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Research Program: 
ECO-HEALTH FIELD BUILDING LEADERSHIP INITIATIVE (FBLI) 
Use of participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tools for Eco-health research: 
A case study on agricultural and human waste management 
in Hanam province, Vietnam 
Tran Minh Hang1, Nguyen Mai Huong2, Pham Duc Phuc2, Nguyen Viet Hung2, 
Dinh Xuan Tung3, Tran Thi Tuyet Hanh2, Le Thi Phuong Hong2 
INTRODUCTION 
This research is one of components of the 
Eco-health Field Building Leadership Initiative (FBLI) 
program, which has been developed by a research 
team in Vietnam. The purpose is to address human 
health problems related to agricultural and human 
wastes management in Ha Nam Province, an 
agriculture province in the Red River Delta of 
Vietnam with the remarkable changes in the 
agricultural intensification in the recent years. The 
research project has involved multi-stakeholders 
and multi-institutions as well as policy makers. In 
this research, we have applied Participatory Rural 
Appraisal (PRA) tools with Eco-health perspectives 
in order to identify emerging needs of local 
communities, feasible solutions, and reasonable 
plans in the comprehensive aspects of agricultural 
intensification. 
MATERIALS AND METHODS 
During the year of 2013 and 2014, the PRA qualitative 
research component was implemented, in which we 
conducted participant observations, focus group 
discussions (FGDs) in relation to various research 
tools such as Participatory Problem Analysis, Venn 
Diagram, Spider Diagram, and Seasonal Calendar. 
These research tools were used for 15 FGDs (3 local 
authority and 12 resident groups) of 102 local 
participants (43 men and 58 women) at Hoang Tay, 
Le Ho, and Chuyen Ngoai communes in Hanam 
province. Each group of 6-10 local people with 
diversity in gender, age, and farming activities 
discussed their concerns with the research team. 
AGRICULTURE AND HUMAN WASTE ASSESSMENT 
Socio-economic 
and Culture 
Animal and 
Human Health 
Environment 
INTERVENTIONS 
RESEARCH RESULT DISSEMINATIONS 
Policies 
ARGRICULTURAL 
AND HUMAN WASTE 
MANAGEMENTS 
PRA 
Diagram 1: Framework for studying Agriculture and 
Human Waste Managements by PRA 
Picture 1: Local people are using PRA research tools to identify emerging 
needs of their local communities 
Picture 2: Livestock waste management issues in Hoang 
Tay commune 
Picture 3: Poor pesticide packages waste management in Le Ho 
commune 
RESULTS 
The two main concerns of the local people were poor 
livestock waste and pesticide package waste managements. 
Livestock waste management: Reasons leading to these 
matters identified by local people were: 
Cleaning breeding facilities were not good. 
Some households have used animal waste without 
treatment or not properly treated. 
For most households who treated animal and human waste 
by biogas, the quality of waste water often did not reach 
the required standards. 
Other kinds of waste also did not managed properly. 
Pesticide packages waste management: The identified 
reasons were: 
Local people’ awareness on pesticide safety and 
environment protection was still limited. 
There were no designated places for disposing off package 
waste. 
For some places where having tanks for containing these 
wastes, the management and maintenance of the tanks 
were not good. 
Proposed solutions: 
For local people: 
To improve awareness of cleaning breeding facilities for 
breeders and change behavior in collecting agriculture 
waste for cultivators. 
To encourage local people using appropriate waste 
treatment models such as biogas, bio-cushions. 
To use treated waste effectively. 
For local authorities and social organisations: 
To build up synchronic sewerage systems. 
To build up pesticide package waste tanks at convenient 
positions. 
Environment protection, animal and human waste 
treatments and managements, pesticide package waste 
collections should be put into village regulations. 
To organize technical training courses and to have financial 
supports for local people to build up appropriate waste 
treatment models. 
To establish teams who can manage waste tanks and 
collect waste regularly. 
Budget to maintain these activities should be socialized. 
CONCLUSIONS 
By applying Eco-health approaches and PRA tools, the research team together with local people identified 
priority issues and solutions for agricultural waste management in order to improving community’s health. The 
result has been used for intervention plans in the next step of the project. 
INSTITUTIONS AND CONTACT PERSONS 
1 Institute of Anthropology (IOA), Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences 
(VASS), 1 Lieu Giai, Ba Dinh, Hanoi. 
2 Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research (CENPHER), Hanoi 
School of Public Health (HSPH), 138 Giang Vo, Ba Dinh, Hanoi. 
3 National Institute of Animal Sciences (NIAS), Thuy Phuong, Tu Liem, 
Hanoi. 
Corresponding author and presenter: Tran Minh Hang. 
Email address: hangtranminh@yahoo.com 
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 
This research is funded by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), 
Canada. The authors are solely responsible for the results and conclusions. 
