Presented by IWMI's Ian W. Makin and Herath Manthrithilake at the INWEPF (The International Network for Water and Environment in the Paddy Field) Symposium 2015 Symposium held on November 3, 2015, in Negombo, Sri Lanka.
(RIYA) Kalyani Nagar Call Girls Just Call 7001035870 [ Cash on Delivery ] Pun...
Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture with Sustainable Irrigated Agroecosystem Services
1. Photo:NicoSepe/IWMI
Sustainable Intensification of
Agriculture with Sustainable
Irrigated Agroecosystem Services
Ian W. Makin* and Herath
Manthrithilake**
Submitted to: International Network for Water and
Ecosystems in Paddy Fields (INWEPF) Symposium
2015
Achieving the Goals of Food security in Sustainable
Paddy Water Ecosystems
November 3-5, 2015, Colombo, Sri Lanka
*Theme Leader - Revitalized Irrigation Systems,
International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
**Head, Sri Lanka Development Initiative,
International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
2. This paper…presents a short
discussion of:
• The challenges awaiting …
• Role & issues of irrigated agriculture, - LSIS
• Synergy of INWEPF & WLE
• What is ecosystem-inclusive management in
LSIS
• The way forward
3. World has challenges …
Feeding over 9 billion people in
2050 !
• increase food production by about
70% over the levels of 2005-2007
period
(Boelee et al 2013; FAO, 2009)
• mostly in low-income countries
• ensure more equitable access to food
4. • 2/3 of the
world’s
population will
live in cities
• Competition
for water
• different
expectations
on how rural
land and water
sources
By 2050
• half of the
people live in
rural areas, and
• > 40% of the
active
population
depend directly
on agriculture
for their
livelihoods
(FAO, 2007)
Today
• 2/3 of the
world’s
population lived
in rural areas
• 60% of the
economically
active
population
worked in
agriculture
1960’s
5. Large Scale Irrigation Systems (LSIS)
• LSIS production USD 280-290 billion - Global
annual value (60-70% of that in Asia)
(Langford, 2015)
• In South Asia, - about 24.5 (mill ha) – (1/3 of the
total area)
These systems provide benefits in terms of food
and energy security, employment, economic
growth and ecosystem services
6. Modernization of irrigation services,
and its supporting infrastructure,
institutions and management systems
will be essential parts of efforts to
achieve food and water security
7. • Past attempts to rehabilitate irrigation have not
delivered the expected:
»water productivity,
»equity of water distribution,
»sustainable operations and
»economic return on investment
• Therefore, official development assistance for
agriculture, irrigation and rural development is
diminishing
8. • generally been designed and operated for
a single purpose (agricultural
production)
• in isolation from the landscape of the
entire catchment
• with Little or No consideration of
broader ecosystem service values
LSIS have:
9. • Resulting in large societal & environmental
costs:
reduction or loss of freshwater and/or other
aquatic resources,
reduced water quality with impacts on
drinking water and recreational uses
downstream, and
reduced river flows with impacts on aquatic
ecosystems and wetlands
• over 45 mil. ha (19.5%) of irrigated area
have salinized soils
(FAO, undated)
10. • However, irrigation systems
– create a diverse range of agroecosystems
– provide a range of valuable provisioning,
regulating and diverse habitat services
(often unrecognized and undervalued)
– provide a range of subsidiary services of
substantial value to the communities that
depend on them and society at large
11. • Appropriate recognition of all services provided is
essential
• There is a need for active management of irrigation
systems to maximize the value of such services
12. INWEPF
INWEPF recognizes that agricultural water not only
provides substantial provisioning services, but also
a wide range of services that add value to the
community, culture and environment.
13. WLE* & Ecosystems
• The central objective is to promote the
sustainable intensification of agriculture
through evidence-based research and policy
development.
• Fundamental to the achievement of this goal
is the application and uptake of an
ecosystem services and resilience-based
approach.
16. Potential trade-offs of ecosystem services in
irrigated agroecosystems (source: Pittock, 2015)
17. INWEPF & WLE
• The aims of WLE to improve irrigation services is
central to the INWEPF program
[Multi-functionality Concepts]
• Such multiple functional ag. water use must be
adequately recognized and evaluated in order to
ensure the sustainability of such services.
LSIS needs aligned with concepts of ecosystem-inclusive
management
18. HOW DO ECOSYSTEM SERVICES RELATE TO
IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE?
