Abnormal Psychology

1. THE
JHA AND CHA
REPORT.
👯🙈🙉🙊👯

2. DISORDERS
INVOLVING
GENDER &
SEXUALITY
TO B E E L U C I D AT E D TO Y O U BY :
M S . R O S A LY N M I A N O
&
M S . J A M A I C A M A N A R A N G

3. IN THIS CHAPTER …
 We will investigate a broad series of psychological disorders
involving not only sexual identity, but also deviant or
peculiar standards of sexual fascination and complications
associated to lack of sexual attention or reaction.
 We will also deliberate a variety of abnormal behavior that
is not classified as a psychological disorder but that can have
disturbing emotional and physical impact on the people it
harass like for example rape & hate crime victims.

4. OUR SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR IS EXTREMELY
AFFECTED BY OUR CULTURE, RELIGION, &
MORAL BELIEFS, CUSTOM, FOLKLORE,
AND SUPERSTITIONS.
 In our country, The Philippines, is considered as a
conformist. Unlike American society, some Filipinos are
still unaware when it comes to premarital intercourse,
masturbation, and oral-genital sex. Well some might
still say this opinion is wrong because the population of
unconventional people is boosted by peer pressure and
social media.

5. BEFORE WE BEGIN:
LET US CLARIFY THE TERMS WE’LL BE USING…
 Gender - is a psychosocial concept distinguishing maleness from
femaleness.
 Gender Roles - societal expectations of behaviours appropriate for
men and women.
 Gender Identity - our psychological sense of ourselves as females
or males.
 Sex or Sexual - refer to the biological division between males and
females of a species, as in sexual organs (not gender organs).

6. GENDER
DYSPHORIA

7. WHAT IS A GENDER
DYSPHORIA ?

8. GENDER DYSPHORIA IS …
 formerly known as the Gender Identity Disorder
 The word Dysphoria was taken from a Greek word –
dysphoros – which means “difficult to bear”
 Applies to people who experience significant
personal distress or impaired functioning as a result
of a conflict between their anatomic sex and their
gender identity—their sense of maleness or
femaleness.
 feelings of dissatisfaction or discomfort, which in this
case involves discomfort with one’s designated
gender.

9.  The diagnosis of gender dysphoria may apply to
children or adults, although it often begins in
childhood. Children with gender dysphoria find their
anatomical sex to be a source of persistent and
intense distress. The diagnosis is not used simply to
label “tomboyish” girls and “sissyish” boys.

10. KEY FEATURES OF GENDER DYSPHORIA IN CHILDHOOD:
Strong desire to be a member of the other gender or strongly
expressing the belief that one is a member of the other gender (or
of some alternative gender)
Strong preferences for playing with members of the other
gender and for toys, games, and activities associated with the
other gender
Strong feelings of disgust and personal distress about one’s
sexual anatomy
Strong desires to have physical characteristics (i.e., primary or
secondary sexual characteristics) associated with one’s experienced
gender
Strong preferences for assuming roles of the other gender in
make believe or fantasy play
Strong preferences for wearing clothing typically associated with
the other gender and rejection of clothing associated with one’s

11. WHAT IS A GENDER
IDENTITY ?

12. GENDER IDENTITY IS …
 the psychological sense of being male or female.
 most people follow their gender identity through
their physical or genetic sex.

13. WHAT IS A TRANSGENDER
IDENTITY?

14. TRANSGENDER IDENTITY IS …
 the psychological sense of belonging to one
gender while possessing the sexual organs of
the other.

15. FACT OR FICTION:
Gay males and lesbians have a gender identity of the
opposite sex.
Fiction. Gender identity should not be confused with sexual
orientation. Gay males and lesbians have erotic interests in members
of their own sex, but their gender identity (their sense of being male
or female) is consistent with their anatomical sex. They do not desire
to become members of the other sex nor despise their own genitals,
as we typically find in people with gender dysphoria.

16. SEX
REASSIGNMENT
SURGERY

17. MALE-TO-FEMALE & FEMALE-TO-MALE
SURGERIES
 Not all people with gender dysphoria seek sex reassignment
surgery. For those who do, surgeons attempt to construct
external genital organs that closely resemble those of the
opposite sex. Male-to-female surgery is generally more
successful than female-to-male. Hormone treatments
promote the development of secondary sex characteristics of
the reassigned sex, such as growth of fatty tissue in the
breasts in male-to-female cases and the growth of the beard
and body hair in female-to-male cases.

