SlideShare a Scribd company logo
1 of 19
Download to read offline
٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠
١
Optimizing The
Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and
Management.
Dr. Helalley Abdel Hady Helalley
Chief of Industrial wastewater,
Sludge and Reuse Sector.
Alexandria Sanitary Drainage Co.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and
innovative solutions for a sustainable
environment Conference,
5-6 November 2012
١
Industrial Wastewater
The water or liquid carried waste from an industrial process
These wastes may result from any process or activity of industry,
manufacture, trade or business, from the development of any
natural resource, or from animal operations such as feedlots,
poultry houses, or dairies
The term includes contaminated storm water and leachate from
solid waste facilities
Waste material (solid, gas or liquid) generated by a commercial,
industrial or nonresidential activity.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
٢
Advanced Cost Effective technology
and practices to treat toxic
wastewater pollutants.
Dr. Sama MZ
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
٣
Advanced treatment processes are normally applied to industrial wastewater
only, for removal of specific contaminants. Advanced treatment is commonly
preceded by physicochemical coagulation and flocculation. Where a high
quality effluent may be required for protection of public sewerage system
containing sensitive biological treatment plants, wastewater reuse options
and sludge used as fertilizer where the occurrence of toxic materials should
not be present.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Advanced treatment steps may also be added to the
conventional treatment plant.
٤
Dr. Sama MZ
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Advanced Cost Effective technologies
٥
Some most frequently used treatment methods are gathered in
Table 1. Many studies exist about the efficiency of single methods
or in combination. As there is no unit specifically designed to
remove these compounds, the elimination by most WWTPs seems
to beinefficient (Castiglioni et al., 2006; Nakada et al., 2006;
Castiglioni et al, 2006; Xu et al., 2007; Gulkowska et al., 2008).
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
٦
٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠
٢
Table 1. Advances treatment techniques
Process Abbreviation (or unit)
Powdered activated carbon PAC
Granular activated carbon GAC
Membranes MF, UF, NF, RO
Membrane bioreactors MBR
Chlorination (As Cl2)
Ozonation (As O3)
Advanced oxidation processes AOP
Sonication US
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
٧
1. Membrane filtration technologies
Membrane filtration can be broadly defined as a separation process that uses semi
permeable membrane to divide the feed stream into two portions: a permeate that
contains the material passing through the membranes, and a retentate consisting of the
species being left behind.
More specifically, membrane filtration can be further classified in terms of the size
range of permeating species, the mechanisms of rejection, the driving forces employed,
the chemical structure and composition of membranes, and the geometry of
construction.
The most important types of membrane filtration are pressure driven processes
including microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse
osmosis (RO).
Dr. Sama MZ
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Advanced Cost Effective technologies
٨
1.a. Ultrafiltration/Nanofiltration.
Water is forced through semipermeable membranes that filter out very small
particulates (ultrafiltration) and dissolved molecules (nanofiltration). A study of 52
EDC/PPCPs in modeled and natural waters found that nanofiltration exceeded
ultrafiltration in EDC/PPCP removal. Nanotfiltration removal efficiencies were
between 44-93%, except for naproxen (0% removal), while ultrafiltration removal
was typically less than 40%.
Nanofiltration retains these compounds on the membrane both through
hydrophobic adsorption and size exclusion, while ultrafiltration retention is typically
due to hydrophobic adsorption.
However, these systems foul quickly when used on wastewater systems, and are
reserved for use in drinking water treatment. These techniques are also highly
effective for the removal of pathogens.
Dr. Sama MZ
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
٩
1.b. Reverse Osmosis.
Reverse osmosis is a membrane separation technology used by industrial
facilities for chemical recovery and water recycling.
Reverse osmosis removes ionic salts and other molecules by selective
filtration. It appears to be a viable treatment for removal of most EDCs/PPCPs
in drinking water, except for neutral low molecular weight compounds.
Reverse osmosis achieved >90% removal of natural steroid hormones in one
study.
A combination of reverse osmosis with nanofiltration can result in very
efficient PPCP removal, including a wide range of pesticides, alkyl phthalates,
and estrogens. Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration foul quickly in the
treatment of wastewater, making them prohibitively expensive.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
١٠
2. Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC).
Water is passed through a bed of activated carbon granules that adsorb
contaminants. GAC has been shown to be very effective at removing many
pharmaceuticals, except for clofibric acid.
Competition with organic matter in WWTP effluent for sorption sites can
reduce EDC and PPCP removal rates. EDC and PPCP removal depends on the
solubility of the compounds – more soluble, polar compounds are not
removed efficiently.
Powdered activated carbon has greater efficiencies of removal for some
pharmaceuticals, but is typically used in episodically to treat a specific
situation.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
١١
3. Advanced oxidation technologies
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been broadly defined as near
ambient temperature treatment processes based on highly reactive
radicals, especially the hydroxyl radical (·OH), as the primary oxidant.
The ·OH radical is among the strongest oxidizing species used in water and
wastewater treatment and offers the potential to greatly accelerate the
rates of contaminant oxidation.
Dr. Sama MZ
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
١٢
٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠
٣
AOPs can be broadly defined as redox methods which are based on the
intermediacy ofreactive oxygen species, such as hydroxyl radicals, •OH,
superoxide radical anions, O2 •-, and perhydroxyl radicals HO2 •, to convert
harmful organic and inorganic pollutants found in air, water and soil to less
hazardous compounds. The most widely used AOPs include ozonation,
electrochemical oxidation, Fenton’s and photo-Fenton’s reagent,
heterogeneous semiconductor photocatalysis, wet air oxidation, and
sonolysis, among others2. A brief description of these technologies is given
below.
Dr. Sama MZ
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
١٣
a. Ozonation
Is an attractive and a well established technology for wastewater reuse
purposes. We studied the ozonation of pharmaceuticals in wastewater
from the secondary clarifier of urban and domestic STPs by using
alkaline ozone and a combination of ozone and hydrogen peroxide.
Alkaline ozonation achieved only a moderate degree of mineralization
essentially concentrated during the first few minutes; but the addition
of hydrogen peroxide eventually led to a complete mineralization
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
١٤
b. Electrodialysis
Electrodialysis is a process in which dissolved colloidal species are
exchanged between two liquids through selective semipermeable
membranes (11). The technology applies a direct current across a series of
alternating anion and cation exchange membranes to remove dissolved
metal salts and other ionic constituents from solutions.
By using the electrodialysis cell, facilities remove impurities from the process
bath, extending its life. Facilities can treat the removed concentrate stream
on-site, or haul it off-site for disposal, treatment, or metals reclamation.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
١٥
c. Electrolytic Recovery
Electrolytic recovery is an electrochemical process used to recover metal
contaminants from many types of process solutions and rinses, such as
electroplating rinse waters and baths.
Electrolytic recovery removes metal ions from a waste stream by processing the
stream in an electrolytic cell, which consists of a closely spaced anode and cathode.
Equipment consists of one or more cells, a transfer pump, and a rectifier.
Current is applied across the cell and metal cations are deposited on the cathodes.
The waste stream is usually recirculated through the cell from a separate tank, such
as a drag-out recovery rinse.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
١٦
d. Ion Exchange (in-process)
Ion exchange is a commonly used technology within MP&M facilities. In
addition to water recycling and chemical recovery applications, ion exchange is
used to soften or deionize raw water for process solutions. Figure 8-6 shows a
typical ion-exchange system.
Ion exchange is a reversible chemical reaction that exchanges ions in a feed
stream for ions of like charge on the surface of an ion-exchange resin. Resins are
broadly divided into cationic or anionic types. Typical cation resins exchange H+
for other cations, while anion resins exchange OH-for other anions (10).
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
١٧
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Polishing Technologies
١٨
٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠
٤
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Polishing Technologies
Polishing systems remove small amounts of pollutants that may remain in
the effluent after treatment using technologies such as chemical
precipitation and gravity clarification.
These systems also can act as a temporary measure to prevent pollutant
discharge should the primary solids removal system fail due to a process
upset or catastrophic event. The following are descriptions of end-of-pipe
polishing technologies that are applicable to industrial facilities.
١٩
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
1. Multimedia Filtration
Sand filtration and multimedia filtration systems typically remove small amounts
of suspended solids (metal precipitates) entrained in effluent from gravity
clarifiers. Sand and multimedia polishing filters usually are designed to remove 90
percent or greater of all filterable suspended solids 20 microns or larger at a
maximum influent concentration of 40 mg/L.
Wastewater is pumped from a holding tank through the filter. The principal
design factor for the filter is the hydraulic loading. Typical hydraulic loadings range
between 4 and 5 gpm/ft2 (9).
Sand and multimedia filters are cleaned by backwashing with clean water.
Backwashing is timed to prevent breakthrough of the suspended solids into the
effluent. Figure 8-16 shows a diagram of a multimedia filtration system.
٢٠
2. Activated Carbon Adsorption
Activated carbon adsorption is a common method of removing organic
contaminants from electroplating baths. Process solution flows through a filter
where the carbon adsorbs organic impurities that result from the breakdown of
bath constituents.
Carbon adsorption can be either a continuous or batch operation, depending on
the site’s preference. Carbon treatment is most commonly applied to nickel,
copper, zinc, and cadmium electroplating baths but also can be used to remove
organic contaminants from paint curtains.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
٢١
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
3. Reverse Osmosis
Reverse osmosis is a membrane separation technology used by industrial facilities as
an in-process step or as an end-of-pipe treatment.
In an end-of-pipe application, reverse osmosis typically recycles water and reduces
discharge volume rather than recovers chemicals. The effluent from a conventional
treatment system generally has a TDS concentration unacceptable for most rinsing
operations, and cannot be recycled.
Reverse osmosis with or without some pretreatment can replace TDS concentrations,
and the resulting effluent stream can be used for most rinsing operations.
٢٢
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
4. Ion Exchange
Ion exchange is both an in-process metals recovery and recycle and end-of-
pipe polishing technology.
This technology generally uses cation resins to remove metals but
sometimes uses both cation and anion columns. The regenerant from end-
of-pipe ion exchange is not usually amenable to metals recovery as it
typically contains multiple metals at low concentrations.
٢٣
Choosing the right technology for the industry
to meet discharge limits of the local sewer.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
٢٤
٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠
٥
Regulations
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
٢٥
Many industries discharge to a sanitary sewer that
goes to a municipal treatment plant Industrial
discharges regulated by authority operating the
municipal treatment plant and Industry may be
required to obtain a discharge permit or authorization,
depending on type of waste .
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
٢٦
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
EPA considers a number of different sub categorization factors
during an effluent guidelines rulemaking, including the
following:
Manufacturing products and processes.
Raw materials.
Wastewatercharacteristics.
Facility size.
Geographical location.
Age of facility and equipment.
Wastewatertreatability.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٢٧
Discharge limits of the local sewer.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٢٨
Egyptian
Regulations
of disposal of
industrial
effluent to
public
sewers.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٢٩
Technology Selection for industries to meet
limits of discharge of the local sewer.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٣٠
٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠
٦
- Average, or typical, efficiency and performance of the technology.
- Reliability of the technology. The process should, preferably, be stable and
resilient against shock loading, i.e. it should be able to continue operation and to
produce an acceptable effluent under unusual conditions.
- Institutional manageability.
- Financial sustainability. The lower the financial costs, the more attractive the
technology.
- Application in reuse schemes. Resource recovery contributes to environmental
as well as to financial sustainability.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
The general criteria for technology selection comprise:
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٣١
Technology selection eventually depends upon
industrial wastewater characteristics and on
the treatment objectives as translated into
desired effluent quality. Also the type of
wastewater treatment technology selects
depends on the manufacturing operations
generating the wastewater.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٣٢
The best available technology
The best available technology is generally accessible technology, which
is the most effective in preventing or minimizing pollution emissions. It can
also refer to the most recent treatment technology available. Assessing
whether a certain technology is the best available requires comparative
technical assessment of the different treatment processes, their facilities
and their methods of operation which have been recently and
successfully applied for a prolonged period of time, at full scale.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٣٣
Considerations to be taken into account when determining best available techniques
should bear in mind the likely costs and benefits of a measure and the principles of
precaution and prevention. For instance, consideration should
be taken of:
a. the use of low-waste technology
b. the use of less hazardous substances;
c. furthering recovery and recycling of substances and waste (where appropriate)
generated and used in the process;
d. comparable processes, facilities or methods of operation which have been tried with
success on an industrial scale;
e. technological advances and changes in scientific knowledge and understanding;
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٣٤
f. the nature, effects and volume of the emissions concerned;
g. the commissioning dates for new or existing installations;
h. the length of time needed to introduce the best available technique;
i. the consumption and nature of raw materials (including water) used in the process
and their energy efficiency;
j. the need to prevent or reduce to a minimum the overall impact of the emissions
on the environment and
k. the risks to it;
l. the need to prevent accidents and to minimize the consequences for the
environment.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٣٥
Criteria that influence selection of the wastewater treatment process:
•Reliability
•Resistance to hydraulic shocks
•Resistance to organic loading shocks
•Coordination with local climate
•Coordination with local facilities
•Flexibility in operation
•Simple in operation and maintenance
•Capital cost
•Land requirement
•Operation and maintenance cost
•Sludge disposal cost
•Reach to treatment degree requirement
•Odor generation
•Risk
•Amount of sludge generation
•Environment impacts
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٣٦
٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠
٧
Introduction to Process Selection
The purpose of process analysis is to select the most suitable unit
operations and processes and the optimum operational criteria.
Important Factors in Process Selection
The first factor, ‘process applicability,’ stands out above all others
and reflects directly upon the skill and experience of the design
engineer.
Available resources include performance data from operating
installations, published information in technical journals, manuals
of practice published by the Water Environment Federation,
process design manuals published by EPA, and the results of pilot-
plant studies.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٣٧
Important factors that must be considered when evaluating and selecting unit
operations and processes
Factor Comment
1.Process applicability The applicability of a process is evaluated on the basis of past experience, data
from full-scale plants, published data, and from pilot-plant studies. If new or
unusual conditions are encountered, pilot-plant studies are essential.
2.Applicable flow range The process should be matched to the expected range of flowrate. For example,
stabilization ponds are not suitable for extremely large flowrates in highly
populated areas.
3.Applicable flow variation Most unit operations and processes have to be designed to operate over a wide
range of flowrates. Most processes work best at a relatively constant flowrate. If
the flow variation is too great, flow equalization may be necessary.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٣٨
4.Influent wastewater
characteristics
The characteristics of the influent wastewater affect the types of processes to
