Antibiotics there classification, use , misuse, resistance , cross resistance, definition M.Hammad Tariq Student Isra University Islamabad Pakistan

1. M.Hammad Tariq

2.  What is antibiotic
 Classification
 Use
 Misuse
 Resistance & Cross-resistance
 Possible side effects
 Characteristics of ideal antibiotic

3.  An antibiotic is a naturally occurring, semi
synthetic or synthetic type of agent that
destroys or inhibits growth of micro-
organisms.

4.  Antibiotics are classified several ways
On the basis of mechanism of action
On the basis of spectrum of activity
On the basis of mode of action

5.  On the basis of mechanism of action
antibiotics are classified as followings
i. Protein synthesis inhibitor
ii. Cell wall synthesis inhibitor
iii. DNA synthesis inhibitor
iv. RNA synthesis inhibitor
v. Folic acid inhibitor
vi. Mycolic acid synthesis inhibitor

7.  On the basis of spectrum of activity
antibiotics are classified as
 Broad spectrum Antibiotics
◦ The term broad-spectrum antibiotic refers to an antibiotic that
acts against a wide range of disease-causing bacteria
Tetracycline
Chloramphenicol
Amoxicillin
Cephalosporin
Erythromycin

8.  Short spectrum Antibiotics
 The term short-spectrum antibiotic refers to an antibiotic
that acts against a narrow range of disease-causing bacteria
Penicillin-G
Cloxacillin
Vancomycin
Bacitracin
Fluxacillin

9.  On the basis of mode of action antibiotics are
classified as followings
Bacteriostatic
A bacteriostatic agent is a biological or chemical agent
that stops bacteria from reproducing, while not
necessarily killing them otherwise
Bactericidal
A bactericidal agent is a biological or chemical agent
that kills the bacteria

12.  Pneumonia
 Sepsis
 Meningitis
 Gall infection
 Skin infection
 Mucus membrane infection
 Diphtheria
 Gynecologic infection
 ENT infection
 Fungus Infection
 Quinsy
 Scarlet Fever
 Siberian Ulcer

15.  Resistance
◦ If the concentration of drug requires to inhibit or
kill the microorganism is great or less then the
normal use then the microorganism is considered
to be resistant to that drug
 Cross-resistance
◦ Cross-resistance to a particular antibiotic that
often results in resistance to other antibiotic,
usually from a similar chemical class, to which the
bacteria may no have been exposed.
◦ For-example
◦ Clindamycin and lincomycin

16.  Although there is a long list of side effects but
some of them are listed below.
◦ Diarrhea
◦ Bloating
◦ Indigestion
◦ Abdominal pain
◦ Loss of appetite
◦ Being sick
◦ Feeling sick
◦ Itchy skin rash
◦ Coughing
◦ Life threatening allergic reaction

17.  Ideal antibiotic should have following
characteristics
◦ Selective toxic to the microbe but nontoxic to host cell
◦ Microbial rather than micobistaic
◦ Relatively soluble , function even when highly diluted in
body fluid
◦ Remain potent long enough to act and is not broken
down or excreted prematurity
◦ Doesn’t lead to the development of antimicrobial
resistance
◦ Does not disrupt the host health by causing allergies or
predisposing the host to other infection
◦ Reasonably priced

18.  https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/medicine
/25612
 www.webmd.com/
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloramphenic
ol
 http://www.orthobullets.com/basic-
science/9059/antibiotic-classification-and-
mechanism
 http://www.slideshare.net/phmosarrof/prese
ntation-on-antibiotics