of amino acids i.e., the positional
information in a protein – which is the first amino acid,
which is second, and so on – is called the primary
structure of a protein.
Primary structure
• A protein is imagined as a line, the left end represented
by the first amino acid and the right end represented by
the last amino acid.
• The first amino acid is also called as N-terminal amino
acid. The last amino acid is called the C-terminal amino
acid.
secondary structure
• A protein thread does not exist throughout as an
extended rigid rod.
• The thread is folded in the form of a helix .
• In proteins, only right handed helices are observed.
• Secondary structure of protein again two types:
• Alpha helix: Alpha keratin and Beta keratin protein.
• Beta plated sheet: Silk protein: Fibroin and sericin.
Structure of proteins and nature of bond linking monomers in a polymer
Tertiary structure of proteins
• In addition, the long protein chain is also folded upon
itself like a hollow woolen ball, giving rise to the tertiary
structure,,,
• Tertiary structure gives us a 3-dimensional view of a
protein.
• Tertiary structure is absolutely necessary for the many
biological activities of proteins
Quaternary structure of a protein
• Some proteins are an assembly of more than one
polypeptide or subunits.
• These individual folded polypeptides or subunits are
arranged with respect to each other (e.g. linear string of
spheres, spheres arranged one upon each other in the
form of a cube or plate etc
• Adult human haemoglobin consists of 4 subunits.
• Two of these are identical to each other.
• Hence, two subunits of α type and two subunits of β
type together constitute the human haemoglobin (Hb).
Nature of bond
linking monomers in a polymer
• Proteins:
• Polysaccharides:
• Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)…
Peptide bond in proteins:
• In a polypeptide or a protein, amino acids are linked by
a peptide bond.
• Peptide bond formed when the carboxyl (-COOH) group
of one amino acid reacts with the amino (-NH2 ) group
of the next amino acid ..
• During peptide bond formation water molecule is
eliminated …….(the process is called dehydration).
POLYSACCHARIDES
• Starch
• Cellulose
• Glycogen
• Inulin
Polysaccharides
• Polysaccharides are long chains of sugars.
• They have monosaccharides as building blocks.
Glycosidic bond in polysaccharide
• In a polysaccharide the individual monosaccharides are
linked by a glycosidic bond.
• This bond is also formed by dehydration.
• This bond is formed between two carbon atoms of two
adjacent monosaccharides.
Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) polymers of Nucleotides
• In a nucleic acid a phosphate
moiety links the 3’-carbon of
one sugar of one nucleotide
to the 5’-carbon of the sugar
of the other nucleotide.
• The bond between the
phosphate and hydroxyl
group of sugar is an ester
bond.
• As there is one such ester
bond on either side, it is
called phosphodiester bond
• Nucleic acids exhibit a
wide variety of
secondary structures.
• Secondary helica
structure of DNA
proposed by Watson-
and Crick.
• The two strands of polynucleotides
are antiparallel i.e., run in the
opposite direction.
• The backbone is formed by the
sugar phosphate-sugar chain.
• The nitrogen bases are projected
more or less perpendicular to this
backbone but face inside.
• A and G of one strand compulsorily
base pairs with T and C,
respectively, on the other strand.
Structure of proteins and nature of bond linking monomers in a polymer
• There are two hydrogen bonds between A
and T and three hydrogen bonds between
G and C.
• At each step of ascent, the strand turns
36°.
• One full turn of the helical strand would
involve ten steps or ten base pairs.
• The pitch would be 34Å.
• The rise per base pair would be 3.4Å.
• This form of DNA with the above
mentioned salient features is called
BDNA.
• There are more than a dozen forms of
DNA present.
Deoxyribose sugar and Ribose sugar
DNA is predominant genetic material in all organisms
RNA is the genetic material in some viruses only..
