Presented by Caron, A., Gaidet, N., Cappelle, J., Miguel, E., Cornelis, D., Grosbois, V. and De Garine-Wichatitksy, M. at the open seminar to ILRI, Nairobi, 10 June 2015
Pulmonary drug delivery system M.pharm -2nd sem P'ceutics
Disease ecology in multi-host systems at wildlife/livestock interfaces: Concepts and applications
1. DISEASE ECOLOGY IN MULTI-HOST SYSTEMS
AT WILDLIFE/LIVESTOCK INTERFACES
CONCEPTS AND APPLICATIONS
CARON, A., GAIDET, N., CAPPELLE, J., MIGUEL, E., CORNELIS, D., GROSBOIS, V., DE
GARINE-WICHATITKSY, M.
Presented to ILRI at an open seminar on the 10th
of June 2015, Nairobi
2. GENERAL CONTEXT:
AFRICAN SOCIO-ECOSYSTEMS
• Arid & Semi-arid ecosystems
• Coexistence of People & Nature
• Development & Biodiversity Conservation
• Emerging & neglected diseases
5. CONCEPTS IN DISEASE
ECOLOGY
• Reservoir
• Maintenance host
• Target Host
Haydon et al. 2002, Ashford 1997, 2003
M T
Maintenance
Host
Target
Host
Spillover
Spillback
Critical Population Size
Susceptibility, Replicate, Excrete
Inter-species Contact Patterns
6. CONCEPTS IN DISEASE
ECOLOGY
M T
Spillover
To prevent and control disease…
1. Host control
2. Contact control
e.g. vaccination or culling
7. ECOLOGY OF BUFFALO - CATTLE INTERACTIONS
IMPLICATIONS FOR DISEASE TRANSMISSION
AT WILDLIFE/LIVESTOCK INTERFACES IN TFCAS
CARON, A., DE GARINE-WICHATITSKY, M., MIGUEL, E., GROSBOIS, V., FOGGIN, C., HOFMEYR,
M. CORNELIS, D.
An example of contact patterns at W/L interface
& Implications
15. LIMPOPO RIVER ADULT FEMALES
Adult female HR: localised ratios
Transboundary populations
No use of Sengwe corridor
Buffalo population connectivity: none
17. DEFINITION OF CONTACTS BETWEEN BUFFALO
& CATTLE —> E.G. FMD
Space & time window
for Foot and Mouth Disease :
0-15d & 0-300m
So a contact occurs when a cattle position is recorded within 300
m of the buffalo position less than 15 days after the buffalos
position recording
19. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONTACT & FMD
INCIDENCE IN CATTLE
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5 5 5,5 6 6,5 7 7,5 8 8,5 9
Predicted
serological
incidence
log(number
of
contacts)
[herd&period
specific]
Estimated
serological
incidence
rate
over
4
month
periods
as
a
function
of
contact
rate
0→1/(0→1+0→0)
329
transitions/164
individuals/32
herds
Miguel et al. 2013
20. MODEL CAN BE ADAPTED TO OTHER
PATHOGENS
Contact definition:
• Can be adapted to different
pathogens:
• bTB
• Tick-borne diseases…
Different contact pattern
according to pathogen
chosen
de Garine-Wichatitsky et al. in prep
21. NEW PROTOCOL IN OCTOBER 2013
Adult female -> localised HR
Adult male -> 2 tries -> 2 failures
Young female hypothesis: n=19; between 2.5 and 4.5 years
Caron et al., Revision EID
23. IMPLICATION FOR BUFFALO ECOLOGY &
CONSERVATION
Ecology of the African buffalo
• Outbreeding behavior during rainy season
A case or not for the Sengwe Corridor?
Redefinition of the W/L interface?
• Not restrained to land-use boundaries
• Relevance of boundaries of the GLTFCA
24. IMPLICATION FOR DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Clear and strong hypothesis to explain the spread of bTB
from KNP to GNP
Measuring intensity and frequency of contacts?
• Who is migrating? How? How often?
How do we manage such « new » interface?
• E.g. FMD surveillance & control
25. BRIDGE HOSTS, A MISSING LINK IN DISEASE
ECOLOGY IN MULTI-HOST SYSTEMS
IMPLICATIONS FOR AIV ECOLOGY AT WILD/
DOMESTIC BIRD INTERFACE IN SOUTHERN AFRICA
CARON, A., CAPPELLE, J., CUMMING, G.S, MUNDAVA, J., GROSBOIS, V., DE GARINE-
WICHATITSKY, M., GAIDET, N.
