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How to Become a First Class Citizen of the Web,[object Object],Linked Data and the LOCAH project,[object Object],Jane Stevenson & Adrian Stevenson,[object Object]
Remit,[object Object],This session will give a brief overview of the concepts behind Linked Data and will explain how we are applying these ideas to archival and bibliographic data. ,[object Object],Archives Hub: merged catalogue of archival descriptions from 200 institutions across the UK,[object Object],Copac: merged catalogue of bibliographic records from libraries across the UK,[object Object]
Introduction,[object Object]
The goal of Linked Data is to enable people to share structured data on the Web as easily as they can share documents today.,[object Object],[The creation of] a space where people and organizations can post and consume data about anything. ,[object Object],Bizer/Cyganiak/Heath Linked Data Tuturial, linkeddata.org,[object Object]
In essence, it marks a shift in thinking from publishing data in human readable HTML documents to machine readable documents. That means that machines can do a little more of the thinking work for us.,[object Object],http://www.linkeddatatools.com/semantic-web-basics,[object Object]
Linked Data encourages open data, open licences and reuse. ,[object Object],…but Linked Data does not have to be open.,[object Object]
Core questions,[object Object],Is it achievable?,[object Object],Will it bring substantial benefits? ,[object Object],“It is the unexpected re-use of information which is the value added by the web”,[object Object]
What is Linked Data?,[object Object],4 ‘rules’ of for the web of data:,[object Object],Use URIs as names for things,[object Object],Use HTTP URIs so that people can look up those names.,[object Object],When someone looks up a URI, provide useful information, using the standards (RDF, SPARQL),[object Object],Include links to other URIs. so that they can discover more things.,[object Object],http://www.w3.org/DesignIssues/LinkedData.html,[object Object]
Giving Things identifiers,[object Object],We can make statements about things and establish relationships by assigning identifiers to them. ,[object Object],Jane Stevenson = http://archiveshub.ac.uk/janefoaf.rdf,[object Object],Manchester =  http://dbpedia.org/resource/manchester,[object Object],English = http://lexvo.org/id/iso639-3/eng,[object Object]
URIs,[object Object],Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) are identifiers for entities (people, places, subjects, records, institutions). ,[object Object],They identify resources, and ideally allow you to access representations of those resources.,[object Object],Think not of locations, but of identifiers!,[object Object],For Linked Data you use HTTP URIs,[object Object],Jane Stevenson = http://archiveshub.ac.uk/janefoaf.rdf,[object Object],Manchester =  http://dbpedia.org/resource/manchester,[object Object],English = http://lexvo.org/id/iso639-3/eng,[object Object]
Entities and Relationships,[object Object]
Triple statement,[object Object],AccessProvidedBy,[object Object],Archival Resource,[object Object],Repository,[object Object],ProvidesAccessTo,[object Object],Subject: 	Archival Resource,[object Object],Predicate: 	AccessProvidedBy,[object Object],Object: 		Repository,[object Object],Subject > Predicate > Object,[object Object]
HTTP URIs,[object Object],ArchivalResource: http://data.archiveshub.ac.uk/id/findingaid/gb-106-7esp,[object Object],<accessProvidedBy>,[object Object],Repository: http://data.archiveshub.ac.uk/id/repository/gb106,[object Object],Archival Resource,[object Object],Repository,[object Object],accessProvidedBy,[object Object]
An RDF Graph,[object Object],Title,[object Object],has,[object Object],Archival Resource,[object Object],Repository,[object Object],heldAt,[object Object],describedBy,[object Object],encodedAs,[object Object],Finding Aid,[object Object],EAD document,[object Object]
So...?,[object Object],If something is identified, it can be linked to,[object Object],We can then take items from one dataset and link them to items from other datasets,[object Object],BBC,[object Object],Copac,[object Object],VIAF,[object Object],DBPedia,[object Object],GeoNames,[object Object],Archives Hub,[object Object]
The Linking benefits of Linked Data,[object Object],BBC:Cranford,[object Object],Copac:Cranford,[object Object],VIAF:Dickens,[object Object],DBPedia: Gaskell,[object Object],Hub:Gaskell,[object Object],Geonames:Manchester,[object Object],DBPedia: Dickens,[object Object],Hub:Dickens,[object Object]
The Web of ‘Documents’,[object Object],Global information space (for humans),[object Object],Document paradigm,[object Object],Hyperlinks,[object Object],Search engines index and infering relevance,[object Object],Implicit relationships between documents,[object Object],Lack of semantics,[object Object]
