Basic Life Support, or BLS, generally refers to the type of care that first-responders, healthcare providers and public safety professionals provide to anyone who is experiencing cardiac arrest, respiratory distress or an obstructed airway. It requires knowledge and skills in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), using automated external defibrillators (AED) and relieving airway obstructions in patients of every age.
2. INTRODUCTION
โข According to recent statistics sudden cardiac arrest is rapidly becoming the
leading cause of death.
โข Once the heart ceases to function, a healthy human brain may survive without
oxygen for up to 4 minutes without suffering any permanent damage.
โข Unfortunately, a typical EMS response may take 6, 8 or even 10 minutes
3. โข It is during those critical minutes that CPR (Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation) can
provide oxygenated blood to the victim's brain and the heart, dramatically
increasing his chance of survival.
โข And if properly instructed, almost anyone can learn and perform CPR
4. WHAT IS BLS ??
โข Basic Life Support (BLS) refers to the care healthcare providers and public safety
professionals provide to patients who are experiencing respiratory arrest, cardiac
arrest or airway obstruction.
โข BLS includes psychomotor skills for performing high-quality cardiopulmonary
resuscitation (CPR), using an automated external de๏ฌbrillator (AED) and relieving
an obstructed airway for patients of all ages
5. RESPIRATORY ARREST
โข If the patient is not breathing but has a de๏ฌnitive pulse, the patient is in
respiratory arrest.
โข To care for a patient experiencing respiratory arrest, ventilations must be given.
6. CARDIAC ARREST
โข If there is no breathing, no pulse and the patient is unresponsive, the patient is in
cardiac arrest.
โข Cardiac arrest is a life-threatening situation in which the electrical and/or
mechanical system of the heart malfunctions resulting in complete cessation of
the heartโs ability to function and circulate blood ef๏ฌciently.
8. COMPONENTS OF BLS
โข Ensure safety
โข Check for response
โข Activate EMS
โข Chest compressions
โข Check airway and ventilate
โข Defibrillate
9.
10. ENSURE SAFETY
โข Safety Of Self
โข Safety Of Patient
โข Movement of a trauma victim โ only when absolutely necessary
11. ASSESS RESPONSE
โข Ask the person โAre you ok ?โ
โข Tap and shout If the client responds
โข Leave the client and call for help.
โข Return as quick as possible and reassess the condition of the person
12. ACTIVATE EMS
โข Call 108 / 102
โข Describe the emergency to the operator-includes where you are (address and
location) -condition of patient
13. CHANGE FROM A-B-C TO C-A-B
โข The vast majority of cardiac arrests occur in adults, and the highest survival rates
from cardiac arrest are reported among patients of all ages who have a witnessed
arrest and an initial rhythm of VF or pulseless VT.
โข In these patients, the critical initial elements of BLS are chest compressions and
early defibrillation.
โข In the A-B-C sequence, chest compressions are often delayed while the
responder opens the airway to give mouth-to-mouth breaths, retrieves a barrier
device, or gathers and assembles ventilation equipment.
14. CIRCULATION
โข Check pulse. If pulse is not definitely felt within 10 seconds, proceed with chest
compressions.
Position of victim
โข Must be supine on a firm flat surface for CPR to be effective
โข Victim lying facing down โ logroll the victim
15. PRONE CPR
โข Standard CPR is performed with the person in supine position.
โข Prone CPR or reverse CPR is CPR performed on a person lying on their chest, by
turning the head to the side and compressing the back. Due to the head's being
turned, the risk of vomiting and complications caused by aspiration pneumonia
may be reduced.
โข The American Heart Association's current guideline recommends to perform CPR
in the supine position, and limits prone CPR to situations where the patient
cannot be turned
16. PREGNANCY
โข During pregnancy when a woman is lying on her back, the uterus may compress
the inferior vena cava and thus decrease venous return. It is therefore
recommended that the uterus be pushed to the woman's left; if this is not
effective, either roll the woman 30ยฐ or healthcare professionals should consider
emergency resuscitative hysterotomy.
17. CERVICAL SPINE STABILIZATTION
โข Use cervical collar if available
โข Any hard objects that restrict neck movement
โข Firm surface(backboard or floor)
18. POSITION OF RESCUER
โข Firm surface(backboard or floor)
โข Kneel beside victimโs chest or stand beside bed
โข Heel of one hand on inter-mammary line (which is the lower half of the sternum)
โข Heel of other hand on top of the first so that the hands are overlapped and
parallel
โข Lock elbows
19. CHEST COMPRESSION
โข Rhythmic applications of pressure over the lower half of the sternum.
โข It Increase intrathoracic pressure and directly compress hear
20. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD COMPRESSION
โข โPush hard push fastโ. Push at a rate of 100-120 min.
โข Compression depth- at least 2 inches(5cm) not more than 2.5 inches
โข Release completely to allow the chest to fully recoil.
โข A compression-ventilation ratio of 30:2 .
โข Do not bounce your hands up and down on the victim's chest.
โข Never use the palm of your hand, use the heel of your hand.
21. When 2 or more rescuers available,
โข Switch the compressor about every 2 minutes (or after 5 cycles of compressions
and ventilations at a ratio of 30:2).
โข Accomplish this switch in โค5 seconds.
22. Advanced airway and 2 rescuers
โข Continuous chest compressions at a rate of 100-120 /min without pauses for
ventilation.
โข The rescuer delivering ventilation provides 8 to 10 breaths per minute.
โข Rescuers should continue CPR until an AED arrives
24. BREATHING
โข Check breathing.
โข No โlook, listen, feelโ for signs of breathing in new guidelines.
โข After the first set of chest compressions, the airway is opened and the rescuer
delivers 2 breaths
25. GIVING RESCUE BREATH
โข Use a barrier device of some type while giving breaths.
โข Deliver each rescue breath over 1 second.
โข Give a sufficient tidal volume to produce visible chest rise (500600ml).
โข Avoid rapid or forceful breaths.
โข When an advanced airway is in place during 2-person CPR, ventilate at a rate of 8
to 10 breaths per min.
26. METHODS OF RESCUE BREATH
โข Mouth-to-Mouth Rescue Breathing
โข Mouth-toโBarrier Device Breathing
โข Mouth-to-Nose and Mouth-to-Stoma Ventilation
โข Ventilation With Bag and Mask
โข Ventilation With an Advanced Airway
27. CONTINUE RESUSCITATION UNTIL
โข Qualified help arrives and takes over
โข Victim revives: The victim starts breathing normally
โข Rescuer becomes exhausted
28. CONCLUSION
โข CPR is responsibility of a team of personnel.
โข For patients with cardiac arrest, early appropriate resuscitation, involving CPR,
early defibrillation, and appropriate implementation of postโcardiac arrest care,
leads to improved survival and neurologic outcomes.
29. BIBLIOGRAPHY
โข Lakhwunder kaur, sukhminder kaur, โtextbook of medical surgical nursingโ 3rd
edition PP- 505-513.
โข Brunners and suddarths, โtextbook of medical surgical nursingโ 13th edition,
volume-1 PP-985-988.
โข Javed Ansari โtextbook of medical surgical nursingโ pee vee regd. PP. 485-490.
โข BT Basavanthapa โ essential for โmedical surgical nursing โ jaypee publication, 2nd
edition pp. 289-292.
โข EMMESS โTextbook of medical surgical nursingโ first edition pp. 689-691.