18. People who undergo sex reassignment surgery can participate
in sexual activity and even reach orgasm, but they cannot
conceive or bear children because they lack the internal
reproductive organs of their newly reconstructed sex.
Investigators generally find positive effects on psychological
adjustment and quality of life of transgender individuals (also
called as transsexuals) who undergo sex reassignment surgery.
 A recent study of 32 patients who completed sex reassignment
surgery showed that none regretted it and nearly all were
generally satisfied with the results.
Postoperative adjustment tends to be more favorable for
female-to-male reassignment. One reason may be that society
tends to be more accepting of women who desire to become
men than the reverse. Female-to-male transgender individuals
cases also may be better adjusted before surgery, so their
superior postoperative adjustment may also represent a
selection factor.

19. Men seeking sex reassignment outnumber women by
about 3 to 1. Most female-to-male individuals do not seek
complete sex reassignment surgery. Instead, they may remove
their internal sex organs (ovaries, fallopian tubes, and uterus)
along with the fatty tissue in their breasts. Testosterone (male
sex hormone) treatments increase muscle mass and growth of
the beard.
But only a few female-to-male transgender individuals
have the series of operations necessary to construct an artificial
penis, largely because the constructed penises do not work
very well, and the surgery is expensive. Therefore, most female-
to-male transgender individuals limit their physical alteration
to hysterectomies, mastectomies, and testosterone treatment.

20. THEORETICAL
PERSPECTIVE
ON
TRANSGENDER
IDENTITY

21. The origins of transgender identity remain unclear.
Learning theorists similarly point to father absence in the case of
boys—to the unavailability of a strong male role model.
Children who were reared by parents who had wanted children of
the other gender and who strongly encouraged cross-gender
dressing and patterns of play may learn socialization patterns and
develop a gender identity associated with the opposite sex.
Some male transgender people recall that, as children, they
preferred playing with dolls, enjoyed wearing frilly dresses, and
disliked rough-and-tumble play. Some female transgender people
report that, as children, they disliked dresses and acted like tomboys.

22. In sum, a combination of genetic and hormonal influences may
create a disposition that interacts with early life experiences in
leading to the development of transgender identity.
Many transgender individuals do not warrant a diagnosis of
gender dysphoria, as they show no evidence of significant
distress or impairment in daily functioning needed to meet
diagnostic criteria. We presently lack the knowledge base
needed to understand the developmental trajectory in
transgender individuals that leads to gender dysphoria.

23. SEXUAL
DYSFUNCTIONS

24. WHAT IS SEXUAL
DYSFUNCTIONS ?

25. SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS ARE …
 Problems with sexual response that cause distress. Erectile
dysfunction (impotence) refers to the inability of a man to have
or maintain an erection.

26. WHAT ARE THE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
SEXUAL
DYSFUNCTIONS?

27. DISORDERS INVOLVING LACK OF SEXUAL INTEREST OR LACK OF
SEXUAL EXCITEMENT OR AROUSAL
DISORDERS INVOLVING IMPAIRED ORGASMIC RESPONSE
DISORDERS INVOLVING PAIN DURING INTERCOURSE OR
PENETRATION (IN WOMEN)

28. 3 TYPES OF DISORDERS INVOLVING LACK OF
SEXUAL INTEREST OR LACK OF SEXUAL
EXCITEMENT OR AROUSAL
MALE HYPOACTIVE SEXUAL
DESIRE DISORDER
• Ranging from about 8% to
about 25% across age
ranges, with greater
prevalence among older
men
• Deficiency or lack of sexual
interest or desire for sexual
activity
FEMALE SEXUAL
INTEREST/AROUSAL
DISORDER
• About 10% to 55% across
age ranges, with greater
prevalence in older women
• Deficiency or lack of sexual
interest or drive and
problems achieving or
sustaining sexual arousal

29. ERECTILE DISORDER
• Varies widely with age;
estimated at 1% to 10%
under age 40, 20% to 40%
in men in their 60s, and
even higher among older
men
• Difficulty achieving or
maintaining erection during
sexual activity
3 TYPES OF DISORDERS INVOLVING LACK OF
SEXUAL INTEREST OR LACK OF SEXUAL
EXCITEMENT OR AROUSAL

