I. Caring for the blind II. Epidemiology trends and healthcare implication III. Microeconomics and other social parameters as they affect the eye care in daily routine

1. Objectives:
I. Caring for the blind
II. Epidemiology trends and
healthcare implication
III. Microeconomics and other
social parameters as they affect the
eye care in daily routine

2. Primary Eye Care OD-104
Sahibzada Hakim Anjum Nadeem
Departmental Coordinator,
Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences
CEO Anjum Eye Care & Optical Company
Optometrist, Al-Khair Eye Hospital Lahore
Co-Incharge OTTC, Optician, Refractionist, COAVS
Phone:03344496480, Email: shanjum92@gmail.com

3. Caring for the blind

4. Blindness
• Blindness is the inability to see.
According to WHO ‘ blindness is the
visual field of around 5 degrees.
• Visual acuity less than 3/60 by
Snellen’s chart.
• Inability to count fingers in daylight at
a distance of 3 meters.”

5. Causes Of Blindness
The cause of the blindness includes:
1. Cataract
2. Diabetic retinopathy
3. Corneal opacity
4. Macular degeneration
5. Vitamin A deficiency
6. Posterior Segment Pathology etc.

6. Blindness
Blindness is both avoidable and unavoidable.
I.Avoidable blindness:
It includes all those causes which when corrected
will not lead to blindness such as correcting refractive
error,catarct,trachoma.
II.Unavoidable blindness:
It includes thoses causes that cannot be prevented
even with the help of treatment or other correction
such as retinitis pigmentosa, macular degeneration
etc.

7. Low vision
According to WHO, a person with low vision
is the one who has the impairment of visual
functioning even after standard refractive
correction and has a visual acuity of less
than 6/18 to light perception or a visual field
less then 10 degrees and who is
potentionally able to use this vision for the
planning and execution of the tasks.

8. Causes of low vision
• Diabetic retinopathy
• Refractive errors
• Cataract
• Age related macular degeneration
• Glaucoma
• Retinitis pigmentosa
• Corneal opacities
• Trachoma etc.

9. Care guidelines for the blind
• Keep all areas well illuminated.Many
visually impaired people do have some
working vision, especially if there is
enough light.
• Keep walk ways clear.
• Keep the floor clear of clothing,furniture
and other items that a visually impaired
person may trip over.

10. • Do not move furniture.People with
visual impairements map out their
environment so that they can move
around safely.
• Keep things organized .keep things in
their place also prevents accidents.
• Keep drawers and cabinets closed. A
partially open cabinet or drawer
creates a dangerous obstacles.

11. • Mark stairs and doors with contrasting
colors of the person have some working
vision, the colors will make the outlines of
the stair or a door easier to see.
• Announce your arrival and departure as you
enter a room ,let the person know you are
there; when you leave ,say you are going.
• Announce your presence if you are already
in the room when the blind person enters.

12. • Let the person initiate touch if he
wants you to somewhere .
• Walk one step ahead when leading.

13. Specialized services for blind and
visually impaired
• Talking products : talking calculators ,clocks
, watches etc.
• Come and go safely with a long cane or
dong guide.
• Use computers with speech synthesizers or
large-print displays.
• Take care of their homes and personals
needs using specially designed techniques.

14. Epidemiology trends and
healthcare implication

15. Primary health care
Healthcare that is provided by
health care professionals in the first
contact of a patient with the health
care system.

16. Epidemiology
Epidemiology is the study of the
distribution and determinants of health
related states or events (including
disease),and the application of this study
to the control of diseases and other
health problems.

17. • Epidemiology is the science of the
study of patterns ,causes and effects of
the health and disease conditions in
defined populations.
• It is corner stone of the public health
and informs policy decisions and
evidence-based medicine by
identifying risk factors for disease and
targets for preventive medicine.

18. Epidemiologist
• Epidemiologists help with the study design ,
collection and statistical analysis of data ,
and interpretation and dissemination of
results (including peer review and
occasional systematic review).
• Epidemiologist has helped to develop
methodology used in clinical research,
public health studies and, to a lesser extent,
basic research in the biological science.

19. Methods for epidemiological
investigation
• Various methods can be used to carry
out epidemiological investigation.
• Descriptive studies can be used to
study distribution.
• Analytical studies are used to study
determinants.

20. Major areas of epidemiological study
include disease etiology, outbreak
investigation ,disease surveillance
and screening,biomonitoring ,and
comparison of treatment effects such
as in clinical trials.

21. The bureau of epidemiology
• The bureau of epidemiology conducts study-
based programs which protects the public’s health
and reduce the burden from disease and
conditions of public health significance –whether
infectious or of the environmental origin.
• The epidemiologist and toxicologist within the
bureau share a commitment to using the best
scientific data available to shape prevention ,
intervention and disease control activities, and
improve health and safety of floridians and
visitors.