THANK YOU

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Structure of proteins and nature of bond linking monomers in a polymer

  • 1. STRUCTURE OF PROTEINS Dr. Harinatha Reddy Assistant Professor Department of Microbiology Nature of bond linking monomers in a polymer
  • 2. • Proteins, as mentioned earlier, are heteropolymers containing strings of amino acids. • Biologists describe the protein structure at four levels. • Primary, • Secondary, • Tertiary, • quaternary structure.
  • 4. Primary structure • The sequence of amino acids i.e., the positional information in a protein – which is the first amino acid, which is second, and so on – is called the primary structure of a protein.
  • 5. Primary structure • A protein is imagined as a line, the left end represented by the first amino acid and the right end represented by the last amino acid. • The first amino acid is also called as N-terminal amino acid. The last amino acid is called the C-terminal amino acid.
  • 6. secondary structure • A protein thread does not exist throughout as an extended rigid rod. • The thread is folded in the form of a helix . • In proteins, only right handed helices are observed.
  • 7. • Secondary structure of protein again two types: • Alpha helix: Alpha keratin and Beta keratin protein. • Beta plated sheet: Silk protein: Fibroin and sericin.
  • 9. Tertiary structure of proteins • In addition, the long protein chain is also folded upon itself like a hollow woolen ball, giving rise to the tertiary structure,,,
  • 10. • Tertiary structure gives us a 3-dimensional view of a protein. • Tertiary structure is absolutely necessary for the many biological activities of proteins
  • 11. Quaternary structure of a protein • Some proteins are an assembly of more than one polypeptide or subunits. • These individual folded polypeptides or subunits are arranged with respect to each other (e.g. linear string of spheres, spheres arranged one upon each other in the form of a cube or plate etc
  • 12. • Adult human haemoglobin consists of 4 subunits. • Two of these are identical to each other. • Hence, two subunits of α type and two subunits of β type together constitute the human haemoglobin (Hb).
  • 13. Nature of bond linking monomers in a polymer • Proteins: • Polysaccharides: • Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)…
  • 14. Peptide bond in proteins: • In a polypeptide or a protein, amino acids are linked by a peptide bond.
  • 15. • Peptide bond formed when the carboxyl (-COOH) group of one amino acid reacts with the amino (-NH2 ) group of the next amino acid .. • During peptide bond formation water molecule is eliminated …….(the process is called dehydration).
  • 17. Polysaccharides • Polysaccharides are long chains of sugars. • They have monosaccharides as building blocks.
  • 18. Glycosidic bond in polysaccharide • In a polysaccharide the individual monosaccharides are linked by a glycosidic bond. • This bond is also formed by dehydration. • This bond is formed between two carbon atoms of two adjacent monosaccharides.
  • 19. Nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) polymers of Nucleotides
  • 20. • In a nucleic acid a phosphate moiety links the 3’-carbon of one sugar of one nucleotide to the 5’-carbon of the sugar of the other nucleotide. • The bond between the phosphate and hydroxyl group of sugar is an ester bond. • As there is one such ester bond on either side, it is called phosphodiester bond
  • 21. • Nucleic acids exhibit a wide variety of secondary structures. • Secondary helica structure of DNA proposed by Watson- and Crick.
  • 22. • The two strands of polynucleotides are antiparallel i.e., run in the opposite direction. • The backbone is formed by the sugar phosphate-sugar chain.
  • 23. • The nitrogen bases are projected more or less perpendicular to this backbone but face inside. • A and G of one strand compulsorily base pairs with T and C, respectively, on the other strand.
  • 25. • There are two hydrogen bonds between A and T and three hydrogen bonds between G and C. • At each step of ascent, the strand turns 36°. • One full turn of the helical strand would involve ten steps or ten base pairs.
  • 26. • The pitch would be 34Å. • The rise per base pair would be 3.4Å. • This form of DNA with the above mentioned salient features is called BDNA. • There are more than a dozen forms of DNA present.
  • 27. Deoxyribose sugar and Ribose sugar
  • 28. DNA is predominant genetic material in all organisms RNA is the genetic material in some viruses only..