be used (e.g.,chemical or biological) and the requirements for their proper
operation.
5.Inhibiting and unaffected
constituents
What constituents are present and may be inhibitory to the treatment
processes?
What constituents are not affected during treatment?
6.Climatic constraints Temperature affects the rate of reaction of most chemical and biological
processes.
Temperature may also affect the physical operation of the facilities.
Temperatures may accelerate odor generation and also limit atmospheric
dispersion.
7.Process sizing based on
reaction kinetics or process
loading criteria
Reactor sizing is based on the governing reaction kinetics and kinetic
coefficients. If kinetic expressions are not available, process loading criteria are
used. Data for kinetic expressions and process loading criteria usually are
derived from experience, published literature, and the results of pilot-plant
studies
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٣٩
8.Process sizing based on
mass transfer rates or
process loading criteria
Reactor sizing is based on mass transfer coefficients, If mass transfer rates
are not available, process loading criteria are used. Data for mass transfer
coefficients and process loading criteria usually are derived from
experience, published literature, and the results of pilot-plant studies.
9.Performance Performance is usually measured in terms of effluent quality and its
variability, which must be consistent with the effluent discharge
requirements
10.Treatment residuals The types and amounts of solid, liquid, and gaseous residuals produced
must be known or estimated. Often, pilot-plant studies are used to identify
and quantify residuals.
11.Sludge processing Are there any constraints that would make sludge processing and disposal
infeasible or expensive? How might recycle loads from sludge processing
affect the liquid unit operation or processes? The selection of the sludge
processing system should go hand in hand with the selection of the liquid
treatment system
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٤٠
12.Environmental
constraints
Environment factors, such as prevailing wind directions and proximity to
residential areas, may restrict or affect the use of certain processes, especially
where odors may be produced. Noise and traffic may affect selection of a plant
site. Receiving waters may have special limitations, requiring the removal of
specific constituents such as nutrients.
13.Chemical requirements What resources and what amounts must be committed for a long period of time
for the successful operation of the unit operation or process? What effects might
the addition of chemicals have on the characteristics of the treatment residuals
and the cost of treatment?
14.Energy requirements The energy requirements, as well as probable future energy cost, must be
known if cost-effective treatment systems are to be designed.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٤١
The best way for Industry to control and treat wastes is subject to Best
Management Practices (BMPs) .BMPs
Goal is to prevent or reduce the discharge of pollutants to public
seawares where Industry can look at:
overall processes
Scheduling of activities
Prohibitions of practices
Maintenance procedures
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٤٢
٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠
٨
Preferable technologies
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٤٣
1. Zero Exhaust Technology
Zero waste is an integrated system approach that aims to eliminate rather than only
manage waste. By encouraging waste diversion from landfill and incineration, it is a
guiding design philosophy for eliminating waste at source and at all points down the
supply chain. It rejects the current one-way linear resource use and disposal culture in
favour of a closed-loop system modelled on strategies found in nature.
Therefore, the zero emission approach represents a shift from the traditional industrial
model in which wastes are considered as the norm, to integrated systems in which
everything has its use. It advocates an industrial transformation whereby businesses
minimise the load they impose on the natural resource base and learn to do more with
what the Earth produces.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٤٤
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Zero waste is an Targeting the whole system means striving for:
· Zero waste of resources: Energy, Materials, Human;
· Zero emissions: Air, Soil, Water;
· Zero waste in activities: Administration, Production;
· Zero waste in product life: Transportation, Use, End of Life; and
· Zero use of toxics: Processes and Products.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٤٥
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
The zero waste approach envisions all industrial inputs being used in final
products and product service systems or converted into value-added
inputs for other industries or processes. In this way, industries will be
organized in clusters in order that each industry's by-products are fully
matched with the input requirements of another industry. Finally, the
integrated whole system produces no waste.
From an environmental perspective, the elimination of waste represents
the ultimate solution to pollution problems that threaten ecosystems at
global, national and local levels. In addition, full use of raw materials,
accompanied by a shift towards renewable sources, means that utilization
of the Earth's resources can be brought back to sustainable levels.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٤٦
2. Clean Production Technology
‘Cleaner Production is the continuous application of an integrated
preventive environmental strategy to processes, products, and services
to increase overall efficiency, and reduce risks to humans and the
environment. Cleaner Production can be applied to the processes used in
any industry, to products themselves and to various services provided in
society.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٤٧
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
2. Clean Production Technology
Cleaner Production results from one or a combination of conserving
raw materials, water and energy; eliminating toxic and dangerous
raw materials; and reducing the quantity and toxicity of all emissions
and wastes at source during the production process.
Cleaner Production aims to reduce the environmental, health and
safety impacts of products over their entire life cycles, from raw
materials extraction, through manufacturing and use, to the
'ultimate‘ disposal of the product.
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٤٨
٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠
٩
Where practical, waste should be minimized (using cleaner production
protocols and recycling techniques to a maximum practical extent) before
consideration is given to allowing any discharge into the
environment/disposal in the most environmentally acceptable manner. Some
waste may require disposal at an authorized disposal site.
Some of the benefits for adopting cleaner production practices include a
reduction in expenditure for packaging, energy, waste treatment or disposal,
water and materials, increased employee environmental awareness and an
improved public perception of the business.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٤٩
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
All the previous techniques leads to sustainability
Sustainability has been defined as the goal of sustainable development, which is
‘types of economic and social development that protect and enhance the natural
environment and social equity’
(Diesendorf 2000: 23).
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٥٠
pH neutralization
Temp regulations
Solids separation
Toxic metal removal
Oil and grease
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
Pretreatment technologies of
Industrial Wastewater
٥١
Conventional technologies of
Industrial Wastewater Treatment
Treatment needed will depend on the type and
concentration of pollutants in the wastewater
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Choosing the right technology
٥٢
Using environment-friendly technology
to minimize the amount and toxicity of
the industrial waste generated.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Environment-friendly technology
٥٣
The suitable environment-friendly technology
selection to minimize the amount and toxicity of
the industrial waste generated depends on the
manufacturing operations generating the
wastewater and the industrial waste water quality .
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Environment-friendly technology
٥٤
٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠
١٠
A logical waste management hierarchy would be based on the principal
that pollution should be prevented or reduced at the source wherever
feasible, while pollutants that cannot be prevented should be recycled in
an environmentally safe manner. In the absence of feasible prevention or
recycling opportunities, pollution should be treated. Disposal or other
release into the environment should be used as a last resort.
WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Environment-friendly technology
٥٥
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Waste Water hierarchy
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Environment-friendly technology
٥٦
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Recent and Preferable friendly options the
most economical, feasible and
environmental sound for industries
minimizing toxicity of the industrial waste
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Environment-friendly technology
٥٧
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
The pollution prevention practices and wastewater treatment
technologies are used to prevent the generation of wastewater
pollutants and reduce the discharge of wastewater pollutants .
1. Pollution prevention
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Environment-friendly technology
٥٨
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Pollution Prevention is generally defined as any in-plant process that reduces,
avoids, or eliminates the use of toxic materials and/or the generation of pollutants
and wastes so as to reduce risks to human health and the environment and to
preserve natural resources through greater efficiency and conservation. The goal
of pollution prevention is to minimize environmental risks by reducing or
eliminating the source of risk (rather than reactively through treatment and
disposal of wastes generated).
There are significant opportunities for industry to reduce or
prevent pollution at the source through cost-effective changes
in production, operation, and raw materials use. The
opportunities for source reduction are not often realized
because existing environmental regulations, and the industrial
resources they require for compliance focus upon treatment
and disposal, rather than source reduction. Source reduction is
different and more desirable than waste management and
pollution control.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Environment-friendly technology
٥٩
pollution prevention measures include the following:
a. Training and Supervision
Training and supervision ensure that employees are aware of, understand, and
support the company’s pollution prevention goals. Effective training programs
translate these goals into practical information that enables employees to minimize
waste generation by properly and efficiently using tools, supplies, equipment, and
materials.
b. Production Planning
Production planning can minimize the number of process operation steps and
eliminate unnecessary procedures (e.g., production planning can eliminate
additional cleaning steps between process operations).
Environment-friendly technology Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
˿˹
٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠
١١
c. Process or Equipment Modification
Facilities can modify processes and equipment to minimize the amount of waste
generated (e.g., changing rack configuration to reduce drag-out).
d. Raw Material and Product Substitution or Elimination
Where possible, facilities should replace toxic or hazardous raw materials or
products with other materials that produce less waste and less toxic waste (e.g.,
replacing chromium-bearing solutions with non-chromium-bearing and less toxic
solutions, or consolidating types of cleaning solutions and machining coolants).
e. Loss Prevention and Housekeeping
Loss prevention and housekeeping includes performing
preventive maintenance and managing equipment and
materials to minimize leaks, spills, evaporative losses, and
other releases (e.g., inspecting the integrity of tanks on a
regular basis; using chemical analyses instead of elapsed time
or number of parts processed as the basis for disposal of a
solution).
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Environment-friendly technology
٦١
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
f. Waste Segregation and Separation
Facilities should avoid mixing different types of wastes or mixing hazardous wastes
with nonhazardous wastes. Similarly, facilities should not mix recyclable materials with
noncompatible materials or wastes. For example, facilities can segregate scrap metal
by metal type, separate cyanide-bearing wastewater for preliminary treatment, and
segregate coolants for recycling or treatment.
g. Closed-Loop Recycling
Facilities can recover and reuse some process streams. For
example, some facilities can use ion exchange to recover
metal from electroplating rinse water, reuse the rinse water,
and reuse the regenerant solution as process solution
make-up.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Environment-friendly technology
٦٢
The most desirable option of the hierarchy and the most effective way to reduce risk is
through source reduction. Source reduction is defined as any method that reduces or
eliminates the source of pollution entirely. This includes any practice that:
. Reduces the amount of hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants entering a
waste stream or otherwise released into the environment prior to recycling, treatment,
or disposal; and
. Reduces hazards to public health and the environment associated with the release of
such substances, pollutants, or contaminants.
2. Source Reduction
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
The term source reduction includes equipment or technology
modifications, process or procedure modifications, reformulation or
redesign of products, substitution of raw materials, and improvements
in housekeeping, maintenance, training, or inventory control.
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Environment-friendly technology
٦٣
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Environment-friendly technology
٦٤
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Environment-friendly technology
3.
4.
5.
٦٥
Improving chemical wastewater treatment plant
efficiency and environmental compliance.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
٦٦
٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠
١٢
Role Of Chemical Unit Processes In Wastewater Treatment
Application of Chemical Unit Processes
Currently the most important applications of chemical unit processes in
wastewater treatment are for:
(1) the disinfection of wastewater,
(2) the precipitation of phosphorus,
(3) the coagulation of particulate matter, (4)oxidation and reduction of
industrial pollutants.
Chemical Unit Processes
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment
٦٧
Applications of chemical unit process in wastewater treatment
Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
٦٨
Fundamentals Of Chemical Coagulation
Colloidal particles found in wastewater typically have a net
negative surface charge. The size of colloids (about 0.01 to 1μm
and is such that the attractive body forces between particles are
considerably less than the repelling forces of the electrical charge.
Under these stable conditions, Brownian motion keeps the
particles in suspension.
Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
٦٩
Coagulation is the process of destabilizing colloidal
particles so that particle growth can occur as a
result of particle collisions.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.٧٠
Chemical Precipitation For Improved Plant Performance
Chemical precipitation, as noted previously, involves the addition of chemicals
to alter the physical state of dissolved and suspended solids and facilitate their
removal by sedimentation.
Since about 1970, the need to provide more complete removal of the organic
compounds and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) contained in wastewater
has brought about renewed interest in chemical precipitation
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.٧١
Chemical Precipitation For Improved Plant Performance
In current practice, chemical precipitation is used
(1) as a means of improving the performance of primary settling
facilities,
(2) as a basic step in the independent physical-chemical
treatment of wastewater,
(3) for the removal of phosphorus, and
(4) for the removal of heavy metals.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.٧٢
٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠
١٣
Alum.
The insoluble aluminum hydroxide is a gelatinous floc that settles
slowly through the wastewater, sweeping out suspended material
and producing other changes. The reaction is exactly analogous
when magnesium bicarbonate is substituted for the calcium salt.
If less than this amount of alkalinity is available, it must be added.
Lime is commonly used for this purpose when necessary, but it is
seldom required in the treatment of wastewater.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.٧٣
Lime.
Much more lime is generally required when it is used alone
than when sulfate of iron is also used where industrial wastes
introduce mineral acids or acid salts into the wastewater.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.٧٤
Enhanced Removal of Suspended Solids in
Primary Sedimentation
With chemical precipitation, it is possible to remove 80 to 90 percent
of the total suspended solids (TSS) including some colloidal particles,
50 to 80 percent of the BOD, and 80 to 90 percent of the bacteria.
Comparable removal values for well-designed and well-operated
primary sedimentation tanks without the addition of chemicals are
50 to 70 percent of the TSS, 25 to 40 percent of the BOD, and 25 to
75 percent of the bacteria.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment
٧٥
Independent Physical-Chemical Treatment
In some localities, industrial wastes have rendered municipal
wastewater difficult to treat by biological means.
In such situations, physical-chemical treatment may be an
alternative approach. This method of treatment has met with
limited success because of its lack of consistency in meeting
discharge requirements, high costs for chemicals, handling and
disposal of the great volumes of sludge resulting from the addition
of chemicals, and numerous operating problems.
Because of these reasons, new applications of physical-chemical
treatment for municipal wastewater are rare. Physical-chemical
treatment is used more extensively for the treatment of industrial