The Web of Linked Data,[object Object],Global data space  (for humans and machines),[object Object],Making connections between entities across domains (people, books, films, music, genes, medicines, health, statistics...),[object Object],LD is not about searching for specific documents or visiting particular websites, it is about things - identifying and connecting them.,[object Object],Closely aligned to the general architecture of the Web,[object Object]
From one thing…to the same thing,[object Object],<sameAs>,[object Object],http://dbpedia.org/resource/manchester,[object Object],http://sws.geonames.org/2643123,[object Object],http://data.archiveshub.ac.uk/id/concept/ncarules/manchester,[object Object], Are they the same? ,[object Object]
Vocabularies & Ontologies,[object Object]
Vocabularies & Ontologies,[object Object],Vocabulary: 	set of terms,[object Object],Ontology: 	organisation of terms – 					hierarchy, relationships,[object Object]
Shared vocabularies,[object Object],Problems of data integration: information exchange across independently designed systems,[object Object],Two different databases: one for films one for actors,[object Object],To collaborate using their current databases, the owners of either site would have to decide on a common data format by which to share information that they could both understand by using a common film and actor unique ID scheme of their own invention. ,[object Object]
Need ‘film title’; ‘actor name’; ‘actor birthdate’, etc. to mean the same thing to each,[object Object],Use the same vocabulary,[object Object],Query both databases.,[object Object],No need for transformations, mappings, contracts,[object Object]
Vocabularies in Linked Data,[object Object],Common vocabulary to describe the data, e.g. ‘film-title’ means the same thing,[object Object],Adopt the same ontologies for expressing meaning,[object Object],Use semantics to link data,[object Object],Want to avoid transformation, mapping, contracts between data providers,[object Object]
Shared use of vocabularies,[object Object],DC,[object Object],DC,[object Object],Copac,[object Object],Hub,[object Object],Hub RDF,[object Object],Copac RDF,[object Object],foaf,[object Object],bibo,[object Object],foaf,[object Object],skos,[object Object],skos,[object Object],dcterms:title,[object Object],dcterms:identifier,[object Object]
Ontologies,[object Object],Many widely used ontologies,[object Object],Use others as far as possible,[object Object],Use your own where necessary,[object Object],Dublin Core,[object Object],Friend of a Friend (FOAF),[object Object],Simple Knowledge Organisation System (SKOS),[object Object],Bibo,[object Object],Open Cyc,[object Object]
Linked Data on the Hub & Copac,[object Object],Linked Open Copac and Archives Hub: Locah,[object Object],JISC funded project,[object Object],August 2010 – July 2011,[object Object],Mimas,[object Object],UKOLN,[object Object],Eduserv,[object Object]
What is LOCAH doing?,[object Object],Part 1: Exposing the Linked Data,[object Object],Part 2: Creating a prototype visualisation,[object Object],Part 3: Reporting on opportunities and barriers,[object Object]
How are we exposing the Data?,[object Object],Model our ‘things’ into RDF,[object Object],Transform the existing data into RDF/XML ,[object Object],Enhance the data,[object Object],Load the RDF/XML into a triple store,[object Object],Create Linked Data Views,[object Object],Document the process, opportunities and barriers on LOCAH Blog,[object Object]
1. Modelling ‘things’ into RDF,[object Object],Hub data in ‘Encoded Archival Description’ EAD XML form,[object Object],Copac data in ‘Metadata Object Description Schema’ MODS XML form,[object Object],Take a step back from the data format,[object Object],Think about your ‘things’,[object Object],What is EAD document “saying” about “things in the world”?,[object Object],What questions do we want to answer about those “things”?,[object Object],http://www.loc.gov/ead/     http://www.loc.gov/standards/mods/,[object Object]
1. Modelling ‘things’ into RDF,[object Object],Need to decide on patterns for URIs we generate,[object Object],Following guidance from W3C ‘Cool URIs for the Semantic Web’ and UK Cabinet Office ‘Designing URI Sets for the UK Public Sector’,[object Object],http://data.archiveshub.ac.uk/id/findingaid/gb1086skinner ‘thing’ URI,[object Object],	… is HTTP 303 ‘See Other’ redirected to …,[object Object],http://data.archiveshub.ac.uk/doc/findingaid/gb1086skinner document URI,[object Object],	… which is then content negotiated to …,[object Object],	http://data.archiveshub.ac.uk/doc/findingaid/gb1086skinner.htmlhttp://data.archiveshub.ac.uk/doc/findingaid/gb1086skinner.rdf http://data.archiveshub.ac.uk/doc/findingaid/gb1086skinner.turtlehttp://data.archiveshub.ac.uk/doc/findingaid/gb1086skinner.json,[object Object],http://www.w3.org/TR/cooluris/http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/resource-library/designing-uri-sets-uk-public-sector,[object Object]
