This is a portion of the talk given at the Certified Horticultural Retailer meetings across Alabama. This provides some more research-based insecticide updates compared to the earlier uploaded talk. Both organic and conventional insecticides have been discussed. Extension resources are mentioned at the end of the slide show. For feedback, email bugdoctor@auburn.edu. Join me on Facebook - look for ALABAMA VEGETABLE IPM.

1. Vegetable Insecticide Update 2013
Dr. Ayanava Majumdar (Dr. A)
Ext. Entomologist &
State SARE Coordinator
Auburn, AL 36849
Tel: (251) 331-8416
bugdoctor@auburn.edu
CHR Training Program, Summer 2013

2. Reference for this talk: 2013 SE
Vegetable Production Handbook
Download at
http://www.thegrower.com/so
uth-east-vegetable-guide/

3. What is IPM?
• “Integrated pest management (IPM) is a threshold based
decision management system which leads to judicious use
of multiple pest control tactics.”
• IPM is currently insecticide-intensive…
• Major losses occur due to:
• Lack of early detection of insects
• Insecticide resistance by misuse
• Loss of natural control with insecticides

4. USDA Crop Pest Management Practice
Standard (NOP)
• Level 1: Systems-based practices (cultural
practices, sanitation, crop rotation, trap crops)
• Level 2: Mechanical and physical practices
(barriers, lures/traps, repellents, hand-picking)
• Level 3: Biorational & other material (OMRI
approved insecticides)

5. Insecticide Mode of Action (MoA)
Receiving neuron
Sensory neuron
Neonicotinoids, Spino
syn (mimic
neurotransmitter)
Cyclodienes, Pyr
ethroids (act on
receiving neuron)
Carbamates, OP (act in
the synaptic gap)
Inhibit enzyme that breaks
down neurotransmitter
Flow of info
Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC): 28 MoA classification

6. Trends in synthetic chemistries
• Early insecticides were short chain>>quick activation
• New insecticides: need “activation” by insect enzyme
systems (target-specific)
Carbaryl
Malathion
Zeta-cypermethrin Imidacloprid
Spinetoram
Chlorantraniliprole

7. Step-by-step handbook use
• Pest confirmed >> locate crop page
• Think about IPM – start with cultural control tactics
• E.g., brown stink bug confirmed on tomato, then…
Synthetic pyrethroids are listed in Table 2-26, Page
165 (details on next slide)
Table 2-22, page 159

8. Step-by-step handbook use
• Identify the pest by traveling to the site
• Misidentification is common!
• E.g., predatory stink bug (A) vs. phytophagous stink
bug (B)
Source: Clement Akotsen-Mensah, Alabama IPM Communicator newsletter, 2011, Vol. 2, Issue 3

9. Common name Product Pesticide type Oral
LD50 (mg/kg)
Best against
Carbaryl Sevin D/S In, Ac (St, Co) 300 FB, FAW, SVB
Methamidophos Monitor 4L In, Ac(Sys) 16 Aph, Thr, BAW
Methomyl Lannate
40SP
In, Ac (Sys, Co) 17 Thr, BAW
IRAC Chemical class: 1A (Carbamates)
MoA: inhibitor of enzyme (AChE), hyperexcites insects, nonselective

10. Updates for Class 1A, 1B
• Inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme…NERVE ACTION
• Lower control efficacy than other new insecticides (+, ++) – APPLY EARLY
• Methomyl (Lannate) – good against
loopers, hornworm, fruitworm, pinworm
• Malathion (57% generic) – effective against small loopers;
• very short residual against cucumber
beetles, stink bugs in AL (2010, 2012 study)

11. Common
name
Product Pesticide type Oral
LD50 (mg/kg)
Best against
Malathion Malathion In (Co) 1000+ FB, CB, SqB,
SB??
Acephate Orthene In (Sys) 800+ FAW, Aph, Thr
Diazinon Diazinon (RUP) I (Co) 400 WW, MGT, SqB
Chlorpyrifos Lorsban 15G In (Co) 95 MGT, CW, WW,
FAW
IRAC Chemical class: 1B (Organophosphates)
MoA: inhibitor of enzyme (AChE), hyperexcites insects