wastewater.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.٧٦
The filter is shown as optional, but its use is recommended to
reduce the blinding and headloss buildup in the carbon
columns.
The handling and disposal of the sludge resulting from chemical
precipitation is one of the greatest difficulties associated with
chemical treatment. Sludge is produced in great volume from
most chemical precipitation operations, often reaching 0.5
percent of the volume of wastewater treated when lime is used.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.٧٧
Typical flow diagram of an independent physical-
chemical treatment plant
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.٧٨
٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠
١٤
Comparison of Chemical Phosphorus Removal Processes
Table: Advantages and disadvantages of chemical addition in various sections of a
treatment plant for phosphorus removal
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.٧٩
Chemical Precipitation For Removal Of Heavy Metals
And Dissolved Inorganic Substances
The technologies available for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater
include chemical precipitation, carbon adsorption, ion exchange, and reverse
osmosis. Of these technologies, chemical precipitation is most commonly
employed for most of the metals.
Common precipitants include hydroxide (OH) and sulfide (S2-). Carbonate
(CO3
2-) has also been used in some special cases. Metal may be removed
separately or co precipitated with phosphorus.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.٨٠
Precipitation Reactions
Metals of interest include arsenic (As), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu),
mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn).
In wastewater treatment facilities, metals are precipitated most commonly as
metal hydroxides through the addition of lime or caustic to a pH of minimum
solubility.
In practice, the minimum achievable residual metal concentrations will also
depend on the nature and concentration of the organic matter in the
wastewater as well as the temperature.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.٨١
Table Solubility products for free metal ion concentrations in
equilibrium with hydroxides and sulfides
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.٨٢
Table Practical effluent concentration levels achievable in heavy metals
removal by precipitation
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.٨٣
Chemical Oxidation
Chemical oxidation in wastewater treatment typically involves the use of oxidizing agents
such as ozone (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H202), permanganate (MnO4), chloride dioxide
(ClO2), chlorine (C12) or (HOC1), and oxygen (O2)
Advanced oxidation process (AOPs) in which the free hydroxyl radical (HO.) is used as a
strong oxidant to destroy specific organic constituents and compounds that cannot be
oxidized by conventional oxidants such as ozone and chlorine are discussed in later
chapters.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.٨٤
٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠
١٥
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions.
While an oxidizing agent causes the oxidation to occur, it is reduced in the process.
Half-Reaction Potentials.
Of the many properties that can be used to characterize oxidation-reduction reactions, the
electrical potential (i.e., voltage) or emf of the half reaction is used most commonly.
The half-reaction potential is a measure of the tendency of a reaction to proceed to the
right. Half reactions with large positive potential, E。, tend to proceed to the right as
written. Conversely, half reactions with large negative potential, E。, tend to proceed to
the left.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.٨٥
Table Standard electrode potentials for oxidation half reactions
for chemical disinfection
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.٨٦
Table Typical applicationsof chemical oxidation in wastewater collection,
treatment, and disposal
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.٨٧
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Preliminary Treatment of industrial Wastewater Streams
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Preliminary treatment systems reduce pollutant loadings in segregated waste streams prior to
combined end-of-pipe treatment. Wastewater containing pollutants such as Pollution Prevention
and Wastewater Treatment Technologies cyanide, hexavalent chromium, oil and grease, or
chelated metals may not be treated effectively by chemical precipitation and gravity settling
without preliminary treatment.
Proper segregation and treatment of these streams is critical for the successful treatment of
process wastewater. Highly concentrated metal-bearing wastewater also may require
pretreatment to reduce metal concentrations before end-of-pipe treatment. This subsection
describes the following wastewater streams that typically undergo
•Chromium-bearing wastewater;
• Concentrated metal-bearing wastewater;
•Cyanide-bearing wastewater;
• Chelated metal-bearing wastewater; and
• Oil-bearing wastewater
Improving chemical wastewater treatment
٨٨
Chemical treatment
Consists of using some chemical reaction or reactions to improve the water
quality.
Probably the most commonly used chemical process is chlorination. Chlorine,
a strong oxidizing chemical, is used to kill bacteria and to slow down the rate of
decomposition of the wastewater. Bacterial kill is achieved when vital
biological processes are affected by the chlorine.
Another strong oxidizing agent that has also been used as an oxidizing
commonly disinfectant is ozone.
A chemical process used in many industrial wastewater treatment operations is
neutralization. Neutralization consists of the addition of acid or base to adjust
pH levels back to neutrality.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment
٨٩
Since lime is a base it is sometimes used in the neutralization of acid wastes.
Coagulation consists of the addition of a chemical that, through a chemical reaction, forms
an insoluble end product that serves to remove substances from the wastewater.
Polyvalent metals are commonly used as coagulating chemicals in wastewater treatment
and typical coagulants would include lime (that can also be used in neutralization), certain
iron containing compounds (such as ferric chloride or ferric sulfate) and alum (aluminum
sulfate).
Certain processes may actually be physical and chemical in nature. The use of activated
carbon to "adsorb" or remove organics, for example, involves both chemical and physical
processes. Processes such as ion exchange, which involves exchanging certain ions for
others, are not used to any great extent in wastewater treatment.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment
٩٠
٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠
١٦
Chemical Precipitation
Chemical precipitation is a treatment technology in which chemicals (e.g.,
sulfides, hydroxides, and carbonates) react with organic and inorganic
pollutants present in wastewater to form insoluble precipitates.
This separation treatment technology is generally carried out in the following
four phases:
1. Addition of the chemical to the wastewater;
2. Rapid (flash) mixing to distribute the chemical homogeneously throughout the
wastewater;
3. Slow mixing to encourage flocculation (formation of the insoluble solid
precipitate); and
4. Filtration, settling, or decanting to remove the flocculated solid particles. These
four steps can be performed at ambient conditions and are well suited
to automatic control.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment
٩١
Chemical precipitation is a highly reliable technology when properly
monitored and controlled. The effectiveness of this technology depends on
the types of equipment used and numerous operating factors, such as the
characteristics of the raw wastewater, types of treatment reagents used,
and operating pH. In some cases, subtle changes in operating factors (e.g.,
varying the pH, altering chemical dosage, or extending the process reaction
time) may sufficiently improve the system’s efficiency. In other cases,
modifications to the treatment system are necessary.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment
٩٢
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which organic constituents react with water
and break into smaller (and less toxic) compounds. Basically, hydrolysis is a
destructive technology in which the original molecule forms two or more new
molecules. In some cases, the reaction continues and other products are
formed.
Because some pesticide active ingredients react through this mechanism,
hydrolysis can be an effective treatment technology for PFPR wastewater.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment
٩٣
The primary design parameter considered for hydrolysis is the half-life, which is the time
required to react 50% of the original compound. The half-life of a reaction generally
depends on the reaction pH and temperature and the reactant molecule (e.g., the
pesticide active ingredient).
Hydrolysis reactions can be catalyzed at low pH, high pH, or both, depending on the
reactant molecule. In general, increasing the temperature increases the rate of hydrolysis.
Identifying the best conditions for the hydrolysis reaction results in a shorter half-life, thereby
reducing both the size of the reaction vessel required and the treatment time required.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment
٩٤
coagulation
Is an important operation in removing colloidal solids. In wastewater
treatment, chemical such as lime, ferric salts and commercial alum are
used as coagulants. This process removes suspended solids ( 60-80% ),
BOD ( 50-70% ) phosphorus ( over 90%) and heavy metal ( over 80%)
Chemical clarification of wastewater can be combined with the
activated carbon adsorption process to provide complete physical –
chemical wastewater treatment. the use of chemical clarification has
restricted application in developing countries because of its constant
requirement of consumable chemical and consequent higher running
costs.
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Improving chemical wastewater treatment
٩٥
Advanced chemical processes
Ion exchange- although both natural and synthetic ion exchange resins
are available, synthetic resins are used more widely because of their
durability. Some natural zeolites (resins) are also used for the removal of
ammonia from wastewater.
1. Ion Exchange
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Improving chemical wastewater treatment
٩٦
٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠
١٧
2. Electrochemical treatment
Wastewater is mixed with seawater and is passed into a single cell
containing carbon electrodes.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Dr. Sama MZ
Improving chemical wastewater treatment
٩٧
3. Electro dialysis
Ionic components of a solutions are separated through the use of semi
permeable ion-selective membranes. If the electrical potential is
applied between the two electrodes, which in turn causes a migration
of cations toward the negative electrode and migration of anions
towards the positive electrode. Due to the alternate spacing of cation
and anion permeable membranes, cells of concentrated and dilute
salts are formed.
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Improving chemical wastewater treatment
٩٨
. Principle of simple electrodialysis process. Diagram shows the membrane configuration with
alternating cation-selective (1)and anion-selective (2) membranes between two electrodes ((3)
and (4)), one at each end of the stack.
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Improving chemical wastewater treatment
٩٩
4. Oxidation and reduction
Oxidation - Chemical oxidation is used to remove ammonia, to reduce
the concentration of residual organics and to reduce bacterial and viral
contents of wastewater. At present on of the few process for the
removal of ammonical nitrogen , found operationally dependable , is
chlorination. Ammonia can be removed chemically by adding chlorine
or hypochlorite to form monochloramine and dichloramine as
intermediate products and nitrogen gas and hydrochloric acid as end
products. Problem associate with this method is the presence of various
organic and inorganic compounds that will exert chlorine demand.
Chemical oxidation of organic material in wastewater.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Dr. Sama MZ
Improving chemical wastewater treatment
١٠٠
5. Reduction
Nitrates present in wastewater can be reduced electrolytically or by
using strong reducing agents( e.g. ferrous oxide). The reaction must
usually catalyzed while using reducing agents. The two step processes
using different reducing agents and catalysts are limited by the
availability of chemicals at low cost, and the fact that the treated
effluent and waste sludge may contain toxic compounds derived from
the chemicals used for catalyzing various reactions.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Dr. Sama MZ
Improving chemical wastewater treatment
١٠١
Optimization of Existing Chemical Precipitation
Treatment System
Facilities can optimize the performance of an existing chemical precipitation
and clarification system using a variety of techniques such as adding
equalization prior to treatment, conducting jar testing to optimize treatment
chemistry, upgrading control systems, and providing operator training.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment
١٠٢
٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠
١٨
1. Equalization
Equalization is simply the damping of flow and concentration variations to achieve
a constant or nearly constant wastewater treatment system loading (8).
Equalization improves treatment performance by providing a uniform hydraulic
loading to clarification equipment, and by damping mass loadings, which improves
chemical feed control and process reliability. MP&M facilities implement
equalization by placing a large collection tank ahead of the treatment system. All
process water and rinse water entering this tank are mixed mechanically and then
pumped or allowed to gravity flow to the treatment system at a constant rate. The
size (volume) of the tank depends on the facility flow variations throughout the day.
Operating data collected during MP&M sampling episodes indicate hydraulic
residence times for equalization tanks average 4 to 6 hours.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment
١٠٣
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
2. Jar Testing
The purpose of jar testing is to optimize treatment pH, flocculent type and
dosage, the need for co precipitants such as iron or polymers , and solids
removal characteristics. Facilities should conduct jar testing on a sample of
their actual wastewater to provide reliable information.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment
١٠٤
3. Control System Upgrades
Typical treatment system controls at MP&M facilities includes pH and ORP
controllers on alkaline chlorination systems for cyanide destruction, pH
controllers on chemical precipitation systems, flow and level monitoring
equipment on equalization tanks, and solonoid valves and metering pumps on
chemical feed systems to provide accurate treatment chemical dosing. A
number of MP&M facilities have computer hardware and software to monitor
and change treatment system operating parameters. For a number of MP&M
facilities, upgrading control equipment may reduce both pH and ORP swings
caused by excess chemical dosing, resulting in consistent effluent metals
concentrations.
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment
١٠٥
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
4. Operator Training
Having operators trained in both the theory and practical application of
wastewater treatment is key to ensuring the systems are operating at their best.
Many MP&M facilities send their operators to off-site training centers while
others bring consultants familiar with their facility’s operations and wastewater
treatment system to the facility to train operators. Some of the basic elements
of an operator training course should include (1):
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment
١٠٦
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
An explanation of the need for wastewater treatment, which emphasizes the
benefits to employees and the community;
An emphasis on management’s commitment to environmental stewardship;
An explanation of wastewater treatment terminology in simple terms;
An overview of the environmental regulations that govern the facility’s
wastewater discharges;
A simple overview of wastewater treatment chemistry;
Methods that can optimize treatment performance (e.g., how to conduct jar
testing);
The test methods or parameters used to verify the system is operating
properly (e.g., control systems); and
The importance of equipment maintenance to ensure the system is
operating at its maximum potential.
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment
١٠٧
Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater
Treatment and Management.
Dr. Sama MZ
First-time training for new operators may require 4 to 5 days of classroom
and hands-on study. Experienced MP&M wastewater treatment operators
should consider attending at least 1 day of refresher training per year to
update themselves on the chemistry and to learn about new equipment
on the market that may help their system’s performance.
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
Improving chemical wastewater treatment
١٠٨
٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠
١٩
References
Advanced technologies in water and wastewatertreatment.H. Zhou and D.W. Smith
Dr. Sama MZ
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT. Sixto Malato Rodríguez
Investigation on improving efficiency of pre-precipitation process at Sjölunda
wastewatertreatment plant. Qianqian Zhou, February 2009
Reduce, Reuse and Recycle (the 3Rs) and Resource Efficiency as the basis for
Sustainable Waste Management. 9 May 2011, New York
EVALUATION OF OZONE WASTE WATER TREATMENTS AND STUDIES. EVALUATING
THE REUSE OF TREATED EFFLUENTS. Amadeo R. Fernández-Alba. University of
Almeria, Spain
Tools to Promote Sustainable Waste Management. K. Fricke1, T. Bahr1, Commercial
Printing Industry . Compliance & Pollution Prevention Workbook
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
١٠٩
References
Dr. Sama MZ
Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012
ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES FOR MICRO-POLLUTANTS REMOVAL FROM
WASTEWATER
Marjana Simonič
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor,
.Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, email: marjana.simonic@uni-mb.si
Selection of wastewater treatment process based on the analytical
hierarchy process and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process methods
1*A. R. Karimi; 1N. Mehrdadi; 2S. J. Hashemian; 1 G. R. Nabi
Bidhendi; 3R. Tavakkoli Moghaddam
1Faculty of the Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2Institute of Water and Energy, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
3Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Received 30 June 2010; revised 19 November 2010; accepted 21 December
2010; available online 1 March 2011
١١٠