1. Modelling ‘things’ into RDF,[object Object],Using existing RDF vocabularies:,[object Object],DC, SKOS, FOAF, BIBO, WGS84 Geo, Lexvo, ORE, LODE, Event and Time Ontologies,[object Object],Define additional RDF terms where required,,[object Object],hub:ArchivalResource,[object Object],copac:BibiographicResource,[object Object],hub:maintenanceAgency,[object Object],copac:Creator,[object Object],It can be hard to know where to look for vocabs and ontologies,[object Object],Decide on licence – CC BY-NC 2.0, CC0, ODC PDD,[object Object]
Archives Hub Model (as at 14/2/2011),[object Object],in,[object Object],Finding Aid,[object Object],Place ,[object Object],PostcodeUnit,[object Object],Repository(Agent),[object Object],administeredBy/administers,[object Object],maintainedBy/maintains,[object Object],encodedAs/encodes,[object Object],hasPart/partOf,[object Object],EAD Document,[object Object],accessProvidedBy/providesAccessTo,[object Object],Level,[object Object],Biographical History,[object Object],topic/page,[object Object],hasBiogHist/isBiogHistFor,[object Object],Language,[object Object],level,[object Object],ArchivalResource,[object Object],language,[object Object],at time,[object Object],topic/page,[object Object],origination,[object Object],hasPart/partOf,[object Object],TemporalEntity,[object Object],Creation,[object Object],product of,[object Object],associatedWith,[object Object],extent,[object Object],inScheme,[object Object],Extent,[object Object],Concept ,[object Object],ConceptScheme,[object Object],Agent ,[object Object],representedBy,[object Object],Object,[object Object],foaf:focus,[object Object],Is-a,[object Object],Is-a,[object Object],associatedWith,[object Object],Family ,[object Object],Person ,[object Object],Organisation ,[object Object],Place ,[object Object],Book,[object Object],participates in,[object Object],Genre ,[object Object],Function ,[object Object],Birth,[object Object],Death,[object Object],TemporalEntity,[object Object],at time,[object Object]
Copac Model (as at November 2010),[object Object]
Feedback Requested!,[object Object],We would like feedback on the model,[object Object],Appreciate this will be easier when the data available,[object Object],Via blog ,[object Object],http://blogs.ukoln.ac.uk/locah/2010/09/28/model-a-first-cut/,[object Object],http://blogs.ukoln.ac.uk/locah/2010/11/08/some-more-things-some-extensions-to-the-hub-model/,[object Object],http://blogs.ukoln.ac.uk/locah/2010/10/07/modelling-copac-data/,[object Object],Via email, twitter, in person,[object Object]
2. Transforming in RDF/XML,[object Object],Transform EAD and MODS to RDF/XML based on our models,[object Object],Hub: created XSLT Stylesheet and used Saxon parser,[object Object],http://saxon.sourceforge.net/,[object Object],Saxon runs the XSLT against a set of EAD files and creates a set of RDF/XML files,[object Object],Copac: created in-house Java transformation program,[object Object]
3. Enhancing our data,[object Object],Language - lexvo.org,[object Object],Time periods - reference.data.gov.uk,[object Object],Geolocation - UK Postcodes URIs and Ordnance Survey URIs,[object Object],Names - Virtual International Authority File,[object Object],Matches and links widely-used authority files - http://viaf.org/,[object Object],Names (and subjects) - DBPedia,[object Object],Subjects - Library of Congress Subject Headings,[object Object]
4. Load RDF/XML into triple store,[object Object],Using the Talis Platform triple store,[object Object],RDF/XML is HTTP POSTed,[object Object],We’re using Pynappl,[object Object],Python client for the Talis Platform,[object Object],http://code.google.com/p/pynappl/,[object Object],Store provides us with a SPARQL query interface,[object Object]
5. Create Linked Data Views,[object Object],Expose ‘bounded’ descriptions from the triple store over the Web,[object Object],Make available as documents in both human-readable HTML and RDF formats (also JSON, Turtle, CSV),[object Object],Using Paget ‘Linked Data Publishing Framework’,[object Object],http://code.google.com/p/paget/,[object Object],PHP scripts query Sparql endpoint,[object Object]
http://data.archiveshub.ac.uk/id/archivalresource/gb1086skinner,[object Object]
http://data.archiveshub.ac.uk/,[object Object]
Can I access the Locah Linked Data?,[object Object],Will be releasing the Hub data very soon!,[object Object],Copac data will follow approx 1 month later,[object Object],Release will include Linked Data views, Sparql endpoint details, example queries and supporting documentation,[object Object]
Reporting on opportunities and barriers,[object Object],Locah Blog (tags: ‘opportunities’ ‘barriers’),[object Object],Feed into #JiscEXPO programme evidence gathering,[object Object],More at:,[object Object],http://blogs.ukoln.ac.uk/locah/2010/09/22/creating-linked-data-more-reflections-from-the-coal-face/,[object Object],http://blogs.ukoln.ac.uk/locah/2010/12/01/assessing-linked-data,[object Object]
