Islamic culture made significant contributions to advancing world civilization across many domains. Muslims preserved classical knowledge during the European dark ages and transmitted it to Europe. They made important advances in areas like mathematics, science, medicine, architecture, art, and established the earliest universities. Many aspects of modern life have roots in Islamic innovations and words introduced through Arabic, showing Islam's historical influence on global civilization remains undeniable.

1. Contributions of Islam to Civilization Bashar A. Shala March 14, 2004

5. Human Civilization Greek Chinese Western Islamic Indian Roman Byzantine Persian

17. NAVIGATION AND GEOGRAPHY Al-Idrisi, a twelfth century scientist living in Sicily. Idrisi’s work was considered the best geographical guide of its time.

18. NAVIGATION AND GEOGRAPHY Ibn Battuta (1304-1369 CE), an Arab, covered over seventy five thousand miles. His wanderings, over a period of decades at a time, took him to Turkey, Bulgaria, Russia, Persia, and central Asia. He spent several years in India, and from there was appointed ambassador to the emperor of China. Ibn Battuta’s book, Rihla (journey), is filled with information on the politics, social conditions, and economics of the places he visited.

30. ARCHITECTURE

31. ARCHITECTURE

32. ARCHITECTURE

33. ARCHITECTURE Cordoba Damascus

34. ARCHITECTURE Al-Hambra

35. ARCHITECTURE Istanbul