More Related Content

What's hot

Technology of cleaning and destruction of a surface of semiconductor plates u...
Technology of cleaning and destruction of a surface of semiconductor plates u...Technology of cleaning and destruction of a surface of semiconductor plates u...
Technology of cleaning and destruction of a surface of semiconductor plates u...Максим Зарезов
 
EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint
EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint
EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint Holly Kingsbury
 
Final ehoh ppt pce.apr 6 2014
Final ehoh ppt pce.apr 6 2014Final ehoh ppt pce.apr 6 2014
Final ehoh ppt pce.apr 6 2014Elizabeth Bemis
 
Presentation on Perchloroethylene and its Regulation: Colorado School of Publ...
Presentation on Perchloroethylene and its Regulation: Colorado School of Publ...Presentation on Perchloroethylene and its Regulation: Colorado School of Publ...
Presentation on Perchloroethylene and its Regulation: Colorado School of Publ...Elizabeth Bemis
 
The antimicrobial effectiveness of 25% propolis extract
The antimicrobial effectiveness of 25% propolis extractThe antimicrobial effectiveness of 25% propolis extract
The antimicrobial effectiveness of 25% propolis extractAditi Singh
 
Effluent treatment plants
Effluent treatment plantsEffluent treatment plants
Effluent treatment plantsNikhil Kumar
 
E041013242
E041013242E041013242
E041013242IOSR-JEN
 
Dyes and Pigments Manufacturing Industrial Waste Water Treatment Methodology
Dyes and Pigments Manufacturing Industrial Waste Water  Treatment MethodologyDyes and Pigments Manufacturing Industrial Waste Water  Treatment Methodology
Dyes and Pigments Manufacturing Industrial Waste Water Treatment MethodologyIRJET Journal
 
IRJET- Removal of Acetaminophen from Waste Water using Low Cost Adsorbent
IRJET- Removal of Acetaminophen from Waste Water using Low Cost AdsorbentIRJET- Removal of Acetaminophen from Waste Water using Low Cost Adsorbent
IRJET- Removal of Acetaminophen from Waste Water using Low Cost AdsorbentIRJET Journal
 
Final ehoh ppt.apr 6 2014
Final ehoh ppt.apr 6 2014Final ehoh ppt.apr 6 2014
Final ehoh ppt.apr 6 2014Emily Steen
 
Zero Liquid Discharge For Pulp and paper industries
Zero Liquid Discharge For Pulp and paper industriesZero Liquid Discharge For Pulp and paper industries
Zero Liquid Discharge For Pulp and paper industriesSooraj Garg
 
Recycling Earths Rapidly Shrinking Resources_Published
Recycling Earths Rapidly Shrinking Resources_PublishedRecycling Earths Rapidly Shrinking Resources_Published
Recycling Earths Rapidly Shrinking Resources_PublishedNate Maguire
 
環境に優しく、低コストで高性能な, 知られていない水のテクノロジー / Environmentally Friendly, Low Cost, Less ...
環境に優しく、低コストで高性能な, 知られていない水のテクノロジー / Environmentally Friendly, Low Cost, Less ...環境に優しく、低コストで高性能な, 知られていない水のテクノロジー / Environmentally Friendly, Low Cost, Less ...
環境に優しく、低コストで高性能な, 知られていない水のテクノロジー / Environmentally Friendly, Low Cost, Less ...New Nature Paradigm Tech Analysis: Green, Sustainable, Collaborative
 
Zero Liquid Discharge
Zero Liquid DischargeZero Liquid Discharge
Zero Liquid DischargeAbhishek Raj
 
IRJET - Experimental Study on Wastewater Treatment using Bio Rock and Coffee ...
IRJET - Experimental Study on Wastewater Treatment using Bio Rock and Coffee ...IRJET - Experimental Study on Wastewater Treatment using Bio Rock and Coffee ...
IRJET - Experimental Study on Wastewater Treatment using Bio Rock and Coffee ...IRJET Journal
 
Removal of Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity by Actiflo Process using Micr...
Removal of Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity by Actiflo Process using Micr...Removal of Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity by Actiflo Process using Micr...
Removal of Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity by Actiflo Process using Micr...IRJET Journal
 
IRJET- Wastewater Treatment using Duckweed and Comparative Study of Cost ...
IRJET-  	  Wastewater Treatment using Duckweed and Comparative Study of Cost ...IRJET-  	  Wastewater Treatment using Duckweed and Comparative Study of Cost ...
IRJET- Wastewater Treatment using Duckweed and Comparative Study of Cost ...IRJET Journal
 

What's hot (20)

Mesin AOP / PLASMA
Mesin AOP / PLASMAMesin AOP / PLASMA
Mesin AOP / PLASMA
 
Technology of cleaning and destruction of a surface of semiconductor plates u...
Technology of cleaning and destruction of a surface of semiconductor plates u...Technology of cleaning and destruction of a surface of semiconductor plates u...
Technology of cleaning and destruction of a surface of semiconductor plates u...
 
EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint
EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint
EHOH 6614 PCE Powerpoint
 
Final ehoh ppt pce.apr 6 2014
Final ehoh ppt pce.apr 6 2014Final ehoh ppt pce.apr 6 2014
Final ehoh ppt pce.apr 6 2014
 
Presentation on Perchloroethylene and its Regulation: Colorado School of Publ...
Presentation on Perchloroethylene and its Regulation: Colorado School of Publ...Presentation on Perchloroethylene and its Regulation: Colorado School of Publ...
Presentation on Perchloroethylene and its Regulation: Colorado School of Publ...
 
The antimicrobial effectiveness of 25% propolis extract
The antimicrobial effectiveness of 25% propolis extractThe antimicrobial effectiveness of 25% propolis extract
The antimicrobial effectiveness of 25% propolis extract
 
Effluent treatment plants
Effluent treatment plantsEffluent treatment plants
Effluent treatment plants
 
Irrigation in endodontics
Irrigation in endodonticsIrrigation in endodontics
Irrigation in endodontics
 
E041013242
E041013242E041013242
E041013242
 
Dyes and Pigments Manufacturing Industrial Waste Water Treatment Methodology
Dyes and Pigments Manufacturing Industrial Waste Water  Treatment MethodologyDyes and Pigments Manufacturing Industrial Waste Water  Treatment Methodology
Dyes and Pigments Manufacturing Industrial Waste Water Treatment Methodology
 
IRJET- Removal of Acetaminophen from Waste Water using Low Cost Adsorbent
IRJET- Removal of Acetaminophen from Waste Water using Low Cost AdsorbentIRJET- Removal of Acetaminophen from Waste Water using Low Cost Adsorbent
IRJET- Removal of Acetaminophen from Waste Water using Low Cost Adsorbent
 
Final ehoh ppt.apr 6 2014
Final ehoh ppt.apr 6 2014Final ehoh ppt.apr 6 2014
Final ehoh ppt.apr 6 2014
 
Zero Liquid Discharge For Pulp and paper industries
Zero Liquid Discharge For Pulp and paper industriesZero Liquid Discharge For Pulp and paper industries
Zero Liquid Discharge For Pulp and paper industries
 
Recycling Earths Rapidly Shrinking Resources_Published
Recycling Earths Rapidly Shrinking Resources_PublishedRecycling Earths Rapidly Shrinking Resources_Published
Recycling Earths Rapidly Shrinking Resources_Published
 
環境に優しく、低コストで高性能な, 知られていない水のテクノロジー / Environmentally Friendly, Low Cost, Less ...
環境に優しく、低コストで高性能な, 知られていない水のテクノロジー / Environmentally Friendly, Low Cost, Less ...環境に優しく、低コストで高性能な, 知られていない水のテクノロジー / Environmentally Friendly, Low Cost, Less ...
環境に優しく、低コストで高性能な, 知られていない水のテクノロジー / Environmentally Friendly, Low Cost, Less ...
 
Zero Liquid Discharge
Zero Liquid DischargeZero Liquid Discharge
Zero Liquid Discharge
 
IRJET - Experimental Study on Wastewater Treatment using Bio Rock and Coffee ...
IRJET - Experimental Study on Wastewater Treatment using Bio Rock and Coffee ...IRJET - Experimental Study on Wastewater Treatment using Bio Rock and Coffee ...
IRJET - Experimental Study on Wastewater Treatment using Bio Rock and Coffee ...
 
Removal of Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity by Actiflo Process using Micr...
Removal of Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity by Actiflo Process using Micr...Removal of Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity by Actiflo Process using Micr...
Removal of Total Suspended Solids and Turbidity by Actiflo Process using Micr...
 
Plasma
PlasmaPlasma
Plasma
 
IRJET- Wastewater Treatment using Duckweed and Comparative Study of Cost ...
IRJET-  	  Wastewater Treatment using Duckweed and Comparative Study of Cost ...IRJET-  	  Wastewater Treatment using Duckweed and Comparative Study of Cost ...
IRJET- Wastewater Treatment using Duckweed and Comparative Study of Cost ...
 

Similar to Copy optimizing industrial wastewater treatment and management- november 2012- 23 sept [compatibility mode]

Zero Liquid Discharge Technology - UPL
Zero Liquid Discharge Technology - UPLZero Liquid Discharge Technology - UPL
Zero Liquid Discharge Technology - UPLprachishinde01
 
Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide NanoparticlesPurification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticlesijtsrd
 
Watch water Management
Watch water ManagementWatch water Management
Watch water ManagementMazyar Abrar
 
zero effluent discharge system
zero effluent discharge systemzero effluent discharge system
zero effluent discharge systemJhanvi Desai
 
Accounting Procedures For Problem Evaluation Essay
Accounting Procedures For Problem Evaluation EssayAccounting Procedures For Problem Evaluation Essay
Accounting Procedures For Problem Evaluation EssayMaria Polite
 
Zero liquid discharge
Zero liquid dischargeZero liquid discharge
Zero liquid dischargeTulsi Makwana
 
Analysis_of_treatment_plant_for_dyeing_i.pdf
Analysis_of_treatment_plant_for_dyeing_i.pdfAnalysis_of_treatment_plant_for_dyeing_i.pdf
Analysis_of_treatment_plant_for_dyeing_i.pdfSaravanaKumar686911
 
waste water treatment technologies
waste water treatment technologieswaste water treatment technologies
waste water treatment technologiesParth Naik
 
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006Adane Nega
 
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006Adane Nega
 
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006Adane Nega
 
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006Adane Nega
 
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006Adane Nega
 
Desalination and water reuse Norredine Ghaffour
Desalination and water reuse Norredine GhaffourDesalination and water reuse Norredine Ghaffour
Desalination and water reuse Norredine GhaffourWANA forum
 
1-s2.0-S0011916415003719-SJ
1-s2.0-S0011916415003719-SJ1-s2.0-S0011916415003719-SJ
1-s2.0-S0011916415003719-SJShahzad Jamil
 

Similar to Copy optimizing industrial wastewater treatment and management- november 2012- 23 sept [compatibility mode] (20)

Plasma Technology
Plasma TechnologyPlasma Technology
Plasma Technology
 
Zero Liquid Discharge Technology - UPL
Zero Liquid Discharge Technology - UPLZero Liquid Discharge Technology - UPL
Zero Liquid Discharge Technology - UPL
 
Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide NanoparticlesPurification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Purification of Wastewater by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
 
JETIR2201285.pdf
JETIR2201285.pdfJETIR2201285.pdf
JETIR2201285.pdf
 
L 1 introduction
L 1 introductionL 1 introduction
L 1 introduction
 
Watch water Management
Watch water ManagementWatch water Management
Watch water Management
 
zero effluent discharge system
zero effluent discharge systemzero effluent discharge system
zero effluent discharge system
 
Accounting Procedures For Problem Evaluation Essay
Accounting Procedures For Problem Evaluation EssayAccounting Procedures For Problem Evaluation Essay
Accounting Procedures For Problem Evaluation Essay
 
Zero liquid discharge
Zero liquid dischargeZero liquid discharge
Zero liquid discharge
 
Analysis_of_treatment_plant_for_dyeing_i.pdf
Analysis_of_treatment_plant_for_dyeing_i.pdfAnalysis_of_treatment_plant_for_dyeing_i.pdf
Analysis_of_treatment_plant_for_dyeing_i.pdf
 
waste water treatment technologies
waste water treatment technologieswaste water treatment technologies
waste water treatment technologies
 
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
 
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
 
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
 
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
 
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
Textile effluents dbt meeting 16.1.2006
 
Desalination and water reuse Norredine Ghaffour
Desalination and water reuse Norredine GhaffourDesalination and water reuse Norredine Ghaffour
Desalination and water reuse Norredine Ghaffour
 
Ijciet 06 09_002
Ijciet 06 09_002Ijciet 06 09_002
Ijciet 06 09_002
 
1-s2.0-S0011916415003719-SJ
1-s2.0-S0011916415003719-SJ1-s2.0-S0011916415003719-SJ
1-s2.0-S0011916415003719-SJ
 
Envirometal project
Envirometal projectEnvirometal project
Envirometal project
 

More from Helalley Helalley

Dr. Helaly updated 2015 C.V. 2016
Dr. Helaly updated 2015 C.V. 2016Dr. Helaly updated 2015 C.V. 2016
Dr. Helaly updated 2015 C.V. 2016Helalley Helalley
 
Towards effective industrial water reuse at alexandria city
Towards effective industrial water  reuse at alexandria  cityTowards effective industrial water  reuse at alexandria  city
Towards effective industrial water reuse at alexandria cityHelalley Helalley
 
Dr Helalley Abdelhady Helalley Biography
Dr Helalley Abdelhady Helalley  BiographyDr Helalley Abdelhady Helalley  Biography
Dr Helalley Abdelhady Helalley BiographyHelalley Helalley
 
Problems and risks of sanitation in abo qir february 2013
Problems and risks of sanitation in abo qir february 2013 Problems and risks of sanitation in abo qir february 2013
Problems and risks of sanitation in abo qir february 2013 Helalley Helalley
 
Proposed wastewater reuse project in alexandria
Proposed wastewater reuse project in alexandriaProposed wastewater reuse project in alexandria
Proposed wastewater reuse project in alexandriaHelalley Helalley
 
Industrial wastewater discharge and environment 17 jan 2014
Industrial wastewater discharge and environment 17 jan 2014Industrial wastewater discharge and environment 17 jan 2014
Industrial wastewater discharge and environment 17 jan 2014Helalley Helalley
 
A vision for future wastewater system of alexandria city= 21 22 june 2010
A vision for future wastewater system of alexandria city= 21 22 june 2010A vision for future wastewater system of alexandria city= 21 22 june 2010
A vision for future wastewater system of alexandria city= 21 22 june 2010Helalley Helalley
 
The use of treated wastewater and of sludge in forestration
The use of treated wastewater and of sludge in forestrationThe use of treated wastewater and of sludge in forestration
The use of treated wastewater and of sludge in forestrationHelalley Helalley
 
Problems and risks of sanitation in abo qir february 2013
Problems and risks of sanitation in abo qir february 2013 Problems and risks of sanitation in abo qir february 2013
Problems and risks of sanitation in abo qir february 2013 Helalley Helalley
 
Sludge treatment through composting prior to reuse – the alexandria experience
Sludge treatment through composting prior to reuse – the alexandria experienceSludge treatment through composting prior to reuse – the alexandria experience
Sludge treatment through composting prior to reuse – the alexandria experienceHelalley Helalley
 