30. 3 TYPES OF DISORDERS INVOLVING
IMPAIRED ORGASMIC RESPONSE
FEMALE ORGASMIC
DISORDER
• Also known as ‘anorgasmia’
or inhibited female orgasms
• 10% to 42% across studies
• Difficulty achieving orgasm
in females.
DELAYED EJACULATION
• Less than 1% to 10% across
studies
• Difficulty achieving orgasm
or ejaculation in males

31. PREMATURE (EARLY) EJACULATION
• Upwards of 30% of men across studies
report problems with rapid ejaculation,
with about 1% to 2% reporting
ejaculation within one minute of
penetration
• Climaxing (ejaculating) too early in
males
• occurs when a man is not able to
postpone or control his ejaculation.
3 TYPES OF DISORDERS INVOLVING
IMPAIRED ORGASMIC RESPONSE

32. DISORDERS INVOLVING PAIN
DURING INTERCOURSE OR
PENETRATION (IN WOMEN)
GENITO-PELVIC PAIN/PENETRATION
DISORDER
• Varies across studies, but about 15%
of women in North America report
experiencing recurrent pain during
intercourse
• Pain during intercourse or attempts at
penetration, or fear of pain associated
with intercourse or penetration, or
tensing or tightening of the pelvic
muscles, making penetration difficult
or painful.

33. 2 GENERAL CATEGORIES OF SEXUAL
DYSFUNTIONING
LIFELONG VS. ACQUIRED
SITUATIONAL VS. GENERALIZED

34. LIFELONG DYSFUNCTIONS
• Cases of sexual dysfunction that
have existed for the individual’s
lifetime
ACQUIRED DYSFUNCTIONS
• Begin following a period of
normal functioning
SITUATIONAL DYSFUNCTIONS
• the problems occur in some
situations (e.g., with one’s
spouse), but not in others (e.g.,
with a lover or when
masturbating), or at some times
but not others
GENERALIZED DYSFUNCTIONS
• occur in all situations and every
time the individual engages in
sexual activity.

35. DISORDERS OF
INTEREST AND
AROUSAL
T H E S E D I S O R D E R S I N V O LV E D E F I C I E N C I E S I N
E I T H E R S E X U A L I N T E R E S T O R A R O U S A L .

36. MALE HYPOACTIVE SEXUAL
DESIRE DISORDER (MHSDD)
• Persistently have little, if any, desire for sexual activity or may
lack sexual or erotic thoughts or fantasies.
• Lack of sexual desire is more common among women than
men.
• However, the belief that men are always eager for sex is a myth.

37. FEMALE SEXUAL
INTEREST/AROUSAL DISORDER
(FSIAD)
• Women with problems becoming sexually aroused may lack
feelings of sexual pleasure or excitement that normally
accompany sexual arousal.
• They may experience little or no sexual interest or pleasure.
• They may also have few if any genital sensations during sexual
activity.
• A study of women with low levels of sexual interest or drive
showed that they generally had a less active sex life and
experienced less satisfaction with their sexual relationships than
women without the disorder.

38. ERECTILE DISORDER
• Difficulty of achieving an erection or maintaining an erection to
the completion of sexual activity, or have erections that lack the
rigidity needed to perform effectively.

39. PERFORMANCE ANXIETY
• Men is more likely to suffer performance anxiety
when they become more concerned about their
sexual ability.

40. FACT OR FICTION:
 Is orgasm is a reflex?
Fact. People cannot will or force an orgasm. Nor can they will or
force other sexual reflexes, such as erection and vaginal lubrication.
Trying to force these responses generally backfires and only
increases anxiety.
Orgasm or sexual climax is an involuntary reflex that results in
rhythmic contractions of the pelvic muscles and is usually
accompanied by feelings of intense pleasure. In men, these
contractions are accompanied by expulsion of semen. There are
three types of disorders involving problems with achieving orgasm:
female orgasmic disorder, delayed ejaculation, and premature (early)
ejaculation.