Creating the Visualisation Prototype,[object Object],Based on researcher use cases,[object Object],Data queried from Sparql endpoint,[object Object],Use tools such as Simile, Many Eyes, Google Charts,[object Object],For first Hub visualisation using Timemap – ,[object Object],Googlemaps and Simile,[object Object],http://code.google.com/p/timemap/,[object Object]
Visualisation Prototype,[object Object],Using Timemap – ,[object Object],Googlemaps and Simile,[object Object],http://code.google.com/p/timemap/,[object Object],Early stages with this,[object Object],Will give location and ‘extent’ of archive.,[object Object],Will link through to Archives Hub ,[object Object]
Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton,[object Object],http://archiveshub.ac.uk/data/gb15sirernesthenryshackleton,[object Object],Archives related to Shackleton:,[object Object],VIAF URL:   http://viaf.org/viaf/12338195/,[object Object],Books related to Shackleton: ,[object Object],Biographical History:,[object Object],Ernest Henry Shackleton was born on 15 February 1874 in Kilkea, Ireland, one of six children of Anglo-Irish parents. The family moved from their farm to Dublin, where his father, Henry studied medicine. On qualifying in 1884, Henry took up a practice in south London, and between 1887 and 1890, Ernest was educated at Dulwich College. On leaving school, he entered the merchant service, serving in the square-rigged ship Hoghton Tower until 1894 when he transferred to tramp steamers. In 1896, he qualified as first mate, and two years later, was certified as master, joining the Union Castle line in 1899.  [more],[object Object]
The challenges,[object Object]
The learning process,[object Object],Model the data, not the description,[object Object],The description is one of the entities,[object Object],Understand the importance of URIs,[object Object],Think about your world before others,[object Object],	…but external links are important,[object Object],Try to get to grips with terminology,[object Object]
Names,[object Object],6947115KNAPPF,[object Object],F Knapp associated with record 6947115,[object Object],/id/agent/6947115KNAPPF,[object Object],<copac:isCreatorOf rdf:resource="http://data.copac.ac.uk/id/mods/6947115"/>,[object Object],6957115KNAPPF,[object Object],6947115,[object Object],<isCreatorOf>,[object Object]
Index terms (names, subjects, places),[object Object],‘AssociatedWith’ as the relationship,[object Object], Benefits of structured index terms,[object Object],Use /person/ and /organisation/ in the URI,[object Object], Distinguish /person/pilkington’ the person and /organisation/pilkington,[object Object],Distinguish place/reading/ and subject/reading/ ,[object Object]
Problems with source data,[object Object],EAD very permissive: whole range of finding aids,[object Object],Copac more consistent but still wide variety,[object Object],Hub EAD: We limited the tags we worked with,[object Object],Large files (around 5Mb) tend to need splitting up,[object Object]
Duplication of data,[object Object],“So statements which relate things in the two documents must be repeated in each. This clearly is against the first rule of data storage: don't store the same data in two different places: you will have problems keeping it consistent.” (T B-L www.w3.org/designissues/linkeddata.html),[object Object]
Archival Inheritance,[object Object],“Do not repeat information at a lower level of description that has already been given at a higher level.” ISAD(G),[object Object],Many elements do not apply to ‘child’ descriptions,[object Object],Simple rule of inheritance not always appropriate,[object Object],LD does assert hierarchical relationships but no requirement to follow these links,[object Object]
Copac,[object Object],Larger community: more potential vocabularies/documentation/support/confusion/inconsistencies,[object Object],Merged catalogues: a unique scenario,[object Object],‘Creator’ and ‘Others’ (editor, authors, illustrator),[object Object],Learning from Hub / Doing what is appropriate,[object Object],Usually not right or wrong answers,[object Object]
Copac model,[object Object],Groundwork done with Archives Hub. Then had to decide what we wanted to say about the data,[object Object],Challenges over what a ‘record’ is – ‘Bleak House’ from each contributor? or one merged record?,[object Object],In many ways simpler than archival data; but also can decide to create a simpler model,[object Object]
Copac Model,[object Object]
Copac specification,[object Object],Hard to start but proved to be very crucial,[object Object],Very iterative process between spec and RDF output,[object Object],Important to establish the structure of the spec (we used tabs for each ‘entity’),[object Object]
Copac specification,[object Object]
Copac decisions,[object Object],Where to create Copac URIs – ,[object Object],copac:creator,[object Object],copac:contributor,[object Object],copac:heldBy,[object Object],When to create URIs,[object Object],Title = literal,[object Object],Publication place = URI,[object Object],How to deal with problematic/ambiguous data,[object Object],Date? = productionDate,[object Object]