Sludge treatment through composting prior to reuse – the alexandria experience
Sludge treatment through composting prior to reuse – the alexandria experienceSludge treatment through composting prior to reuse – the alexandria experience
Sludge treatment through composting prior to reuse – the alexandria experienceHelalley Helalley
 
The use of treated waste water and of sludge in forest ration practices
The use of treated waste water and of sludge in forest ration practices The use of treated waste water and of sludge in forest ration practices
The use of treated waste water and of sludge in forest ration practices Helalley Helalley
 
Paper a vision for future sludge management- paper 30 june 2010
Paper  a vision for future sludge management- paper 30 june 2010Paper  a vision for future sludge management- paper 30 june 2010
Paper a vision for future sludge management- paper 30 june 2010Helalley Helalley
 
Industrial wastewater discharge and environment 17 jan 2014
Industrial wastewater discharge and environment 17 jan 2014Industrial wastewater discharge and environment 17 jan 2014
Industrial wastewater discharge and environment 17 jan 2014Helalley Helalley
 
Paper clinical waste management
Paper   clinical waste managementPaper   clinical waste management
Paper clinical waste managementHelalley Helalley
 
Paper 3 using mixture of grit and mature compost as bulking agent- 15 jan 2012
Paper 3  using mixture of grit and mature compost as bulking agent- 15 jan 2012Paper 3  using mixture of grit and mature compost as bulking agent- 15 jan 2012
Paper 3 using mixture of grit and mature compost as bulking agent- 15 jan 2012Helalley Helalley
 
Abstract suggestions for applying grey and black water
Abstract suggestions for applying grey and black waterAbstract suggestions for applying grey and black water
Abstract suggestions for applying grey and black waterHelalley Helalley
 
A VISION FOR FUTURE SLUDGE MANAGEMENT IN ALEXANDRIA
A VISION FOR FUTURE SLUDGE MANAGEMENT IN ALEXANDRIAA VISION FOR FUTURE SLUDGE MANAGEMENT IN ALEXANDRIA
A VISION FOR FUTURE SLUDGE MANAGEMENT IN ALEXANDRIAHelalley Helalley
 

More from Helalley Helalley (20)

Dr. Helaly updated 2015 C.V. 2016
Dr. Helaly updated 2015 C.V. 2016Dr. Helaly updated 2015 C.V. 2016
Dr. Helaly updated 2015 C.V. 2016
 
Dr. Helaly cv2015
Dr. Helaly cv2015Dr. Helaly cv2015
Dr. Helaly cv2015
 
Towards effective industrial water reuse at alexandria city
Towards effective industrial water  reuse at alexandria  cityTowards effective industrial water  reuse at alexandria  city
Towards effective industrial water reuse at alexandria city
 
Dr Helalley Abdelhady Helalley Biography
Dr Helalley Abdelhady Helalley  BiographyDr Helalley Abdelhady Helalley  Biography
Dr Helalley Abdelhady Helalley Biography
 
Problems and risks of sanitation in abo qir february 2013
Problems and risks of sanitation in abo qir february 2013 Problems and risks of sanitation in abo qir february 2013
Problems and risks of sanitation in abo qir february 2013
 
Proposed wastewater reuse project in alexandria
Proposed wastewater reuse project in alexandriaProposed wastewater reuse project in alexandria
Proposed wastewater reuse project in alexandria
 
Industrial wastewater discharge and environment 17 jan 2014
Industrial wastewater discharge and environment 17 jan 2014Industrial wastewater discharge and environment 17 jan 2014
Industrial wastewater discharge and environment 17 jan 2014
 
A vision for future wastewater system of alexandria city= 21 22 june 2010
A vision for future wastewater system of alexandria city= 21 22 june 2010A vision for future wastewater system of alexandria city= 21 22 june 2010
A vision for future wastewater system of alexandria city= 21 22 june 2010
 
The use of treated wastewater and of sludge in forestration
The use of treated wastewater and of sludge in forestrationThe use of treated wastewater and of sludge in forestration
The use of treated wastewater and of sludge in forestration
 
Problems and risks of sanitation in abo qir february 2013
Problems and risks of sanitation in abo qir february 2013 Problems and risks of sanitation in abo qir february 2013
Problems and risks of sanitation in abo qir february 2013
 
Sludge treatment through composting prior to reuse – the alexandria experience
Sludge treatment through composting prior to reuse – the alexandria experienceSludge treatment through composting prior to reuse – the alexandria experience
Sludge treatment through composting prior to reuse – the alexandria experience
 
Helalley helalley
Helalley helalleyHelalley helalley
Helalley helalley
 
Sludge treatment through composting prior to reuse – the alexandria experience
Sludge treatment through composting prior to reuse – the alexandria experienceSludge treatment through composting prior to reuse – the alexandria experience
Sludge treatment through composting prior to reuse – the alexandria experience
 
The use of treated waste water and of sludge in forest ration practices
The use of treated waste water and of sludge in forest ration practices The use of treated waste water and of sludge in forest ration practices
The use of treated waste water and of sludge in forest ration practices
 
Paper a vision for future sludge management- paper 30 june 2010
Paper  a vision for future sludge management- paper 30 june 2010Paper  a vision for future sludge management- paper 30 june 2010
Paper a vision for future sludge management- paper 30 june 2010
 
Industrial wastewater discharge and environment 17 jan 2014
Industrial wastewater discharge and environment 17 jan 2014Industrial wastewater discharge and environment 17 jan 2014
Industrial wastewater discharge and environment 17 jan 2014
 
Paper clinical waste management
Paper   clinical waste managementPaper   clinical waste management
Paper clinical waste management
 
Paper 3 using mixture of grit and mature compost as bulking agent- 15 jan 2012
Paper 3  using mixture of grit and mature compost as bulking agent- 15 jan 2012Paper 3  using mixture of grit and mature compost as bulking agent- 15 jan 2012
Paper 3 using mixture of grit and mature compost as bulking agent- 15 jan 2012
 
Abstract suggestions for applying grey and black water
Abstract suggestions for applying grey and black waterAbstract suggestions for applying grey and black water
Abstract suggestions for applying grey and black water
 
A VISION FOR FUTURE SLUDGE MANAGEMENT IN ALEXANDRIA
A VISION FOR FUTURE SLUDGE MANAGEMENT IN ALEXANDRIAA VISION FOR FUTURE SLUDGE MANAGEMENT IN ALEXANDRIA
A VISION FOR FUTURE SLUDGE MANAGEMENT IN ALEXANDRIA
 

Recently uploaded

Best-NO1 Best Black Magic Specialist Near Me Spiritual Healer Powerful Love S...
Best-NO1 Best Black Magic Specialist Near Me Spiritual Healer Powerful Love S...Best-NO1 Best Black Magic Specialist Near Me Spiritual Healer Powerful Love S...
Best-NO1 Best Black Magic Specialist Near Me Spiritual Healer Powerful Love S...Amil baba
 
Capacity Building in oil palm trade and sustainability
Capacity Building in oil palm trade and sustainabilityCapacity Building in oil palm trade and sustainability
Capacity Building in oil palm trade and sustainabilityCIFOR-ICRAF
 
Incentive Scheme for Smallholders
Incentive Scheme for Smallholders Incentive Scheme for Smallholders
Incentive Scheme for Smallholders CIFOR-ICRAF
 
PBL Endangered and Vulnerable Species- Presentation.pptx
PBL Endangered and Vulnerable Species- Presentation.pptxPBL Endangered and Vulnerable Species- Presentation.pptx
PBL Endangered and Vulnerable Species- Presentation.pptxjabernethy
 
Exploring the snake evolution (wild's gravity).pdf
Exploring the snake evolution (wild's gravity).pdfExploring the snake evolution (wild's gravity).pdf
Exploring the snake evolution (wild's gravity).pdfdrsk203
 
The Dark Cloud of Global Air Pollution - Epcon
The Dark Cloud of Global Air Pollution - EpconThe Dark Cloud of Global Air Pollution - Epcon
The Dark Cloud of Global Air Pollution - EpconEpconLP
 
"Solid waste Fill Site Analysis: Proximities & Parameters"
"Solid waste Fill Site Analysis: Proximities & Parameters""Solid waste Fill Site Analysis: Proximities & Parameters"
"Solid waste Fill Site Analysis: Proximities & Parameters"KeerthireddyNussi
 
How Long Does It Take Jackfruit To Bear Fruit?
How Long Does It Take Jackfruit To Bear Fruit?How Long Does It Take Jackfruit To Bear Fruit?
How Long Does It Take Jackfruit To Bear Fruit?EvergladesFarm
 
Item 2.b The transformative effects of the Paris Agreement
Item 2.b The transformative effects of the Paris AgreementItem 2.b The transformative effects of the Paris Agreement
Item 2.b The transformative effects of the Paris AgreementOECD Environment
 
Monitoring songbirds' online market
Monitoring songbirds' online market Monitoring songbirds' online market
Monitoring songbirds' online market CIFOR-ICRAF
 
PPT TLE 7 and 8 Q3 AGRI CROP QUIZ 2.pptx
PPT TLE 7 and 8  Q3 AGRI CROP QUIZ 2.pptxPPT TLE 7 and 8  Q3 AGRI CROP QUIZ 2.pptx
PPT TLE 7 and 8 Q3 AGRI CROP QUIZ 2.pptxCrislynBaados
 
Green Giraffe Advisory: Offshore wind market today.pdf
Green Giraffe Advisory: Offshore wind market today.pdfGreen Giraffe Advisory: Offshore wind market today.pdf
Green Giraffe Advisory: Offshore wind market today.pdfOECD Environment
 
Supporting Farmer Transition to Produce Deforestation-Free Coffee
Supporting Farmer Transition to Produce Deforestation-Free CoffeeSupporting Farmer Transition to Produce Deforestation-Free Coffee
Supporting Farmer Transition to Produce Deforestation-Free CoffeeCIFOR-ICRAF
 
Ecosystem and their types ||Environmental Science||.pdf
Ecosystem and their types ||Environmental Science||.pdfEcosystem and their types ||Environmental Science||.pdf
Ecosystem and their types ||Environmental Science||.pdfMUKUL GAUR
 
4th Earthquake Drill Narraative Report.docx
4th Earthquake Drill Narraative Report.docx4th Earthquake Drill Narraative Report.docx
4th Earthquake Drill Narraative Report.docxJeneroseBaldoza
 
Narrative Report on 3rd NNational Simultaneous Earthquake Drill2023.docx
Narrative Report on 3rd NNational Simultaneous Earthquake Drill2023.docxNarrative Report on 3rd NNational Simultaneous Earthquake Drill2023.docx
Narrative Report on 3rd NNational Simultaneous Earthquake Drill2023.docxJeneroseBaldoza
 
Item 6. Revision and consolidation of energy-related legal instruments
Item 6. Revision and consolidation of energy-related legal instrumentsItem 6. Revision and consolidation of energy-related legal instruments
Item 6. Revision and consolidation of energy-related legal instrumentsOECD Environment
 
How do TOPCon Solar Cells/Solar Panel Work?
How do TOPCon Solar Cells/Solar Panel Work?How do TOPCon Solar Cells/Solar Panel Work?
How do TOPCon Solar Cells/Solar Panel Work?Bluebird Solar Pvt. Ltd.
 
Item 3. Developing EPOC’s PWB related to mitigation for 2025-26
Item 3. Developing EPOC’s PWB related to mitigation for 2025-26Item 3. Developing EPOC’s PWB related to mitigation for 2025-26
Item 3. Developing EPOC’s PWB related to mitigation for 2025-26OECD Environment
 
Item 8. Developing EPOC's PWB related to adaptation
Item 8. Developing EPOC's PWB related to adaptationItem 8. Developing EPOC's PWB related to adaptation
Item 8. Developing EPOC's PWB related to adaptationOECD Environment
 

Recently uploaded (20)

Best-NO1 Best Black Magic Specialist Near Me Spiritual Healer Powerful Love S...
Best-NO1 Best Black Magic Specialist Near Me Spiritual Healer Powerful Love S...Best-NO1 Best Black Magic Specialist Near Me Spiritual Healer Powerful Love S...
Best-NO1 Best Black Magic Specialist Near Me Spiritual Healer Powerful Love S...
 
Capacity Building in oil palm trade and sustainability
Capacity Building in oil palm trade and sustainabilityCapacity Building in oil palm trade and sustainability
Capacity Building in oil palm trade and sustainability
 
Incentive Scheme for Smallholders
Incentive Scheme for Smallholders Incentive Scheme for Smallholders
Incentive Scheme for Smallholders
 
PBL Endangered and Vulnerable Species- Presentation.pptx
PBL Endangered and Vulnerable Species- Presentation.pptxPBL Endangered and Vulnerable Species- Presentation.pptx
PBL Endangered and Vulnerable Species- Presentation.pptx
 
Exploring the snake evolution (wild's gravity).pdf
Exploring the snake evolution (wild's gravity).pdfExploring the snake evolution (wild's gravity).pdf
Exploring the snake evolution (wild's gravity).pdf
 
The Dark Cloud of Global Air Pollution - Epcon
The Dark Cloud of Global Air Pollution - EpconThe Dark Cloud of Global Air Pollution - Epcon
The Dark Cloud of Global Air Pollution - Epcon
 
"Solid waste Fill Site Analysis: Proximities & Parameters"
"Solid waste Fill Site Analysis: Proximities & Parameters""Solid waste Fill Site Analysis: Proximities & Parameters"
"Solid waste Fill Site Analysis: Proximities & Parameters"
 
How Long Does It Take Jackfruit To Bear Fruit?
How Long Does It Take Jackfruit To Bear Fruit?How Long Does It Take Jackfruit To Bear Fruit?
How Long Does It Take Jackfruit To Bear Fruit?
 
