Malaria ppt

MALARIA
PRESENTER
Dr. HEENA DIXIT
GUIDE
Dr. KRUPALI PATEL
05-04-2022 19:46:47 Dr. HEENA/MALARIA/PPT/MPH 1

CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• PROBLEM STATEMENT
• EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TYPES
• EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
• MEASUREMENT
• DISEASE CONTROL
• INTERVENTIONS
• GLOBAL STRATEGY

INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM STATEMENT- WORLD
• 2016- 91 COUNTIRES- 216 MILLION CASES- 4,45,000 DEATHS
• 2010 TO 2016- 18% DECREASE IN INCIDENCE AMONG POPULATION AT RISK
GLOBALLY.
• MAXIMUM BURDEN- SUB SHARAN REGION
• RISK GROUPS:
• YOUNG CHILDRENS
• NON / SEMI IMMUNE/ HIV- PREGNANT WOMEN
• AIDS PATIENTS
• INTERNATIONAL TRAVELLERS
• IMMIGRANT & FAMILY- NON ENDEMIC AREAS
• ETHNIC & TRIBALS

PROBLEM STATEMENT- INDIA
• India shared 2% of the total global malaria cases in 2019
• PALSMODIUM FALCIPARUM
• 21.98% POPULATION- HIGH TRANSMISSION AREAS (>1:1000 RATIO)
• 67% POPULATION- LOW TRANSMISSION AREAS (0-1:1000 RATIO)
• 91% CASES & 99% DEATHS- NORTH EAST & CENTRAL REGION
• 2000-2013- CASES DECLINE BY 58.63%- 2.03 TO 0.84 MILLION
• 2000-2013- DEATH DECLINE BY 88.85%- 932 TO 104 ANNUALLY
• 1° VECTORS- An. Culicifacies. An. Stephensi, An. Fluviatilis, An. Minimus, An. Birus, An.
Epiroticus.

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TYPES
• TRIBAL
• RURAL
• URBAN
• PROJECT AREA
• BORDER
• FOREST
• FLOODS

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS
AGENT FACTORS
• AGENT
• RESERVOIR OF
INFECTION
• PERIOD OF
COMMUNICABILITY
HOST FACTORS
• AGE
• SEX
• RACE
• PREGNANCY
• SOCIOECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
• HOUSING
• POPULATION MOBILITY
• OCCUPATION
• HUMAN HABITS
• IMMUNITY
ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
• SEASON
• TEMPRATURE
• HUMIDITY
• RAINFALL
• ALTITUDE
• MAN MADE MALARIA

MODE OF TRANSMISSION
• VECTOR
• DIRECT
• CONGENITAL
INCUBATION PERIODS
• FALCIPARUM- 12 DAYS (9 TO 14)
• VIVAX- 14 DAYS (8 TO 17)
• QUARTAN- 28 DAYS (18 TO 40)
• OVALE- 17 DAYS (6 TO 18)
• VIVAX- FEW STRAINS- 9 MONTHS (UNDER SUPPRESSIVE ANTIMALARIAL
DRUGS)

CLINICAL FEATURES DIAGNOSIS
• MICROSCOPY
• SEROLOGICAL TEST
• RAPID DIAGNOSTIC TEST

MEASUREMENT
• PRE ERADICATION ERA
• SPLEEN RATE
• AVERAGE ENLARGED SPLEEN
• PARASITE RATE
• PARASITE DENSITY INDEX
• INFANT PARASITE RATE
• PROPOTIONAL CASE RATE
• ERADICATION ERA
• ANNUAL PARASITE INCIDENCE
• ANNUAL BLOOD EXMAINATION RATE
• ANNUAL FALCIPARUM INCIDENCE
• SLIDE POSITIVITY RATE
• SLIDE FALCIPARUM RATE
VECTOR INDICES
• HUMAN BLOOD INDEX
• SPOROZOITE RATE
• MOSQUITO DENSITY
• MAN BITING RATE
• ENOCULATION RATE

DISEASE CONTROL

ACTIVE INTERVENTION MEASURES

MALARIA VECTOR CONTROLL MEASURES

GLOBAL STRATEGY- NMCP & VACCINES

Global Malaria Elimination scenario:
• Since 1900, 127 countries have registered malaria elimination. In 2021, two
countries El Salvador on February 25 and China on June 29 were declared
malaria-free by the WHO.
• China followed some specific strategies, namely strong surveillance following
the ‘1-3-7’system: malaria diagnosis within 1 day, 3 days for case investigation
and by day 7 for public health responses.
• Molecular Malaria Surveillance for drug resistance and genome-based
approaches to distinguish between indigenous and imported cases was
conducted. All borders to the neighbouring countries were thoroughly
screened to prevent the entry of unwanted malaria into the country.
• Srilanka could achieve elimination by deploying malaria mobile clinics besides
strengthening surveillance system.

NATIONAL MALARIA CONTROL PROGRAMME
• Began as NMCP in 1953.
• Following are main activities of NMCP:
• Formulating policies and guidelines.
• Technical guidance.
• Planning.
• Logistics.
• Monitoring and evaluation.
• Coordination of activities through the states/union Territories and in consultation with
national organisations such as National Centre for Disease Control National Institute of Malaria
Research.
• Collaboration with international oraganisations..
• Training
• Fascilitating research
• Coordinating control activities in the inter-state and inter-country border areas.

MOSQUIRIX
• A recombinent protein based malaria vaccine
• WHO is recommending widespread use of the RTS,S/AS01 (RTS,S) malaria vaccine among
children in sub-Saharan Africa and in other regions with moderate to high P. falciparum
malaria transmission.
• Malaria vaccine should be provided in a schedule of 4 doses in
children from 5 months of age for the reduction of malaria
disease and burden.

URBAN MALARIA SCHEME
• Launched in november 1971 to interrupt or reduce malaria
tranmission in towns and cities.
• Current strategy:
• Anti-larval measures on weekly intervals.
• Source reduction i.e.land filling/drainage through minor engineering
methods.
• Biological control by introduction of larvivorous fish.
• Anti-parasitic measures through passive surveillance for detection of
cases and complete treatment.

TRIBAL MALARIA ACTION PLAN
• Predominant parasite species in triabl areis Falciparum.
• Objective is to reduce large reservoir of Falciparum in triabal population.
• Priority of villages according to degree of risk i.e.high proportion of Pf
cases, type of vectors,forest based economy,outdoor sleeping habits etc.
for vector control measures(IRS,LLINs or treatment of community owned
bed nets with insecticides), social marketing to increase spray
coverageandusage of bed nets, community mobilisation by utilising
traditional IEC/BCC tools practices.
• In Forest areas where accessibility of workers /volunteers is impeded due
to elephants , involvement of forest department in diagnosis and treatment
by deleneation of such areas can be explored.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE LISTENING
WORLD MALARIA DAY 25TH APRIL YEARLY MALARIA WEEK -JUNE

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