Issues,[object Object]
Risks,[object Object],Can you rely on data sources long-term? ,[object Object],Persistence of persistent URIs?,[object Object],New technologies,[object Object],Investment of time – unsure of benefits,[object Object],Licensing issues,[object Object]
Provenance,[object Object],Track which data comes from our sources: URIs identify your entities,[object Object],Linked Data tends towards disassembling,[object Object],Copac/Hub as trusted sources…is DBPedia (for example) as reliable? ,[object Object],Contributors may want data to be identified,[object Object],Issues around administrative/biographical history,[object Object],Benefits of trust? ,[object Object],Users may want to know where data is from,[object Object]
Licensing	,[object Object],Nature of Linked Data: each triple as a piece of data,[object Object],‘Ownership’ of data? ,[object Object],Data often already freely available (M2M interfaces),[object Object]
Licensing,[object Object],Public Domain Licences: simple, explicit, and permit widest possible reuse. Waive all rights to the data,[object Object],BL, British National Bibiography uses public domain licence,[object Object],Limit commercial uses? ,[object Object],Build in community norms: attribution, share alike - to reinforce desire for acknowledgement,[object Object],Legal situation? ,[object Object]
Thank You,[object Object]
Attribution and CC licence,[object Object],Sections of this presentation adapted from materials created by other members of the LOCAH Project,[object Object],This presentation available under creative commonsNon Commercial-Share Alike:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.0/uk/,[object Object]

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Notas del editor

  1. Has been described as a ‘data commons’, or more usually a Web of Data.
  2. Problem for machines to extract meaning. At present, the raw data is not really available.
  3. Persitent URIs for names of things – http URIs are names, not addressesProvide information – properties and classes for a URIMore links
  4. Things are resources because someone created a URI to identify them, not because they have some particular properties in and of themselves.HTTP URIs provide a simple way to create globally unique names without centralized management; and URIs work not just as a name but also as a means of accessing information about a resource over the Web
  5. In a data graph, there is no concept of roots (or a hierarchy). A graph consists of resources related to other resources, with no single resource having any particular intrinsic importance over another.
  6. This subject – the archive itself – has a page (foaf:page being the property) with name ‘finding aid’. The ‘finding aid’ is the object of this statement, but is also itself a subject. A subject in an RDF document may also be referenced as an object of a property in another RDF statement.
  7. We have four ‘things’ here: unit of description; repostiory; finding aid; EAD document. We have given Unit of description a number of properties. Other things can also have properties (this is simplified)These properties are indicated in the green boxes. They are also called predicates.
  8. In hypertext web sites it is considered generally rather bad etiquette not to link to related external material.  The value of your own information is very much a function of what it links to, as well as the inherent value of the information within the web page.  So it is also in the Semantic Web.Remember, this is about machines linking – machines need identifiers; humans generally know when something is a place or when it is a person. BBC + DBPedia + GeoNames + Archives Hub + Copac + VIAF = the Web as an exploratory space
  9. Once you say that they are the same, the implication is that they share the same classes and properties.
  10. Ontology defines a ‘knowledge domain’
  11. Encoded Archival Description is an XML standard for encoding archival finding aidsThe Object Description Schema (MODS) is an XML-based bibliographic description schemaMODS - Metadata Object Description Schema (MODS) is a schema for a bibliographic element set that may be used for a variety of purposes, and particularly for library applications.EAD - Things” include concepts and abstractions as well as material objects We want location – archives physical things so location importantAlso wanted event data, partly steered by the visualisation prototypeAlso ‘extent’ data – number of boxes
  12. 303 and Content Neg from ‘Cool URIs for the Semantic Web’
  13. Open Data Commons Public Domain DedicationCreative Commons CC0 license
  14. e.g. index terms may not always apply down the hierarchy of the descriptionWe are pulling &lt;repository&gt; down into lower-level descriptions