22. Steps
• Investigate and develops disease prevention
and control measures for infectious and non
infectious disease outbreaks.
• Conducts surveillance(population based
monitoring )on more than 100 reportable
diseases and conditions of public health
importance for the purpose of rapid case
finding and implementation of control
measures to prevent secondary cases of
illness.

23. • Conduct surveillance on occupationally
related illness and injuries and develops
strategies to improve worker safety.
• Maintain data system used to conduct
analyses and disseminate data on
environmental hazards and health effects
that may be related to the exposures.
• Publishes periodic reports based on
infectious and non infectious disease and
other health related data,data trends and
implications for public health.

24. • Maintain and develops reportable
disease surveillance software (Merlin)
for the storage, transmission, and
analysis of reportable disease case
reports.
• Provide education, information and
training to healthcare facilities,
individuals ,business and general public
on disease control and environment
issues that impact health.

25. Steps
• Provide statewide toxicology consultation.
• Provides environment health risk.
assessment around hazardous waste sites.
• Provides technical support on indoor air
quality concerns.
• Collects , analyzes and disseminates data on
the occurrence of birth defects.
• Diseases should be reported to your local
country health department.

26. Population based health management
Epidemiological practice and the
results of epidemiological analysis make
a significant contribution to emerging
population-based health management
frameworks.

27. Population based health management
encompasses the ability to:
• Assess the health states and health needs of a
target population.
• Implement and evaluate interventions that are
designed to improve the health of that
population.
• Efficiently and effectively provide care for
members of that population in a way that is
consistent with the community’s cultural,policy
and health resource values.

28. Pakistan health care
• As far as Pakistan health care is concerned ,it is
believed to be one of the best compared to the
health care system of Pakistan that was adopted
after the partition , the health care provision has
come a long way.
• Today ,proper national health care is provided by
both the private and public sector Pakistan
Ministry of health plays an important role so far
as Pakistan health care is concerned.

29. Microeconomics and other
social parameters as they affect
the eye care in daily routine

30. Socioeconomics
Socioeconomics(also known as socio-
economics or social economics) is the
social science that studies how econmics
acitivity affects social processes.in
general it analyzes how societies progress
, sytagnate,or regress because of their
local or regional economy,or the global
economy.

31. Microeconomics
• Microeconomics (from greek prefix mikro-
meaning “small and economics) is a branch
of economics that studies the behavior of
individual households and firms in making
decisions on the allocation of limited
resources.
• It applies to markets where goods or services
are bought and sold. Microeconomics
examines how these decisions and behaviors
affect the supply and demand for goods and
services.

32. Eye illness
a. Impaired vision
b. Low vision
c. Blind
d. injured

33. Work Injury
• The impact of an occupational illness
or injury on an injured worker can be
severe.
• Almost two-thirds of respondents lost
their health insurance after diagnosis
with a work-related illness or injury,
most for more than a year.

34. • Injured workers often face an array of
difficulties following a diagnosis of a
work related injury or illness. Workers
with acute injuries or illness and
uncomplicated treatment and recovery
may move through the experience
smoothly and with out much impact on
their lives.

35. Workers with chronic illnesses
Workers with chronic illnesses or
injuries including eye, require expensive
or complicated medical treatment and
result in long or even permanent
stretches out of work almost invariably
face a very different reality.

36. Eye injury
• Each day, an estimated 2,000 workers suffer
eye injury on the job, which not only robs
many of them of their sight ,but also costs
employers and insurance companies millions
of dollars a year.
• The impact of an occupational illness or
injury on an injured worker can be severe.

37. What contributes to eye injuries at
work?
• Not wearing eye protection. Nearly three out of
every five workers injured were not wearing eye
protection at the time of the accident.
• Wearing the wrong kind of eye protection.
• The workers most likely wear eye glasses with no
side shields, through injuries.
• Among employees wearing full cup or flat fold
Side shields occurred, as well.

38. Why is eye safety important?
• OSHA regulations require that employers
provide a safe work environment , which
includes supplying the appropriate
personal protective eye wear.
• For workers, eye injuries may lead to pain
and discomfort, medical cost ,lost work
time,lost wages,and even permanent
disability.

39. • For employers ,eye injuries may impact
productivity, worker morale, and
compensation costs.
• An eye injury at work may severely
impact daily living family interactions.
• Recreational activities ,and one’s
enjoyment of life.

40. The barriers faced by injured workers
• The nature of the barriers faced by injured
workers accessing medical care for their
illness/injury.
• The use and perceived utility of legal
resources in the pursuit of workers.
• Compensation benefits.
• The overall impact of the illness /injury on
worker’s lives.

41. Eye injury prevention
• Employers are required to conduct an eye hazard
assessment and use engineering controls to
remove or minimize hazards where possible.
• Employers are required to provide properly
fitting protective eye wear appropriate protective
eyewear is not available or is missing ,notify your
supervisor.
• When protective eyewear is a part of your job,
make a habit of wearing it and encourage your
coworkers to use it too. Protective eyewear is an
important tool of your trade.