Historically, the drive for increased productivity and
yields has often resulted in degraded environments,
reduced biodiversity and reductions in ecosystem
services, affected the poor
19. Ecosystem-inclusive
approaches …
• Unlock the currently unrecognized, and therefore
untapped, opportunities and values associated
with irrigated agroecosystems to the society
• Unlocking these values will contribute to:
increasing the resilience of agricultural
production systems, and
enable sustainable intensification of agriculture
20. ECOSYSTEM SERVICE-INCLUSIVE
MANAGEMENT OF LSIS
• This means new approaches to management
/development, modernization, operation &
maintenance of irrigation services will be required
•
• To achieve higher levels of performance and to
sustainably reduce the negative impacts on
ecosystems
21. Irrigated agriculture
Levels of
decision
making that
impact the
ecosystem
of the
irrigated
area
Multi-lateral/
international
National
policymakers
Canal system
managers
and
operators
Individual
farmers
22. Irrigation agencies should
graduate …
• Move ahead from original
mandate to meet new
economic and environmental
constraints/ demands.
• This may require reforms:
Reorganizing structure
Develop new capacities/
skills
23. The long-term objective
A better-performing and sustainable
systems that efficiently and equitably
provide a range of water-food-energy-
urban-ecosystem ‘goods’ and services.
24. CONCLUSIONS
• INWEPF (formed in 2004) addresses multiple
services and values provided to communities by the
paddy ecosystem
• WLE research addresses the same objectives which
guide future research on ecosystem inclusive
management of irrigated agriculture, and
• INWEPF & WLE
– can jointly play key roles to guide and lead the
widespread recognition of the values of paddy
ecosystems created by LSIS
Sensitivity:
In developing countries, poor people spend 50-80% of their income on food.
the surge in food prices in 2008 is estimated to have driven 110 million people into poverty and
added 44 million more to the list of undernourished.
This was a serious setback to the efforts to eradicate poverty, and 925 million people went hungry because they could not afford to pay for food. UNDESA (2014)
Notwithstanding the importance of LSIS in terms of rural employment, utilization of land and water resources, and contribution to food security, irrigated agriculture continues to suffer from ongoing deficiencies in management and governance leading to underperformance of these important investments. These deficiencies are being evidenced in six ways: (i) investment in irrigation by governments and development partners have commonly been repeating cycles of ‘build-neglect-rebuild’; (ii) financial performance of LSIS is, in general, poor and cost-recovery from users is dismal; (iii) water, land and labor productivity in LSIS are all sub-optimal; (iv) large volumes of water diversion, combined with variable but generally poor irrigation services, have adverse impacts on the governance of water in river basins and limits allocation of water for other uses; (v) investments in capacity building for irrigation professionals has declined; and (vi) investments in irrigation research is substantially less than the significance of the sector warrants.
The Government of India has invested about USD 60 billion in major and medium irrigation systems during the years from 1960 to 2007, in order to develop and maintain a canal-irrigated command area of approximately 17 Mha (Shah 2010).
*The CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE), led by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
Ecosystems:
“Dynamic complex of plant, animal and microorganism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit.”
Source: CBD (1992)
CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) works to ensure that agricultural intensification benefits the livelihoods of smallholder farmers, is sustainable and makes use of the services provided by ecosystems.
https://wle.cgiar.org/ (accessed in October 2015).
valuation of alternative scenarios, (for example, as illustrated in Figure 3,)
to estimate the cost and benefit of transforming an ecosystem from an over-exploited condition (State B) to a more sustainable and beneficial condition (State A).
Well-defined and transparent methods to establish ecosystem values are required to assist resource and system managers to deal with the effects of market failures*,
by measuring the cost to society of foregone economic benefits resulting from a particular set of activities in the landscape.
Considerable literature is available on methods for valuation of ecosystem services (see MEA, 2003, chapter 6, and http://www.ecosystemvaluation.org/links.htm).
*Market failure - inability of markets to reflect the full social costs or benefits of a good, service or state of the world. As a result, markets will not result in the most efficient or beneficial allocation of resources. Source: http://www.ecosystemvaluation.org/1-02_def3.htm (accessed on June 21, 2015).
thereby increasing food and water security, improving rural livelihoods and contributing to poverty reduction
original mandate (develop irrigation systems, construct, supply-driven management), to meet new economic and environmental constraints/ demand
Downsizing, reassigning its staff or employing new cadres
for monitoring and evaluation of:
new forms of public-private partnership (PPP) for construction, maintenance or even full operation of irrigation systems,
ensure that the interests of all the stakeholders are observed (Table 3)