7. Literature Review
1.Token economies as a Classroom
Management Tool: (Maggin, et. al. 2011)
• Token economies are contingency management
systems.
7
Meaningful
Reinforcement
Token
Economies
Positive
Behaviour
8. • Participants had disruptive behaviour or academic
engagement problems.
• The study results provide a credible support for the
effectiveness of the token economies than a single
measure of treatment.
8
9. 2. Teachers’ Perceptions and Management of Disruptive
Classroom Behavior During the Middle Years (years five
to nine) (Arbuckle&Little,2004)
• The most concerning behavioural problems; minor
infractions and repeated disruptions.
• TOOT (Talking out of Turn)
*disruptive behavior
*discrepancy between primary and secondary school
students.
9
10. Strategies:
• use of positive management strategies rather than the
use of disapproval.
• the importance of consistent positive strategies and the
importance of student involvement in the discipline
process.
• Involving students in classroom decision-making
10
11. 3. The Teaching Gap: Best ideas from the World’s
Teachers for Improving Education in the classroom
(Stigler, & Hiebert, 2000)
11
13. 4. Effective Classroom Management at the Beginning
of the School Year
(Anderson, Emmer&Evertson, 1980)
• A system that is form at the beginning of the year
• Responding to pupil concerns
• Using basic communication skills (both instructional and
affective) that facilitate classroom management
throughout the year
13
14. 5. Coping styles as mediators of teachers'
classroom management techniques.
(Lewis, R., Roache, J., & Romi, S. 2011)
• With more “inclusive techniques” such as Recognition,
Hinting and Discussion, it has been observed that the
responsibility levels of the students has got promoted and
become higher, which shows us the importance of the positive
reinforcement.
• In contrast, teacher aggression, comprising strategies such
as group punishment, humiliation and yelling in anger,
appears to be associated more with student misbehavior and
higher levels of negative student attitudes towards learning in
classrooms in Israel, China and Australia.
14
15. • Finding the most effective techniques to cause behavior
change and preventing the development of classroom
discipline problems is a moderately stressful part of
many teachers’ professional lives.
(Fields, 1986; Hart et al., 1995; Johnson et al., 1993;
Lewis, 2001; Oswald et al. 1997)
• The ability to manage students effectively is a critical
component of teachers’ sense of professional identity.
(McCormick and Shi, 1999)
15
16. Brainstorming
• Interpersonal communication problems among the
students and the teacher
• Lack of pedagogical knowledge
• Lack of experience
• Inappropriate methodology
• Lack of motivation of the students
• Unenthusiastic teachers
• Low salaries
16
Figure 3
19. Interview with 9 Teachers
19
ISTANBUL COLLEGE
TED ISTANBUL COLLEGE
Figure 4
20. 1) How many
years of
experience have
you got in
teaching?
9
13
9
21
16
11
12 9
8
Mean=12
21. 2) How would you
inform your students
about a new teacher
trainee?
“We have a
guest today
and please
behave well
and help
him/her.”
Introducing
them in the
class, and
giving brief
information
about the
process.
Warning
small kids
to behave
well
Telling about
the
educational
background
of the
trainee. Letting the
trainee
introduce
themselves
Having the
student’s tell
their one
interesting
feature
22. 3) How do you check students’
homework? Do you have any
routines or rewarding systems?
+/ - points on a
check-list
Online “Iblog
Magic” system
Self-checking
students
Giving stars or
stickers in
Kindergarten
Haiku
System
Class
dojo
23. 4) How would
you deal with
students who
constantly forget
their books?
By decreasing
points of the
students on
the check-list
Messages to
remind them of
the homework
By making
them keep
their books in
their lockers
Getting the
school
counsellor
involved
Telling to
the
parents
Decreasing
the grade
24. 5) What kind of
strategies do you have in
returning the papers?
Underlining
the mistakes of
the students
and let them
correct their
own mistakes Private sessions
with the
students to
discuss their
papers.
Asking related
questions to make
them understand
their own mistakes
Discussing the
questions in
small groups, or
in class
Sending
feedback to
the parents
Use of
rubrics
26. 6) What are your
specific techniques
to manage
classroom in a
chaotic moment?
Waiting in the
middle of the class
silently, expecting
the students to be
quiet
An interesting video
to attract their
attention on the
lesson
Teacher starts
talking in Turkish
in an English
medium school
Psychological
pressure
Raising voice
27. Suggestions
• Coaching system is
*helpful for optimizing implementation
*increases the quality of implementation
* a preventive intervention.
• Intervals may vary from one or two days of
training to a month of coaching etc.
(Becker, Bradshaw, Domitrovich, & Ialongo, 2013)
27
28. Get them in & Get them out
Managing the physical environment of the
classroom
Develop rules with your students
Explain the reasons of rules
Phrase the rules positively.
Positive reinforcement
Giving the responsibility to students.
28
30. References
• Imece Circles by Hayal Köksal
• Becker, K., Bradshaw, C., Domitrovich, C., & Ialongo, N.
(2013). Coaching Teachers to Improve
Implementation of the Good Behavior Game.
Springer Science Business Media, 482-493.
• D.M. Maggin, e. a. (2011). A systematic evaluation of
token economies as a classroom management tool
for students with challenging behavior. Journal of
School Psychology(49), 529-554.
• Emmer, E. T., Evertson, C. M., & Anderson, L. M. (1980).
Effective classroom management at the beginning of
the school year. The Elementary School Journal,
80(5), 219-231.
30
31. • Laslett, R., & Smith, C. (2002). Effective classroom
management: a teacher’s guide. Routledge.
• Lewis, R., Roache, J., & Romi, S. (2011). Coping styles
as mediators of teachers' classroom
management techniques. Research in
Education, 53-68. Retrieved May, 2011.
• Ridnouer, K. (2006). Managing Your Classroom with
Heart: A Guide for Nurturing Adolescent Learner
• Stigler, J. W., & Hiebert, J. (2000). The teaching gap:
Best ideas from the world’s teachers for improving
education in the classroom. New York: Free Press
• Wai-shing,L.(2008). Effective Classroom Management.
Classroom management: creating a positive learning
environment,1,45.
31