12. Common name Product Pesticide
type
Oral LD50
(mg/kg)
Best against
Cyfluthrin Baythroid XL In (Co, St) 1200+ ImCW, SqVB, CW, SB
Gamma cyhalo Proaxis 0.5EC In (Co) - FB, CB, ECB, ImCW, SqVB,
CW
Fenpropathrin Danitol 2.4EC In, Ac (Co,
St)
450 ImCW, SqVB, SqB
Zeta-cyper Mustang Max
0.8 EC
In (Co) 150-400 FB, CW, CB, SB, ImCW,
SqVB
Bifenthrin Brigade 2EC In, Ac (Co) 54 FB, CB, ImCW, SqVB, CW
IRAC Chemical class: 3A (Pyrethroids)
MoA: Act on sodium channels (receiving neuron)
Contact/stomach: use for quick knock-down, nonselective
Asana® XL insecticide

13. Fruit quality with Sniper (Bifenthrin)
(Late season treatment, Cullman, 2012)
Check plots Sniper (bifenthrin)

14. Updates for Class 4A
• Neonicotinoid insecticides against sucking pests
• Most can be applied to soil (transplant drench, drip irri.) or foliar spray
• Systemic & contact action depending on application method
• Imidacloprid (Admire):
• Aphid, Colorado potato beetle, thrips control in tomatoes
• Soil application @ 7 oz (21 d PHI)
• Foliar application @ 1.2 oz (0 PHI)
• Transplant water @ 2 oz per 10,000 plants (21 d)
• Dinotefuran (Venom 70SG, Scorpion 35SL):
• Cucumber beetle & squash bugs – Venom @ 4 oz , 21 d PHI
• Stink bugs, whitefly in tomato – Scorpion @ 2 to 7 oz, 1 d PHI
• Good action against stink bugs (tested in AL, 2012)

15. Insecticide study: Venom 70SG
Location: Addison, AL, 2012
Crop: Squash
Pest: Squash bugs
Observation: Numbers indicate squash bugs per 10 plants randomly observed.
7.2
1.2
0.2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Obs. 1 (Sep. 4, 0DAT) Obs. 2 (Sep. 6, 2DAT) Obs. 3 (Sep. 12, 8DAT)
Squash bug numbers (per 10 plants)
Insects become paralyzed with
outstretched legs.

16. Efficacy of Imidacloprid
Observations:
• Imidacloprid provides early
season protection
• Promotes plant
establishment & growth
• Earlier fruit harvest
• Less buildup of insects

17. Master Gardeners IPM Project (2010):
Plant Yield from Integrated Treatments
Details Bell pepper
yield, lb per
plant ± SD
Okra yield, lb
per plant ± SD
Tomato
yield, lb per
plant ± SD
IPM Regime 1 Imida + Carb FR +
Mala FR
3.6 ± 0.3 1.1 ± 0.6 1.9 ± 0.5
IPM Regime 2 Imida + Carb HR +
Mala HR
2.1 ± 0.1 1.7 ± 0.5 3.2 ± 1.0
IPM Regime 3 Untreated check 1.8 ± 0.8 1.3 ± 0.7 2.2 ± 1.5
F 10.829 0.624 1.107
P 0.010** 0.567 0.390
Findings:
• Yield response significant for bell peppers but not for okra, tomato
• Yield increases: 100% bell pepper, 45% tomato
• Spray of carbaryl & malathion did not provide large returns
Baldwin County, 2010

18. Common name Product Pesticide
type
Oral
LD50 (mg/kg)
Best against
Spinosyn A, D Entrust (SpinTor
phase out)
In (St) >5000 CPB, ImCW, CEW, FAW,
BAW, CL, DBM
Spinetoram Radiant 1SC In (St) >5000 CPB, CEW, ECB, ImCW,
CL, Thr
IRAC Chemical class: 5A (Spinosyns)
MoA: Mimic neurotransmitter, hyperexcite insects
Spinetoram (Radiant 1SC):
• Microbial fermentation derivate
• Application rate = 6-8 oz
• Preharvest interval (PHI) = 1-3 days
• Registered for many leafy veg., fruit crops, root crops, etc.
Entrust: for ORGANIC producers