Item 2.b The transformative effects of the Paris Agreement
Item 2.b The transformative effects of the Paris AgreementItem 2.b The transformative effects of the Paris Agreement
Item 2.b The transformative effects of the Paris Agreement
 
Monitoring songbirds' online market
Monitoring songbirds' online market Monitoring songbirds' online market
Monitoring songbirds' online market
 
PPT TLE 7 and 8 Q3 AGRI CROP QUIZ 2.pptx
PPT TLE 7 and 8  Q3 AGRI CROP QUIZ 2.pptxPPT TLE 7 and 8  Q3 AGRI CROP QUIZ 2.pptx
PPT TLE 7 and 8 Q3 AGRI CROP QUIZ 2.pptx
 
Green Giraffe Advisory: Offshore wind market today.pdf
Green Giraffe Advisory: Offshore wind market today.pdfGreen Giraffe Advisory: Offshore wind market today.pdf
Green Giraffe Advisory: Offshore wind market today.pdf
 
Supporting Farmer Transition to Produce Deforestation-Free Coffee
Supporting Farmer Transition to Produce Deforestation-Free CoffeeSupporting Farmer Transition to Produce Deforestation-Free Coffee
Supporting Farmer Transition to Produce Deforestation-Free Coffee
 
Ecosystem and their types ||Environmental Science||.pdf
Ecosystem and their types ||Environmental Science||.pdfEcosystem and their types ||Environmental Science||.pdf
Ecosystem and their types ||Environmental Science||.pdf
 
4th Earthquake Drill Narraative Report.docx
4th Earthquake Drill Narraative Report.docx4th Earthquake Drill Narraative Report.docx
4th Earthquake Drill Narraative Report.docx
 
Narrative Report on 3rd NNational Simultaneous Earthquake Drill2023.docx
Narrative Report on 3rd NNational Simultaneous Earthquake Drill2023.docxNarrative Report on 3rd NNational Simultaneous Earthquake Drill2023.docx
Narrative Report on 3rd NNational Simultaneous Earthquake Drill2023.docx
 
Item 6. Revision and consolidation of energy-related legal instruments
Item 6. Revision and consolidation of energy-related legal instrumentsItem 6. Revision and consolidation of energy-related legal instruments
Item 6. Revision and consolidation of energy-related legal instruments
 
How do TOPCon Solar Cells/Solar Panel Work?
How do TOPCon Solar Cells/Solar Panel Work?How do TOPCon Solar Cells/Solar Panel Work?
How do TOPCon Solar Cells/Solar Panel Work?
 
Item 3. Developing EPOC’s PWB related to mitigation for 2025-26
Item 3. Developing EPOC’s PWB related to mitigation for 2025-26Item 3. Developing EPOC’s PWB related to mitigation for 2025-26
Item 3. Developing EPOC’s PWB related to mitigation for 2025-26
 
Item 8. Developing EPOC's PWB related to adaptation
Item 8. Developing EPOC's PWB related to adaptationItem 8. Developing EPOC's PWB related to adaptation
Item 8. Developing EPOC's PWB related to adaptation
 

Copy optimizing industrial wastewater treatment and management- november 2012- 23 sept [compatibility mode]