CENPHER 
TRUNG TÂM Y TẾ CÔNG CỘNG VÀ HỆ SINH THÁI 
CENTER FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND ECOSYSTEM RESEARCH 
ADDRESS: Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research (CENPHER) 
Hanoi School of Public Health 
138 Giang Vo, Ba Dinh, Ha Noi 
Tel: (+84) 4.62733162, Fax: (+84) 4.62733172 
Email: cenpher@hsph.edu.vn 
Website: http://cenpher.hsph.edu.vn/english/research/fbli

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Use of participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tools for eco-health research: A case study on agricultural and human waste management in Hanam province, Vietnam

  • 1. Research Program: ECO-HEALTH FIELD BUILDING LEADERSHIP INITIATIVE (FBLI) Use of participatory rural appraisal (PRA) tools for Eco-health research: A case study on agricultural and human waste management in Hanam province, Vietnam Tran Minh Hang1, Nguyen Mai Huong2, Pham Duc Phuc2, Nguyen Viet Hung2, Dinh Xuan Tung3, Tran Thi Tuyet Hanh2, Le Thi Phuong Hong2 INTRODUCTION This research is one of components of the Eco-health Field Building Leadership Initiative (FBLI) program, which has been developed by a research team in Vietnam. The purpose is to address human health problems related to agricultural and human wastes management in Ha Nam Province, an agriculture province in the Red River Delta of Vietnam with the remarkable changes in the agricultural intensification in the recent years. The research project has involved multi-stakeholders and multi-institutions as well as policy makers. In this research, we have applied Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools with Eco-health perspectives in order to identify emerging needs of local communities, feasible solutions, and reasonable plans in the comprehensive aspects of agricultural intensification. MATERIALS AND METHODS During the year of 2013 and 2014, the PRA qualitative research component was implemented, in which we conducted participant observations, focus group discussions (FGDs) in relation to various research tools such as Participatory Problem Analysis, Venn Diagram, Spider Diagram, and Seasonal Calendar. These research tools were used for 15 FGDs (3 local authority and 12 resident groups) of 102 local participants (43 men and 58 women) at Hoang Tay, Le Ho, and Chuyen Ngoai communes in Hanam province. Each group of 6-10 local people with diversity in gender, age, and farming activities discussed their concerns with the research team. AGRICULTURE AND HUMAN WASTE ASSESSMENT Socio-economic and Culture Animal and Human Health Environment INTERVENTIONS RESEARCH RESULT DISSEMINATIONS Policies ARGRICULTURAL AND HUMAN WASTE MANAGEMENTS PRA Diagram 1: Framework for studying Agriculture and Human Waste Managements by PRA Picture 1: Local people are using PRA research tools to identify emerging needs of their local communities Picture 2: Livestock waste management issues in Hoang Tay commune Picture 3: Poor pesticide packages waste management in Le Ho commune RESULTS The two main concerns of the local people were poor livestock waste and pesticide package waste managements. Livestock waste management: Reasons leading to these matters identified by local people were: Cleaning breeding facilities were not good. Some households have used animal waste without treatment or not properly treated. For most households who treated animal and human waste by biogas, the quality of waste water often did not reach the required standards. Other kinds of waste also did not managed properly. Pesticide packages waste management: The identified reasons were: Local people’ awareness on pesticide safety and environment protection was still limited. There were no designated places for disposing off package waste. For some places where having tanks for containing these wastes, the management and maintenance of the tanks were not good. Proposed solutions: For local people: To improve awareness of cleaning breeding facilities for breeders and change behavior in collecting agriculture waste for cultivators. To encourage local people using appropriate waste treatment models such as biogas, bio-cushions. To use treated waste effectively. For local authorities and social organisations: To build up synchronic sewerage systems. To build up pesticide package waste tanks at convenient positions. Environment protection, animal and human waste treatments and managements, pesticide package waste collections should be put into village regulations. To organize technical training courses and to have financial supports for local people to build up appropriate waste treatment models. To establish teams who can manage waste tanks and collect waste regularly. Budget to maintain these activities should be socialized. CONCLUSIONS By applying Eco-health approaches and PRA tools, the research team together with local people identified priority issues and solutions for agricultural waste management in order to improving community’s health. The result has been used for intervention plans in the next step of the project. INSTITUTIONS AND CONTACT PERSONS 1 Institute of Anthropology (IOA), Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences (VASS), 1 Lieu Giai, Ba Dinh, Hanoi. 2 Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research (CENPHER), Hanoi School of Public Health (HSPH), 138 Giang Vo, Ba Dinh, Hanoi. 3 National Institute of Animal Sciences (NIAS), Thuy Phuong, Tu Liem, Hanoi. Corresponding author and presenter: Tran Minh Hang. Email address: hangtranminh@yahoo.com ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research is funded by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Canada. The authors are solely responsible for the results and conclusions. CENPHER TRUNG TÂM Y TẾ CÔNG CỘNG VÀ HỆ SINH THÁI CENTER FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND ECOSYSTEM RESEARCH ADDRESS: Center for Public Health and Ecosystem Research (CENPHER) Hanoi School of Public Health 138 Giang Vo, Ba Dinh, Ha Noi Tel: (+84) 4.62733162, Fax: (+84) 4.62733172 Email: cenpher@hsph.edu.vn Website: http://cenpher.hsph.edu.vn/english/research/fbli