19. Fruit quality with Radiant (Clanton, 2012)
Untreated check Radiant 8 oz + 0.25% NIS

20. Updates for Class 7
Pyriproxyfen (Knack/Distance):
Insect growth regulator
Very good against whiteflies (immatures only)
Some delay in action
Get absorbed in eggs
Updates for Class 16
Buprofezin (Courier, Talus):
Insect growth regulator (disrupts cuticle formation)
Very good against whiteflies (immatures only)
3-7 d delay in action
Talus for greenhouse tomatoes Whiteflies Biotype Q

21. Growth Regulator Insecticides
Common name Product Pesticide
type
Oral
LD50 (mg/kg)
Best against Less effective
Methoxyfenozide Intrepid 2F I (Co) >5000 CL, FAW, ImCW DBM, SqVB
Buprofezin Courier I, Mi (Co) >5000 WF
Pyriproxifen Knack I (Co) >5000 WF
IRAC Chemical class: 7C, 16, 17, 18
Growth regulators:
• Methoxyfenozide forces molting, long-
lasting, 4-10 oz, 1 day PHI
• Buprofezin inhibits chitin biosynthesis
(homopteran), 9-13 oz, 7 day PHI
• Pyriproxifen mimics juvenile hormone
(homop.), 8-10 oz, 14 day PHI

22. Updates for Class 9
Pymetrozine (9B, Fulfill)
Flonicamid (9C, Beleaf)
• Selective homopteran feeding blockers (50% AI)
• Specific to aphids (over 19 sp, incl. green peach aphid)
• Suppression of whiteflies
• Applied through spray or chemigation
• 0 d PHI in tomatoes, 14 d PHI in watermelon
• Excellent rotation partner

23. Spirotetramat (Movento)
• New lipid biosynthesis inhibitor
• Foliar systemic movement in plants (7 d
activation time)
• Good aphid, whitefly control
• Alternative to neonicotinoids
• Needs a surfactant
• Residual action for 21 d (leaf surfaces)
• 1 d PHI
Updates for Class 23

24. Updates for Class 28
Chlorantraniliprole (Coragen)
Flubendiamide (Synapse 24WG/Belt 4SC)
• Ryanodine receptor modulators (nerve/muscle action)
• Rapid cessation of feeding
• Belt 4SC against armyworms @1.5 fl. oz.
• Synapse 24WG against loopers, hornworms, fruitworms @ 2-3 oz
• Apply early for small caterpillars
• Foliar application
• 1 d PHI
• Excellent rotation partner

25. Fruit quality with Coragen (chlorantraniliprole)
(Late season treatment, Cullman, 2012)
Check plots Coragen foliar treatment
90% fruit
damage
20% fruit
damage

26. Fruit quality with Belt (flubendiamide)
Cullman, 2012
Untreated check
Belt
90% fruit
damage <10% fruit
damage

27. Spider mite management
CAUTION: Many synthetic pyrethroids can flare up spider mites by
removing predatory mites and other beneficial insects.
Abamectin (AgriMek, 8-16 fl oz/acre):
• Good rescue insecticide.
• Contains synthetic abamectin and provides long-term
residual control of TSM.
• Do not apply more than two sequential applications of
abamectin.
• PHI on tomatoes is 7 days.

28. Spider mite management
Bifenazate (Acramite, 0.75-1 lb/acre):
• MOA: GABA agonist
• Contact poison against motile stage of TSM
• Has some ovicidal action (kills eggs)
• Reduced toxicity to predaceous mites and
beneficial arthropods.
• Do not make more than one application per
season.
• PHI on tomatoes is 3 days.

29. Fenpyroximate (Portal, 2 pts/acre):
• Mitochondrial electron transport inhibitor
(METI), blocking cellular respiration
• Stops mite feeding & egg laying, 7 days to kill
• Good late season rescue insecticide
• Limit to one application per year
• Softer on predatory mites
• Complete coverage essential
Spider mite management

30. Insecticides for Organic
Vegetable Production

31. Organic Approved Insecticides

32. Insecticide Mode of Action (MoA)
Physical dessicant – kaolin clay, ash
Contact action – vegetable oils, horticultural
oils, neem, pyrethrin, insecticidal
soap, spinosyn, Beauveria, Metarhizium
Stomach action – Bt (Dipel), botanicals
Volatile action – Garlic Barrier, Cinnamite

33. Pyrethrin/Pyrethrum
• Broad-spectrum insect control
• Pyganic 1.4EC, 5 EC – OMRI approved
•Pyrethrin + piperonyl butoxide (PBO-
synergist) not organic
• Insects may recover
6% AI
6o% PBO
Permethrin – NOT organic insecticide!