  • 1. ٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠ ١ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Helalley Abdel Hady Helalley Chief of Industrial wastewater, Sludge and Reuse Sector. Alexandria Sanitary Drainage Co. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutions for a sustainable environment Conference, 5-6 November 2012 ١ Industrial Wastewater The water or liquid carried waste from an industrial process These wastes may result from any process or activity of industry, manufacture, trade or business, from the development of any natural resource, or from animal operations such as feedlots, poultry houses, or dairies The term includes contaminated storm water and leachate from solid waste facilities Waste material (solid, gas or liquid) generated by a commercial, industrial or nonresidential activity. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 ٢ Advanced Cost Effective technology and practices to treat toxic wastewater pollutants. Dr. Sama MZ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 ٣ Advanced treatment processes are normally applied to industrial wastewater only, for removal of specific contaminants. Advanced treatment is commonly preceded by physicochemical coagulation and flocculation. Where a high quality effluent may be required for protection of public sewerage system containing sensitive biological treatment plants, wastewater reuse options and sludge used as fertilizer where the occurrence of toxic materials should not be present. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Advanced treatment steps may also be added to the conventional treatment plant. ٤ Dr. Sama MZ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Advanced Cost Effective technologies ٥ Some most frequently used treatment methods are gathered in Table 1. Many studies exist about the efficiency of single methods or in combination. As there is no unit specifically designed to remove these compounds, the elimination by most WWTPs seems to beinefficient (Castiglioni et al., 2006; Nakada et al., 2006; Castiglioni et al, 2006; Xu et al., 2007; Gulkowska et al., 2008). Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 ٦
  • 2. ٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠ ٢ Table 1. Advances treatment techniques Process Abbreviation (or unit) Powdered activated carbon PAC Granular activated carbon GAC Membranes MF, UF, NF, RO Membrane bioreactors MBR Chlorination (As Cl2) Ozonation (As O3) Advanced oxidation processes AOP Sonication US Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 ٧ 1. Membrane filtration technologies Membrane filtration can be broadly defined as a separation process that uses semi permeable membrane to divide the feed stream into two portions: a permeate that contains the material passing through the membranes, and a retentate consisting of the species being left behind. More specifically, membrane filtration can be further classified in terms of the size range of permeating species, the mechanisms of rejection, the driving forces employed, the chemical structure and composition of membranes, and the geometry of construction. The most important types of membrane filtration are pressure driven processes including microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO). Dr. Sama MZ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Advanced Cost Effective technologies ٨ 1.a. Ultrafiltration/Nanofiltration. Water is forced through semipermeable membranes that filter out very small particulates (ultrafiltration) and dissolved molecules (nanofiltration). A study of 52 EDC/PPCPs in modeled and natural waters found that nanofiltration exceeded ultrafiltration in EDC/PPCP removal. Nanotfiltration removal efficiencies were between 44-93%, except for naproxen (0% removal), while ultrafiltration removal was typically less than 40%. Nanofiltration retains these compounds on the membrane both through hydrophobic adsorption and size exclusion, while ultrafiltration retention is typically due to hydrophobic adsorption. However, these systems foul quickly when used on wastewater systems, and are reserved for use in drinking water treatment. These techniques are also highly effective for the removal of pathogens. Dr. Sama MZ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 ٩ 1.b. Reverse Osmosis. Reverse osmosis is a membrane separation technology used by industrial facilities for chemical recovery and water recycling. Reverse osmosis removes ionic salts and other molecules by selective filtration. It appears to be a viable treatment for removal of most EDCs/PPCPs in drinking water, except for neutral low molecular weight compounds. Reverse osmosis achieved >90% removal of natural steroid hormones in one study. A combination of reverse osmosis with nanofiltration can result in very efficient PPCP removal, including a wide range of pesticides, alkyl phthalates, and estrogens. Reverse osmosis and nanofiltration foul quickly in the treatment of wastewater, making them prohibitively expensive. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 ١٠ 2. Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC). Water is passed through a bed of activated carbon granules that adsorb contaminants. GAC has been shown to be very effective at removing many pharmaceuticals, except for clofibric acid. Competition with organic matter in WWTP effluent for sorption sites can reduce EDC and PPCP removal rates. EDC and PPCP removal depends on the solubility of the compounds – more soluble, polar compounds are not removed efficiently. Powdered activated carbon has greater efficiencies of removal for some pharmaceuticals, but is typically used in episodically to treat a specific situation. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 ١١ 3. Advanced oxidation technologies Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been broadly defined as near ambient temperature treatment processes based on highly reactive radicals, especially the hydroxyl radical (·OH), as the primary oxidant. The ·OH radical is among the strongest oxidizing species used in water and wastewater treatment and offers the potential to greatly accelerate the rates of contaminant oxidation. Dr. Sama MZ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 ١٢
  • 3. ٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠ ٣ AOPs can be broadly defined as redox methods which are based on the intermediacy ofreactive oxygen species, such as hydroxyl radicals, •OH, superoxide radical anions, O2 •-, and perhydroxyl radicals HO2 •, to convert harmful organic and inorganic pollutants found in air, water and soil to less hazardous compounds. The most widely used AOPs include ozonation, electrochemical oxidation, Fenton’s and photo-Fenton’s reagent, heterogeneous semiconductor photocatalysis, wet air oxidation, and sonolysis, among others2. A brief description of these technologies is given below. Dr. Sama MZ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 ١٣ a. Ozonation Is an attractive and a well established technology for wastewater reuse purposes. We studied the ozonation of pharmaceuticals in wastewater from the secondary clarifier of urban and domestic STPs by using alkaline ozone and a combination of ozone and hydrogen peroxide. Alkaline ozonation achieved only a moderate degree of mineralization essentially concentrated during the first few minutes; but the addition of hydrogen peroxide eventually led to a complete mineralization Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 ١٤ b. Electrodialysis Electrodialysis is a process in which dissolved colloidal species are exchanged between two liquids through selective semipermeable membranes (11). The technology applies a direct current across a series of alternating anion and cation exchange membranes to remove dissolved metal salts and other ionic constituents from solutions. By using the electrodialysis cell, facilities remove impurities from the process bath, extending its life. Facilities can treat the removed concentrate stream on-site, or haul it off-site for disposal, treatment, or metals reclamation. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 ١٥ c. Electrolytic Recovery Electrolytic recovery is an electrochemical process used to recover metal contaminants from many types of process solutions and rinses, such as electroplating rinse waters and baths. Electrolytic recovery removes metal ions from a waste stream by processing the stream in an electrolytic cell, which consists of a closely spaced anode and cathode. Equipment consists of one or more cells, a transfer pump, and a rectifier. Current is applied across the cell and metal cations are deposited on the cathodes. The waste stream is usually recirculated through the cell from a separate tank, such as a drag-out recovery rinse. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 ١٦ d. Ion Exchange (in-process) Ion exchange is a commonly used technology within MP&M facilities. In addition to water recycling and chemical recovery applications, ion exchange is used to soften or deionize raw water for process solutions. Figure 8-6 shows a typical ion-exchange system. Ion exchange is a reversible chemical reaction that exchanges ions in a feed stream for ions of like charge on the surface of an ion-exchange resin. Resins are broadly divided into cationic or anionic types. Typical cation resins exchange H+ for other cations, while anion resins exchange OH-for other anions (10). Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 ١٧ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Polishing Technologies ١٨
  • 4. ٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠ ٤ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Polishing Technologies Polishing systems remove small amounts of pollutants that may remain in the effluent after treatment using technologies such as chemical precipitation and gravity clarification. These systems also can act as a temporary measure to prevent pollutant discharge should the primary solids removal system fail due to a process upset or catastrophic event. The following are descriptions of end-of-pipe polishing technologies that are applicable to industrial facilities. ١٩ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 1. Multimedia Filtration Sand filtration and multimedia filtration systems typically remove small amounts of suspended solids (metal precipitates) entrained in effluent from gravity clarifiers. Sand and multimedia polishing filters usually are designed to remove 90 percent or greater of all filterable suspended solids 20 microns or larger at a maximum influent concentration of 40 mg/L. Wastewater is pumped from a holding tank through the filter. The principal design factor for the filter is the hydraulic loading. Typical hydraulic loadings range between 4 and 5 gpm/ft2 (9). Sand and multimedia filters are cleaned by backwashing with clean water. Backwashing is timed to prevent breakthrough of the suspended solids into the effluent. Figure 8-16 shows a diagram of a multimedia filtration system. ٢٠ 2. Activated Carbon Adsorption Activated carbon adsorption is a common method of removing organic contaminants from electroplating baths. Process solution flows through a filter where the carbon adsorbs organic impurities that result from the breakdown of bath constituents. Carbon adsorption can be either a continuous or batch operation, depending on the site’s preference. Carbon treatment is most commonly applied to nickel, copper, zinc, and cadmium electroplating baths but also can be used to remove organic contaminants from paint curtains. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 ٢١ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 3. Reverse Osmosis Reverse osmosis is a membrane separation technology used by industrial facilities as an in-process step or as an end-of-pipe treatment. In an end-of-pipe application, reverse osmosis typically recycles water and reduces discharge volume rather than recovers chemicals. The effluent from a conventional treatment system generally has a TDS concentration unacceptable for most rinsing operations, and cannot be recycled. Reverse osmosis with or without some pretreatment can replace TDS concentrations, and the resulting effluent stream can be used for most rinsing operations. ٢٢ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 4. Ion Exchange Ion exchange is both an in-process metals recovery and recycle and end-of- pipe polishing technology. This technology generally uses cation resins to remove metals but sometimes uses both cation and anion columns. The regenerant from end- of-pipe ion exchange is not usually amenable to metals recovery as it typically contains multiple metals at low concentrations. ٢٣ Choosing the right technology for the industry to meet discharge limits of the local sewer. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 ٢٤
  • 5. ٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠ ٥ Regulations Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 ٢٥ Many industries discharge to a sanitary sewer that goes to a municipal treatment plant Industrial discharges regulated by authority operating the municipal treatment plant and Industry may be required to obtain a discharge permit or authorization, depending on type of waste . Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 ٢٦ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. EPA considers a number of different sub categorization factors during an effluent guidelines rulemaking, including the following: Manufacturing products and processes. Raw materials. Wastewatercharacteristics. Facility size. Geographical location. Age of facility and equipment. Wastewatertreatability. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٢٧ Discharge limits of the local sewer. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٢٨ Egyptian Regulations of disposal of industrial effluent to public sewers. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٢٩ Technology Selection for industries to meet limits of discharge of the local sewer. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٣٠
  • 6. ٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠ ٦ - Average, or typical, efficiency and performance of the technology. - Reliability of the technology. The process should, preferably, be stable and resilient against shock loading, i.e. it should be able to continue operation and to produce an acceptable effluent under unusual conditions. - Institutional manageability. - Financial sustainability. The lower the financial costs, the more attractive the technology. - Application in reuse schemes. Resource recovery contributes to environmental as well as to financial sustainability. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. The general criteria for technology selection comprise: Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٣١ Technology selection eventually depends upon industrial wastewater characteristics and on the treatment objectives as translated into desired effluent quality. Also the type of wastewater treatment technology selects depends on the manufacturing operations generating the wastewater. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٣٢ The best available technology The best available technology is generally accessible technology, which is the most effective in preventing or minimizing pollution emissions. It can also refer to the most recent treatment technology available. Assessing whether a certain technology is the best available requires comparative technical assessment of the different treatment processes, their facilities and their methods of operation which have been recently and successfully applied for a prolonged period of time, at full scale. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٣٣ Considerations to be taken into account when determining best available techniques should bear in mind the likely costs and benefits of a measure and the principles of precaution and prevention. For instance, consideration should be taken of: a. the use of low-waste technology b. the use of less hazardous substances; c. furthering recovery and recycling of substances and waste (where appropriate) generated and used in the process; d. comparable processes, facilities or methods of operation which have been tried with success on an industrial scale; e. technological advances and changes in scientific knowledge and understanding; Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٣٤ f. the nature, effects and volume of the emissions concerned; g. the commissioning dates for new or existing installations; h. the length of time needed to introduce the best available technique; i. the consumption and nature of raw materials (including water) used in the process and their energy efficiency; j. the need to prevent or reduce to a minimum the overall impact of the emissions on the environment and k. the risks to it; l. the need to prevent accidents and to minimize the consequences for the environment. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٣٥ Criteria that influence selection of the wastewater treatment process: •Reliability •Resistance to hydraulic shocks •Resistance to organic loading shocks •Coordination with local climate •Coordination with local facilities •Flexibility in operation •Simple in operation and maintenance •Capital cost •Land requirement •Operation and maintenance cost •Sludge disposal cost •Reach to treatment degree requirement •Odor generation •Risk •Amount of sludge generation •Environment impacts Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٣٦
  • 7. ٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠ ٧ Introduction to Process Selection The purpose of process analysis is to select the most suitable unit operations and processes and the optimum operational criteria. Important Factors in Process Selection The first factor, ‘process applicability,’ stands out above all others and reflects directly upon the skill and experience of the design engineer. Available resources include performance data from operating installations, published information in technical journals, manuals of practice published by the Water Environment Federation, process design manuals published by EPA, and the results of pilot- plant studies. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٣٧ Important factors that must be considered when evaluating and selecting unit operations and processes Factor Comment 1.Process applicability The applicability of a process is evaluated on the basis of past experience, data from full-scale plants, published data, and from pilot-plant studies. If new or unusual conditions are encountered, pilot-plant studies are essential. 2.Applicable flow range The process should be matched to the expected range of flowrate. For example, stabilization ponds are not suitable for extremely large flowrates in highly populated areas. 3.Applicable flow variation Most unit operations and processes have to be designed to operate over a wide range of flowrates. Most processes work best at a relatively constant flowrate. If the flow variation is too great, flow equalization may be necessary. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٣٨ 4.Influent wastewater characteristics The characteristics of the influent wastewater affect the types of processes to be used (e.g.,chemical or biological) and the requirements for their proper operation. 5.Inhibiting and unaffected constituents What constituents are present and may be inhibitory to the treatment processes? What constituents are not affected during treatment? 6.Climatic constraints Temperature affects the rate of reaction of most chemical and biological processes. Temperature may also affect the physical operation of the facilities. Temperatures may accelerate odor generation and also limit atmospheric dispersion. 7.Process sizing based on reaction kinetics or process loading criteria Reactor sizing is based on the governing reaction kinetics and kinetic coefficients. If kinetic expressions are not available, process loading criteria are used. Data for kinetic expressions and process loading criteria usually are derived from experience, published literature, and the results of pilot-plant studies Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٣٩ 8.Process sizing based on mass transfer rates or process loading criteria Reactor sizing is based on mass transfer coefficients, If mass transfer rates are not available, process loading criteria are used. Data for mass transfer coefficients and process loading criteria usually are derived from experience, published literature, and the results of pilot-plant studies. 9.Performance Performance is usually measured in terms of effluent quality and its variability, which must be consistent with the effluent discharge requirements 10.Treatment residuals The types and amounts of solid, liquid, and gaseous residuals produced must be known or estimated. Often, pilot-plant studies are used to identify and quantify residuals. 11.Sludge processing Are there any constraints that would make sludge processing and disposal infeasible or expensive? How might recycle loads from sludge processing affect the liquid unit operation or processes? The selection of the sludge processing system should go hand in hand with the selection of the liquid treatment system Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٤٠ 12.Environmental constraints Environment factors, such as prevailing wind directions and proximity to residential areas, may restrict or affect the use of certain processes, especially where odors may be produced. Noise and traffic may affect selection of a plant site. Receiving waters may have special limitations, requiring the removal of specific constituents such as nutrients. 13.Chemical requirements What resources and what amounts must be committed for a long period of time for the successful operation of the unit operation or process? What effects might the addition of chemicals have on the characteristics of the treatment residuals and the cost of treatment? 14.Energy requirements The energy requirements, as well as probable future energy cost, must be known if cost-effective treatment systems are to be designed. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٤١ The best way for Industry to control and treat wastes is subject to Best Management Practices (BMPs) .BMPs Goal is to prevent or reduce the discharge of pollutants to public seawares where Industry can look at: overall processes Scheduling of activities Prohibitions of practices Maintenance procedures Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٤٢
  • 8. ٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠ ٨ Preferable technologies Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٤٣ 1. Zero Exhaust Technology Zero waste is an integrated system approach that aims to eliminate rather than only manage waste. By encouraging waste diversion from landfill and incineration, it is a guiding design philosophy for eliminating waste at source and at all points down the supply chain. It rejects the current one-way linear resource use and disposal culture in favour of a closed-loop system modelled on strategies found in nature. Therefore, the zero emission approach represents a shift from the traditional industrial model in which wastes are considered as the norm, to integrated systems in which everything has its use. It advocates an industrial transformation whereby businesses minimise the load they impose on the natural resource base and learn to do more with what the Earth produces. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٤٤ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Zero waste is an Targeting the whole system means striving for: · Zero waste of resources: Energy, Materials, Human; · Zero emissions: Air, Soil, Water; · Zero waste in activities: Administration, Production; · Zero waste in product life: Transportation, Use, End of Life; and · Zero use of toxics: Processes and Products. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٤٥ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. The zero waste approach envisions all industrial inputs being used in final products and product service systems or converted into value-added inputs for other industries or processes. In this way, industries will be organized in clusters in order that each industry's by-products are fully matched with the input requirements of another industry. Finally, the integrated whole system produces no waste. From an environmental perspective, the elimination of waste represents the ultimate solution to pollution problems that threaten ecosystems at global, national and local levels. In addition, full use of raw materials, accompanied by a shift towards renewable sources, means that utilization of the Earth's resources can be brought back to sustainable levels. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٤٦ 2. Clean Production Technology ‘Cleaner Production is the continuous application of an integrated preventive environmental strategy to processes, products, and services to increase overall efficiency, and reduce risks to humans and the environment. Cleaner Production can be applied to the processes used in any industry, to products themselves and to various services provided in society. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٤٧ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ 2. Clean Production Technology Cleaner Production results from one or a combination of conserving raw materials, water and energy; eliminating toxic and dangerous raw materials; and reducing the quantity and toxicity of all emissions and wastes at source during the production process. Cleaner Production aims to reduce the environmental, health and safety impacts of products over their entire life cycles, from raw materials extraction, through manufacturing and use, to the 'ultimate‘ disposal of the product. Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٤٨
  • 9. ٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠ ٩ Where practical, waste should be minimized (using cleaner production protocols and recycling techniques to a maximum practical extent) before consideration is given to allowing any discharge into the environment/disposal in the most environmentally acceptable manner. Some waste may require disposal at an authorized disposal site. Some of the benefits for adopting cleaner production practices include a reduction in expenditure for packaging, energy, waste treatment or disposal, water and materials, increased employee environmental awareness and an improved public perception of the business. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٤٩ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. All the previous techniques leads to sustainability Sustainability has been defined as the goal of sustainable development, which is ‘types of economic and social development that protect and enhance the natural environment and social equity’ (Diesendorf 2000: 23). Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٥٠ pH neutralization Temp regulations Solids separation Toxic metal removal Oil and grease Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology Pretreatment technologies of Industrial Wastewater ٥١ Conventional technologies of Industrial Wastewater Treatment Treatment needed will depend on the type and concentration of pollutants in the wastewater Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Choosing the right technology ٥٢ Using environment-friendly technology to minimize the amount and toxicity of the industrial waste generated. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Environment-friendly technology ٥٣ The suitable environment-friendly technology selection to minimize the amount and toxicity of the industrial waste generated depends on the manufacturing operations generating the wastewater and the industrial waste water quality . Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Environment-friendly technology ٥٤