An example of Conceptual Development
& Implications
27. BRIDGE HOST PROPERTIES
• Contact with the maintenance host/community
• Contact with the target population
• Susceptible, able to replicate & excrete the pathogen
= Host competence (excep. mechanic transmission)
B
Bridge Host Caron et al. 2015
28. MAINTENANCE - BRIDGE - TARGET SYSTEMS
Adapted from Haydon et al. 2002 Caron et al. 2015
30. AIV IN WILD BIRDS IN AFRICA
• Target population = domestic poultry
• Anseriforms (duck sp.) are known to be the
maintenance host for LPAI worldwide
• In Africa, since 2006, results indicate similar role of
ducks in LPAI epidemiology (Caron et al. 2011, Cumming et al. 2011,
Gaidet et al. 2012, etc.)
31. HOW TO IDENTIFY BRIDGE HOST
FOR AIV?
B
Bridge Host
Contact with ducks
Contact with poultry
AIV competence
32. TOOLS AT DISPOSAL
Host competence Host contacts Resources
Method Receptivity Replication Excretion
Contact/
Maintenanc
Contact/
Target
Experimental
Infection
xxx xxx xxx xxx
Risk Analysis x x x
Serological
investigation
x x x xx
Virological
investigation
xx xx xx xx xx
Telemetry
study
xxx xxx xxx
Bird ringing
and
xx x x
Bird counts xx xx x
Molecular
epidemiology
xx xx xx xx xx xxx
Need a combination of techniques (Epidemiology + Ecology)
Caron et al. 2015
37. SUSCEPTIBILITY OF POTENTIAL BRIDGE
SPECIES IN LITERATURE
Red-billed quelea (Quelea quelea)
• potential H5N1 spreader (Breithaupt et al. 2010)
• positive for LPAI in Mali (Cappelle, pers. obs.)
Barn swallow (Hirunda rustica)
• positive for LPAI in Europe (Grosenova et al. 2008; Mizakova et al. 2008)
• positive for LPAI in Zambia and Zimbabwe (Caron, pers. obs.)
Cattle egret (Bulbucus ibis)
• positive for LPAI in Northern America (Squires et al. 2008)
38. SAMPLING OF POTENTIAL BRIDGE HOSTS
N=# AIV# NCD# WNV#
Red$billed(
Quelea(
206( 2(0.97%)( 15(7.28%)( 6((2.91%)(
Barn(
swallow(
133( 4(3.00%)( 8(6.02%)( 2(1.50%)(
CaAle(
egret(
166( 0(0.00%)( 1(0.60%)( 0(0.00%)(
Bridge Hosts
For AIV
B
B
Caron et al. 2014
Adapted protocol
Timely for interactions
39. IMPLICATIONS FOR AIV MANAGEMENT
Control contacts between bridge
and target populations
• Control on-farm wild bird
attractors (food/water)
• Control building roosting
site (swallow)
• Efficient quelea control
(pest)
Intervention targeted at specific
species & during period when
interactions are high
40. CONCLUSION
Disease ecology at Wildlife/Livestock interface
Combined ecology and epidemiology sciences
Approach using « Epidemiological Functions »
• Maintenance function (maintenance host)
• Transmission function (maintenance, bridge
hosts)
Caron et al. 2012, 2014, 2015
41. E.G. EBOLA
Bats Human
Bat
sp. 1
Bat
sp. 2 Bat
sp. 3
Bushmeat
Hunting
Others???
Antelopes
Pigs
Dogs
Apes
???
???
???
???
de Garine-Wichatitsky et al. in prep
43. TAKE HOME MESSAGE
Functional approaches
applied to disease
transmission
They need integrating more
Ecology & Epidemiology
e.g. EID: Pathogen hunting is
important —> but working on
transmission dynamics is as
much important
44. WHAT’S NEXT? ON-GOING?
Other epidemiological functions (amplification, dilution)?
(de Garine-Wichatitsky et al. in prep)
Include the animal/human interface (social science,
economic aspects) (de Garine-Wichatitsky et al. 2012)
How to predict infectious transmission (EID)?
• Community of shared pathogens
• Rodent-borne diseases-based networks at rodent/human interfaces: transmission
ecology in heterogeneous landscapes in Southeast Asia (Bordes et al. in prep)
• Patho-indicator of transmission (e.g. Commensal Escherichia coli
populations)
• Escherichia coli populations sharing and antibiotic resistance gradient at a buffalo/
cattle interface in southern Africa (Mercat et al. Revision, AEM)
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47. IMPLICATIONS FOR AIV IN WILD BIRDS
More than just Anseriformes &
Charadriiformes in AIV ecology
Other orders & species play an important
role
• depending on ecosystem
• species ecology
Redefine wild bird surveillance for AIV
• Not blind sampling
• More eco-epidemiological
approaches
Caron et al. 2012
Caron et al. in prep