41. ORGASM
DISORDERS

42. FEMALE ORGASMIC DISORDER &
DELAYED EJACULATION
• There is a marked delay in reaching orgasm (in women) or
ejaculation (in men) or an infrequency or absence of orgasm or
ejaculation.
• These disorders requires that the problem be present for about six
months or longer, that the symptoms cause a significant level of
distress, and that the symptoms occur on all or almost all occasions
of sexual activity (and for men, without a desire to delay ejaculation).

43. GENITO-PELVIC
PAIN /
PENETRATION
DISORDER

44. GENITO-PELVIC PAIN /
PENETRATION DISORDER
• This disorder applies to women who experience sexual pain and/or
difficulty engaging in vaginal intercourse or penetration.
• In some cases, women experience genital or pelvic pain during
vaginal intercourse or attempts at penetration.
• The pain cannot be explained by an underlying medical condition,
and so is believed to have a psychological component.
• However, cases of pain during intercourse are traceable to an
underlying medical condition that may go undiagnosed, such as
insufficient lubrication or a urinary tract infection, controversy
persists over whether sexual pain during intercourse or penetration
should be classified as a mental disorder.

45. • Some cases of genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder involve
vaginismus, a condition in which the muscles surrounding the
vagina involuntarily contract whenever vaginal penetration is
attempted, making sexual intercourse painful or impossible.
• Vaginismus is not a medical condition, but a conditioned
response in which penile contact with the woman’s genitals
elicits an involuntary spasm of the vaginal musculature,
preventing penetration or causing pain upon attempt
penetration.
GENITO-PELVIC PAIN /
PENETRATION DISORDER

46. THEORETICAL
PERSPERTIVES
M A N Y FA C TO R S A R E I M P L I C AT E D I N T H E
D E V E LO P M E N T O F S E X U A L D Y S F U N C T I O N S ,
I N C L U D I N G FA C TO R S R E P R E S E N T I N G
P S Y C H O LO G I C A L , B I O L O G I C A L , A N D
S O C I O C U LT U R A L P E R S P E C T I V E S .

47. PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
• The major contemporary psychological views of sexual
dysfunctions emphasize the roles of anxiety, lack of sexual
skills, irrational beliefs, perceived causes of events, and
relationship problems. Here, we consider several potential
causal pathways.
• Physically or psychologically traumatic sexual experiences
may lead to sexual contact producing anxiety rather than
arousal or pleasure.
• Women who have problems becoming sexually aroused may
also harbor deep-seated anger and resentment toward their
partners.
• Sexual trauma early in life may make it difficult for men or
women to respond sexually when they develop intimate
relationships.

48. • Other psychological problems, such as depression and anxiety, can
also result in sexual dysfunctions involving impaired sexual interest,
arousal, or response.
• Women, too, may equate their self-esteem with their ability to reach
frequent and intense orgasms.
• However, the pressures for both men and women are often based
more on achieving performance goals relating to reaching orgasm
and satisfying one’s partner’s sexual needs.
• Sexual skills or competencies, like other types of skills, are acquired
through opportunities for new learning.
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES

49. • Cognitive theorists, such as Albert Ellis (1977), point out that
underlying irrational beliefs and attitudes can contribute to sexual
dysfunctions.
• Relationship problems can also contribute to sexual dysfunctions,
especially when they involve long-simmering resentments and
conflicts.
• When a source of pleasure becomes a source of misery. Sexual
dysfunctions can be a source of intense personal distress and lead to
friction between partners. Lack of communication is a major
contributor to the development and maintenance of sexual
dysfunctions.

50. PERFORMANCE
ANXIETY AND
SEXUAL
DYSFUNCTIONS: A
VICIOUS CYCLE.
INTRODUCING

51. Possible Triggering Factors
• Fatigue
• Alcohol use
• Performance pressures
• Distractions (work or other
concerns)
Initial Failure to
Perform
Sexually
Self-Doubts
Anticipatory
Worry or
Anxiety
Performance Anxiety During Sexual
Activities
• Sympathetic nervous system
activation interferes with sexual
responsiveness
• Taking a spectator role, rather than
a performer role
• Focus on disruptive, anxiety-
generating thoughts rather than
erotic experiences
Repeated
Failure to
Perform
“There must be
something
wrong with
me.”
“I can’t stop thinking
about what’s going
to happen if I fail
again. What will
he(she) think of
me?”
“It happened
again what am I
going to do?”