  • 10. ٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠ ١٠ A logical waste management hierarchy would be based on the principal that pollution should be prevented or reduced at the source wherever feasible, while pollutants that cannot be prevented should be recycled in an environmentally safe manner. In the absence of feasible prevention or recycling opportunities, pollution should be treated. Disposal or other release into the environment should be used as a last resort. WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Environment-friendly technology ٥٥ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Waste Water hierarchy Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Environment-friendly technology ٥٦ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Recent and Preferable friendly options the most economical, feasible and environmental sound for industries minimizing toxicity of the industrial waste Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Environment-friendly technology ٥٧ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. The pollution prevention practices and wastewater treatment technologies are used to prevent the generation of wastewater pollutants and reduce the discharge of wastewater pollutants . 1. Pollution prevention Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Environment-friendly technology ٥٨ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Pollution Prevention is generally defined as any in-plant process that reduces, avoids, or eliminates the use of toxic materials and/or the generation of pollutants and wastes so as to reduce risks to human health and the environment and to preserve natural resources through greater efficiency and conservation. The goal of pollution prevention is to minimize environmental risks by reducing or eliminating the source of risk (rather than reactively through treatment and disposal of wastes generated). There are significant opportunities for industry to reduce or prevent pollution at the source through cost-effective changes in production, operation, and raw materials use. The opportunities for source reduction are not often realized because existing environmental regulations, and the industrial resources they require for compliance focus upon treatment and disposal, rather than source reduction. Source reduction is different and more desirable than waste management and pollution control. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Environment-friendly technology ٥٩ pollution prevention measures include the following: a. Training and Supervision Training and supervision ensure that employees are aware of, understand, and support the company’s pollution prevention goals. Effective training programs translate these goals into practical information that enables employees to minimize waste generation by properly and efficiently using tools, supplies, equipment, and materials. b. Production Planning Production planning can minimize the number of process operation steps and eliminate unnecessary procedures (e.g., production planning can eliminate additional cleaning steps between process operations). Environment-friendly technology Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 ˿˹
  • 11. ٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠ ١١ c. Process or Equipment Modification Facilities can modify processes and equipment to minimize the amount of waste generated (e.g., changing rack configuration to reduce drag-out). d. Raw Material and Product Substitution or Elimination Where possible, facilities should replace toxic or hazardous raw materials or products with other materials that produce less waste and less toxic waste (e.g., replacing chromium-bearing solutions with non-chromium-bearing and less toxic solutions, or consolidating types of cleaning solutions and machining coolants). e. Loss Prevention and Housekeeping Loss prevention and housekeeping includes performing preventive maintenance and managing equipment and materials to minimize leaks, spills, evaporative losses, and other releases (e.g., inspecting the integrity of tanks on a regular basis; using chemical analyses instead of elapsed time or number of parts processed as the basis for disposal of a solution). Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Environment-friendly technology ٦١ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. f. Waste Segregation and Separation Facilities should avoid mixing different types of wastes or mixing hazardous wastes with nonhazardous wastes. Similarly, facilities should not mix recyclable materials with noncompatible materials or wastes. For example, facilities can segregate scrap metal by metal type, separate cyanide-bearing wastewater for preliminary treatment, and segregate coolants for recycling or treatment. g. Closed-Loop Recycling Facilities can recover and reuse some process streams. For example, some facilities can use ion exchange to recover metal from electroplating rinse water, reuse the rinse water, and reuse the regenerant solution as process solution make-up. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Environment-friendly technology ٦٢ The most desirable option of the hierarchy and the most effective way to reduce risk is through source reduction. Source reduction is defined as any method that reduces or eliminates the source of pollution entirely. This includes any practice that: . Reduces the amount of hazardous substances, pollutants, or contaminants entering a waste stream or otherwise released into the environment prior to recycling, treatment, or disposal; and . Reduces hazards to public health and the environment associated with the release of such substances, pollutants, or contaminants. 2. Source Reduction Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ The term source reduction includes equipment or technology modifications, process or procedure modifications, reformulation or redesign of products, substitution of raw materials, and improvements in housekeeping, maintenance, training, or inventory control. Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Environment-friendly technology ٦٣ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Environment-friendly technology ٦٤ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Environment-friendly technology 3. 4. 5. ٦٥ Improving chemical wastewater treatment plant efficiency and environmental compliance. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 ٦٦
  • 12. ٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠ ١٢ Role Of Chemical Unit Processes In Wastewater Treatment Application of Chemical Unit Processes Currently the most important applications of chemical unit processes in wastewater treatment are for: (1) the disinfection of wastewater, (2) the precipitation of phosphorus, (3) the coagulation of particulate matter, (4)oxidation and reduction of industrial pollutants. Chemical Unit Processes Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment ٦٧ Applications of chemical unit process in wastewater treatment Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 ٦٨ Fundamentals Of Chemical Coagulation Colloidal particles found in wastewater typically have a net negative surface charge. The size of colloids (about 0.01 to 1μm and is such that the attractive body forces between particles are considerably less than the repelling forces of the electrical charge. Under these stable conditions, Brownian motion keeps the particles in suspension. Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 ٦٩ Coagulation is the process of destabilizing colloidal particles so that particle growth can occur as a result of particle collisions. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management.٧٠ Chemical Precipitation For Improved Plant Performance Chemical precipitation, as noted previously, involves the addition of chemicals to alter the physical state of dissolved and suspended solids and facilitate their removal by sedimentation. Since about 1970, the need to provide more complete removal of the organic compounds and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) contained in wastewater has brought about renewed interest in chemical precipitation Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management.٧١ Chemical Precipitation For Improved Plant Performance In current practice, chemical precipitation is used (1) as a means of improving the performance of primary settling facilities, (2) as a basic step in the independent physical-chemical treatment of wastewater, (3) for the removal of phosphorus, and (4) for the removal of heavy metals. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management.٧٢
  • 13. ٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠ ١٣ Alum. The insoluble aluminum hydroxide is a gelatinous floc that settles slowly through the wastewater, sweeping out suspended material and producing other changes. The reaction is exactly analogous when magnesium bicarbonate is substituted for the calcium salt. If less than this amount of alkalinity is available, it must be added. Lime is commonly used for this purpose when necessary, but it is seldom required in the treatment of wastewater. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management.٧٣ Lime. Much more lime is generally required when it is used alone than when sulfate of iron is also used where industrial wastes introduce mineral acids or acid salts into the wastewater. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management.٧٤ Enhanced Removal of Suspended Solids in Primary Sedimentation With chemical precipitation, it is possible to remove 80 to 90 percent of the total suspended solids (TSS) including some colloidal particles, 50 to 80 percent of the BOD, and 80 to 90 percent of the bacteria. Comparable removal values for well-designed and well-operated primary sedimentation tanks without the addition of chemicals are 50 to 70 percent of the TSS, 25 to 40 percent of the BOD, and 25 to 75 percent of the bacteria. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment ٧٥ Independent Physical-Chemical Treatment In some localities, industrial wastes have rendered municipal wastewater difficult to treat by biological means. In such situations, physical-chemical treatment may be an alternative approach. This method of treatment has met with limited success because of its lack of consistency in meeting discharge requirements, high costs for chemicals, handling and disposal of the great volumes of sludge resulting from the addition of chemicals, and numerous operating problems. Because of these reasons, new applications of physical-chemical treatment for municipal wastewater are rare. Physical-chemical treatment is used more extensively for the treatment of industrial wastewater. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management.٧٦ The filter is shown as optional, but its use is recommended to reduce the blinding and headloss buildup in the carbon columns. The handling and disposal of the sludge resulting from chemical precipitation is one of the greatest difficulties associated with chemical treatment. Sludge is produced in great volume from most chemical precipitation operations, often reaching 0.5 percent of the volume of wastewater treated when lime is used. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management.٧٧ Typical flow diagram of an independent physical- chemical treatment plant Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management.٧٨
  • 14. ٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠ ١٤ Comparison of Chemical Phosphorus Removal Processes Table: Advantages and disadvantages of chemical addition in various sections of a treatment plant for phosphorus removal Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management.٧٩ Chemical Precipitation For Removal Of Heavy Metals And Dissolved Inorganic Substances The technologies available for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater include chemical precipitation, carbon adsorption, ion exchange, and reverse osmosis. Of these technologies, chemical precipitation is most commonly employed for most of the metals. Common precipitants include hydroxide (OH) and sulfide (S2-). Carbonate (CO3 2-) has also been used in some special cases. Metal may be removed separately or co precipitated with phosphorus. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management.٨٠ Precipitation Reactions Metals of interest include arsenic (As), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn). In wastewater treatment facilities, metals are precipitated most commonly as metal hydroxides through the addition of lime or caustic to a pH of minimum solubility. In practice, the minimum achievable residual metal concentrations will also depend on the nature and concentration of the organic matter in the wastewater as well as the temperature. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management.٨١ Table Solubility products for free metal ion concentrations in equilibrium with hydroxides and sulfides Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management.٨٢ Table Practical effluent concentration levels achievable in heavy metals removal by precipitation Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management.٨٣ Chemical Oxidation Chemical oxidation in wastewater treatment typically involves the use of oxidizing agents such as ozone (O3), hydrogen peroxide (H202), permanganate (MnO4), chloride dioxide (ClO2), chlorine (C12) or (HOC1), and oxygen (O2) Advanced oxidation process (AOPs) in which the free hydroxyl radical (HO.) is used as a strong oxidant to destroy specific organic constituents and compounds that cannot be oxidized by conventional oxidants such as ozone and chlorine are discussed in later chapters. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management.٨٤
  • 15. ٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠ ١٥ Oxidation-Reduction Reactions. While an oxidizing agent causes the oxidation to occur, it is reduced in the process. Half-Reaction Potentials. Of the many properties that can be used to characterize oxidation-reduction reactions, the electrical potential (i.e., voltage) or emf of the half reaction is used most commonly. The half-reaction potential is a measure of the tendency of a reaction to proceed to the right. Half reactions with large positive potential, E。, tend to proceed to the right as written. Conversely, half reactions with large negative potential, E。, tend to proceed to the left. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management.٨٥ Table Standard electrode potentials for oxidation half reactions for chemical disinfection Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management.٨٦ Table Typical applicationsof chemical oxidation in wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management.٨٧ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Preliminary Treatment of industrial Wastewater Streams Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Preliminary treatment systems reduce pollutant loadings in segregated waste streams prior to combined end-of-pipe treatment. Wastewater containing pollutants such as Pollution Prevention and Wastewater Treatment Technologies cyanide, hexavalent chromium, oil and grease, or chelated metals may not be treated effectively by chemical precipitation and gravity settling without preliminary treatment. Proper segregation and treatment of these streams is critical for the successful treatment of process wastewater. Highly concentrated metal-bearing wastewater also may require pretreatment to reduce metal concentrations before end-of-pipe treatment. This subsection describes the following wastewater streams that typically undergo •Chromium-bearing wastewater; • Concentrated metal-bearing wastewater; •Cyanide-bearing wastewater; • Chelated metal-bearing wastewater; and • Oil-bearing wastewater Improving chemical wastewater treatment ٨٨ Chemical treatment Consists of using some chemical reaction or reactions to improve the water quality. Probably the most commonly used chemical process is chlorination. Chlorine, a strong oxidizing chemical, is used to kill bacteria and to slow down the rate of decomposition of the wastewater. Bacterial kill is achieved when vital biological processes are affected by the chlorine. Another strong oxidizing agent that has also been used as an oxidizing commonly disinfectant is ozone. A chemical process used in many industrial wastewater treatment operations is neutralization. Neutralization consists of the addition of acid or base to adjust pH levels back to neutrality. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment ٨٩ Since lime is a base it is sometimes used in the neutralization of acid wastes. Coagulation consists of the addition of a chemical that, through a chemical reaction, forms an insoluble end product that serves to remove substances from the wastewater. Polyvalent metals are commonly used as coagulating chemicals in wastewater treatment and typical coagulants would include lime (that can also be used in neutralization), certain iron containing compounds (such as ferric chloride or ferric sulfate) and alum (aluminum sulfate). Certain processes may actually be physical and chemical in nature. The use of activated carbon to "adsorb" or remove organics, for example, involves both chemical and physical processes. Processes such as ion exchange, which involves exchanging certain ions for others, are not used to any great extent in wastewater treatment. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment ٩٠
  • 16. ٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠ ١٦ Chemical Precipitation Chemical precipitation is a treatment technology in which chemicals (e.g., sulfides, hydroxides, and carbonates) react with organic and inorganic pollutants present in wastewater to form insoluble precipitates. This separation treatment technology is generally carried out in the following four phases: 1. Addition of the chemical to the wastewater; 2. Rapid (flash) mixing to distribute the chemical homogeneously throughout the wastewater; 3. Slow mixing to encourage flocculation (formation of the insoluble solid precipitate); and 4. Filtration, settling, or decanting to remove the flocculated solid particles. These four steps can be performed at ambient conditions and are well suited to automatic control. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment ٩١ Chemical precipitation is a highly reliable technology when properly monitored and controlled. The effectiveness of this technology depends on the types of equipment used and numerous operating factors, such as the characteristics of the raw wastewater, types of treatment reagents used, and operating pH. In some cases, subtle changes in operating factors (e.g., varying the pH, altering chemical dosage, or extending the process reaction time) may sufficiently improve the system’s efficiency. In other cases, modifications to the treatment system are necessary. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment ٩٢ Hydrolysis Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which organic constituents react with water and break into smaller (and less toxic) compounds. Basically, hydrolysis is a destructive technology in which the original molecule forms two or more new molecules. In some cases, the reaction continues and other products are formed. Because some pesticide active ingredients react through this mechanism, hydrolysis can be an effective treatment technology for PFPR wastewater. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment ٩٣ The primary design parameter considered for hydrolysis is the half-life, which is the time required to react 50% of the original compound. The half-life of a reaction generally depends on the reaction pH and temperature and the reactant molecule (e.g., the pesticide active ingredient). Hydrolysis reactions can be catalyzed at low pH, high pH, or both, depending on the reactant molecule. In general, increasing the temperature increases the rate of hydrolysis. Identifying the best conditions for the hydrolysis reaction results in a shorter half-life, thereby reducing both the size of the reaction vessel required and the treatment time required. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment ٩٤ coagulation Is an important operation in removing colloidal solids. In wastewater treatment, chemical such as lime, ferric salts and commercial alum are used as coagulants. This process removes suspended solids ( 60-80% ), BOD ( 50-70% ) phosphorus ( over 90%) and heavy metal ( over 80%) Chemical clarification of wastewater can be combined with the activated carbon adsorption process to provide complete physical – chemical wastewater treatment. the use of chemical clarification has restricted application in developing countries because of its constant requirement of consumable chemical and consequent higher running costs. Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Improving chemical wastewater treatment ٩٥ Advanced chemical processes Ion exchange- although both natural and synthetic ion exchange resins are available, synthetic resins are used more widely because of their durability. Some natural zeolites (resins) are also used for the removal of ammonia from wastewater. 1. Ion Exchange Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Improving chemical wastewater treatment ٩٦
  • 17. ٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠ ١٧ 2. Electrochemical treatment Wastewater is mixed with seawater and is passed into a single cell containing carbon electrodes. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Dr. Sama MZ Improving chemical wastewater treatment ٩٧ 3. Electro dialysis Ionic components of a solutions are separated through the use of semi permeable ion-selective membranes. If the electrical potential is applied between the two electrodes, which in turn causes a migration of cations toward the negative electrode and migration of anions towards the positive electrode. Due to the alternate spacing of cation and anion permeable membranes, cells of concentrated and dilute salts are formed. Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Improving chemical wastewater treatment ٩٨ . Principle of simple electrodialysis process. Diagram shows the membrane configuration with alternating cation-selective (1)and anion-selective (2) membranes between two electrodes ((3) and (4)), one at each end of the stack. Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Improving chemical wastewater treatment ٩٩ 4. Oxidation and reduction Oxidation - Chemical oxidation is used to remove ammonia, to reduce the concentration of residual organics and to reduce bacterial and viral contents of wastewater. At present on of the few process for the removal of ammonical nitrogen , found operationally dependable , is chlorination. Ammonia can be removed chemically by adding chlorine or hypochlorite to form monochloramine and dichloramine as intermediate products and nitrogen gas and hydrochloric acid as end products. Problem associate with this method is the presence of various organic and inorganic compounds that will exert chlorine demand. Chemical oxidation of organic material in wastewater. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Dr. Sama MZ Improving chemical wastewater treatment ١٠٠ 5. Reduction Nitrates present in wastewater can be reduced electrolytically or by using strong reducing agents( e.g. ferrous oxide). The reaction must usually catalyzed while using reducing agents. The two step processes using different reducing agents and catalysts are limited by the availability of chemicals at low cost, and the fact that the treated effluent and waste sludge may contain toxic compounds derived from the chemicals used for catalyzing various reactions. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Dr. Sama MZ Improving chemical wastewater treatment ١٠١ Optimization of Existing Chemical Precipitation Treatment System Facilities can optimize the performance of an existing chemical precipitation and clarification system using a variety of techniques such as adding equalization prior to treatment, conducting jar testing to optimize treatment chemistry, upgrading control systems, and providing operator training. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment ١٠٢
  • 18. ٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠ ١٨ 1. Equalization Equalization is simply the damping of flow and concentration variations to achieve a constant or nearly constant wastewater treatment system loading (8). Equalization improves treatment performance by providing a uniform hydraulic loading to clarification equipment, and by damping mass loadings, which improves chemical feed control and process reliability. MP&M facilities implement equalization by placing a large collection tank ahead of the treatment system. All process water and rinse water entering this tank are mixed mechanically and then pumped or allowed to gravity flow to the treatment system at a constant rate. The size (volume) of the tank depends on the facility flow variations throughout the day. Operating data collected during MP&M sampling episodes indicate hydraulic residence times for equalization tanks average 4 to 6 hours. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment ١٠٣ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. 2. Jar Testing The purpose of jar testing is to optimize treatment pH, flocculent type and dosage, the need for co precipitants such as iron or polymers , and solids removal characteristics. Facilities should conduct jar testing on a sample of their actual wastewater to provide reliable information. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment ١٠٤ 3. Control System Upgrades Typical treatment system controls at MP&M facilities includes pH and ORP controllers on alkaline chlorination systems for cyanide destruction, pH controllers on chemical precipitation systems, flow and level monitoring equipment on equalization tanks, and solonoid valves and metering pumps on chemical feed systems to provide accurate treatment chemical dosing. A number of MP&M facilities have computer hardware and software to monitor and change treatment system operating parameters. For a number of MP&M facilities, upgrading control equipment may reduce both pH and ORP swings caused by excess chemical dosing, resulting in consistent effluent metals concentrations. Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment ١٠٥ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ 4. Operator Training Having operators trained in both the theory and practical application of wastewater treatment is key to ensuring the systems are operating at their best. Many MP&M facilities send their operators to off-site training centers while others bring consultants familiar with their facility’s operations and wastewater treatment system to the facility to train operators. Some of the basic elements of an operator training course should include (1): Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment ١٠٦ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ An explanation of the need for wastewater treatment, which emphasizes the benefits to employees and the community; An emphasis on management’s commitment to environmental stewardship; An explanation of wastewater treatment terminology in simple terms; An overview of the environmental regulations that govern the facility’s wastewater discharges; A simple overview of wastewater treatment chemistry; Methods that can optimize treatment performance (e.g., how to conduct jar testing); The test methods or parameters used to verify the system is operating properly (e.g., control systems); and The importance of equipment maintenance to ensure the system is operating at its maximum potential. Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment ١٠٧ Optimizing The Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Management. Dr. Sama MZ First-time training for new operators may require 4 to 5 days of classroom and hands-on study. Experienced MP&M wastewater treatment operators should consider attending at least 1 day of refresher training per year to update themselves on the chemistry and to learn about new equipment on the market that may help their system’s performance. Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 Improving chemical wastewater treatment ١٠٨
  • 19. ٠٥/٠١/١٤٣٠ ١٩ References Advanced technologies in water and wastewatertreatment.H. Zhou and D.W. Smith Dr. Sama MZ ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT. Sixto Malato Rodríguez Investigation on improving efficiency of pre-precipitation process at Sjölunda wastewatertreatment plant. Qianqian Zhou, February 2009 Reduce, Reuse and Recycle (the 3Rs) and Resource Efficiency as the basis for Sustainable Waste Management. 9 May 2011, New York EVALUATION OF OZONE WASTE WATER TREATMENTS AND STUDIES. EVALUATING THE REUSE OF TREATED EFFLUENTS. Amadeo R. Fernández-Alba. University of Almeria, Spain Tools to Promote Sustainable Waste Management. K. Fricke1, T. Bahr1, Commercial Printing Industry . Compliance & Pollution Prevention Workbook Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 ١٠٩ References Dr. Sama MZ Water and wastewater management and innovative solutionsfor a sustainable environmentConference,5-6 November 2012 ADVANCED TECHNOLOGIES FOR MICRO-POLLUTANTS REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER Marjana Simonič Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, .Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, email: marjana.simonic@uni-mb.si Selection of wastewater treatment process based on the analytical hierarchy process and fuzzy analytical hierarchy process methods 1*A. R. Karimi; 1N. Mehrdadi; 2S. J. Hashemian; 1 G. R. Nabi Bidhendi; 3R. Tavakkoli Moghaddam 1Faculty of the Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 2Institute of Water and Energy, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran 3Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Received 30 June 2010; revised 19 November 2010; accepted 21 December 2010; available online 1 March 2011 ١١٠