34. Friend of friends –
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)
• Bt kurstaki acts on small caterpillars
• Caterpillars in cool-season crops,
tomatoes, pepper
• Bt tenebrionis for beetles
• Frequent appl., thorough coverage
needed
• Prefer the liquid than concentrate
• 0 Pre Harvest Interval (PHI)

35. Fruit quality with Xentari (Bt aizawai)
(Late season treatment, Cullman, 2012)
Untreated
crop with
90%
caterpillar
damage
Xentari
foliar
treatment
with 20%
damage

36. Fruit quality with Pyganic (pyrethrum)
(Cullman, 2012)
Untreated check Pyganic foliar
90% fruit
damage
30% fruit
damage

37. Fruit quality with Xentari (Bta) + Pyganic
(Late season treatment, Cullman, 2012)
Check plots Xentari + Pyganic foliar

38. Insect pathogen: Beauveria bassiana
• Contact action
• Slow acting but effective
• Target pests: nymphs & adults of
whiteflies, thrips, aphids, mealy
bugs, scarab beetles
• Check label for OMRI
OMRI approved

39. Neem-based Insecticides
Neem (oil)
OMRI approved
Neem II (oil + pyrethrin)
• Contact action, controls immature
insects!
• Look for azadirachtin on label (Molt-
X, Neemix)
• Target pests:
aphids, armyworms, scales, thrips, WF
• Clarified hydrophobic extract of neem
oil may have no azadirachtin
For
commercial
producers

40. Insecticide Premixes
Azera (MGK):
• OMRI approved
• Mix of azadirachtin + pyrethrin
• Interferes with molting, rapid knock-down
• Contact, stomach action, IGR
• Effective against stink bugs (brown
marmorated stink bug)
Mix of neem + pyrethrin
(Green Light)

41. Common name Product Pesticide
type
Oral
LD50 (mg/kg)
Best against
Spinosyn A, D Entrust (SpinTor
phase out)
In (St) >5000 CPB, ImCW, CEW, FAW,
BAW, CL, DBM
Spinetoram Radiant 1SC In (St) >5000 CPB, CEW, ECB, ImCW,
CL, Thr
MoA: Mimic neurotransmitter, hyperexcite insects
Entrust: for ORGANIC producers
Spinosyn

42. Spinosyn…a good rotation partner
• Excellent for thrips,
leafminers, looper, DBM,
CPB, control
• Monterey product is
OMRI approved
• 1 day PHI

43. Insecticidal Soap
• Potassium salt of fatty acids
• Control soft-bodied insects (aphids, whiteflies)
• Some short-chain fatty acids are herbicides
(household detergent)
• No residual action, not rain fast
OMRI Approved
Not OMRI Approved

44. Kaolin Clay
• Present naturally in soil in tropical countries
• Foliar spray at high rate (25 lb/A)
• OMRI approved – Surround WP (95% clay)
• Natural desiccant, feeding deterrent

45. Vegetable Oils
• Physical poisons
• Short residue
• Effective against soft-bodied insects
• Do not use if temps are >90F
• May not be OMRI approved
Canola oil (96%)
Soybean oil (93%)
Sesame oil 5%
Fish oil 92%
Pyola Insect Spray =
vegetable oil + pyrethrin

46. Organic Insecticide Research
– Insecticide rotations
– New formulations/delivery systems
Good rotation partners

47. EXTENSION RESOURCES

48. Know the IPM
Campaign!
Campaign items: Display magnets,
bookmarks (4 designs), IPM exhibitions

49. Vegetable IPM Website
www.aces.edu/go/87

50. Alabama SARE Website

51. Join Vegetable IPM on Facebook!
Advantages: Live updates, interact with
researchers, videos and photos, IPM contest

52. The IPM Communicator
(A FREE electronic newsletter)
To signup: Email bugdoctor@auburn.edu
Or sign up today on the sheet provided!

53. Organic Approved Insecticides