52. FACT OR FICTION:
 Does walking at a brisk pace for two miles a day may cut
the risk of erectile dysfunction in men by about half?
Fact. Results of a recent study showed that men who exercised
regularly at a level comparable to taking a brisk walk for two miles a
day had about half the risk of erectile dysfunction as sedentary men.
In this study, men who burned 200 calories or more a day in physical
activity, an amount that can be achieved by taking a daily walk at a
brisk pace for two miles, had about half the risk of erectile
dysfunction than did more sedentary men. Exercise may help prevent
clogging of arteries, keeping them clear for the flow of blood into
the penis.
Women also develop vascular or nervous disorders that impair
genital blood flow, reducing lubrication and sexual excitement,
rendering intercourse painful, and reducing their ability to reach
orgasm. As with men, these problems become more likely as women

53. BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
• Biological factors such as low testosterone levels and disease
can dampen sexual desire and reduce responsiveness.
• Testosterone, the male sex hormone, plays a momentous role in
energizing sexual desire and sexual activity in both men and
women.
• In men, a decline in testosterone production can lead to a loss
of sexual interest and activity and difficulty achieving erections.
• Women who have these organs surgically removed because of
invasive disease no longer produce testosterone and may
gradually lose sexual interest or develop a reduced capacity for
sexual response.
• Cardiovascular problems involving impaired blood flow both to
and through the penis can cause erectile disorder—a problem
that becomes more common as men age.

54. BIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
• Erectile disorder may share common risk factors with
cardiovascular disorders (heart and artery diseases), which
should alert physicians that erectile dysfunction may be an early
warning sign of underlying heart disease that should be
medically evaluated.
• Erectile disorder is also linked to obesity in men and in men
with prostate and urinary problems.
• Men with diabetes mellitus also stand an increased risk of ED.
• Erectile disorder and delayed ejaculation may also result from
multiple sclerosis (MS), a disease in which nerve cells lose the
protective coatings that facilitate the smooth transmission of
nerve impulses.

55. FACT OR FICTION:
 Does the use of antidepressants interfere with a person’s
orgasmic response?
Fact. Use of SSRI-type antidepressants can impair orgasmic
responsiveness.
 Tranquilizers such as Valium and Xanax may cause orgasmic disorder
in either men or women. Some medicinal drugs used to treat high
blood pressure and high blood cholesterol levels can also interfere
with erectile response.

56. SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
• At around the turn of the 20th century, an Englishwoman was quoted
as saying she would “close her eyes and think of England” when her
husband approached her to perform her marital duties.
• This old-fashioned stereotype suggests how sexual pleasure was
once considered exclusively a male preserve— that sex, for women,
was primarily a duty.
• Mothers usually informed their daughters of the conjugal duties
before the wedding, and girls encoded sex as just one of the ways in
which women serviced the needs of others.
• Women who harbor such stereotypical attitudes toward female
sexuality are unlikely to become aware of their own sexual potential.

57. SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
• In addition, sexual anxieties may transform negative expectations into
self-fulfilling prophecies.
• Sexual dysfunctions in men, too, may be linked to extremely strict
sociocultural beliefs and sexual taboos.
• Other negative beliefs about sexuality may interfere with sexual
desire, such as the belief that sexual desire is not appropriate for
older adults past childbearing age.
• Psychologist Rafael Javier (1993), takes note of the idealization within
many Hispanic cultures of the ‘marianismo’ stereotype.
• Ideal virtuous woman “suffers in silence” as she submerges her needs
and desires to those of her husband and children.

58. SOCIOCULTURAL PERSPECTIVES
• Sociocultural factors play an important role in erectile dysfunction as
well. Investigators find a greater incidence of erectile dysfunction in
cultures with more restrictive sexual attitudes toward premarital sex
among females, toward sex in marriage, and toward extramarital sex.
Men in these cultures may be prone to developing sexual anxiety or
guilt that interferes with sexual performance.
• In India, cultural beliefs that link the loss of semen to a draining of
the man’s life energy underlie the development of dhat syndrome, an
irrational fear of loss of semen.
• Men with this condition sometimes develop erectile dysfunction
because their fears about wasting precious seminal fluid interfere
with their ability to perform sexually.

59. THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING!
F R O M U S I N F R O N T.
😂 😘J H A & C H A