2. White Lesions
lesions of the oral mucosa,
which are white results
from a
thickened layer of keratin
epithelial hyperplasia
intracellular epithelial
edema
reduced vascularity of subjacent connective
3. White Lesions
white or yellow lesions
may also be due to fibrous
exudate covering an:
ulcer
submucosal deposit
surface debris
fungal colonies
6. (1) Leukoedema
generalized opacification
of buccal mucosa that is
regarded as a variation
of normal
can be identified in majority
of population
7. (1) Leukoedema
Etiology & Pathogenesis
to date, cause has not
been established
smoking
chewing tobacco none
alcoholo ingestion are
bacterial infection proven
salivary condition cause
electrochemical interactions
have been implicated
8. (1) Leukoedema
Clinical Features
usual discovered as
incidental finding
asymptomatic
symmetrically distributed
in buccal mucosa
9. (1) Leukoedema
Clinical Features
appear as gray-white,
diffuse, filmy or milky
surface
more exaggerated cases,
whitish cast with surface
textural changes
• wrinkling
• or corrugations
10. (1) Leukoedema
Clinical Features
with stretching of buccal
mucosa, opaque changes
dissipate
more apparent in non-whites,
especially African-American
11. (1) Leukoedema
Treatment
NO treatment is necessary
since there is no malignant
potential
if there is any doubt about
diagnosis, a biopsy can
be performed
12. (2) Leukoplakia
also known as Leukokeratosis;
Erythroplakia
Leuko= white
Plakia = patch
defined by World Health Organization
(WHO) as a white patch or plaque
that cannot be characterized
clinically or pathologically as
any other disease
13. (2) Leukoplakia
Leukoplakia
clinical term indicating a
white patch or plaque of
oral mucosa
cannot be rubbed off
cannot be characterized clinically
as any other disease
biopsy is mandatory to
establish a definitive diagnosis
14. (2) Leukoplakia
Mild or Thin Leukoplakia
Homogenous or
Thick Leukoplakia
Granular or Nodular
Leukoplakia
Verrucous or Verruciform
Leukoplakia
17. (2) Leukoplakia
Mild or Thin Leukoplakia
seldom shows dysplasia
on biopsy
may disappear or continue
unchanged
18. (2) Leukoplakia
Homogenous or Thick Leukoplakia
for tobacco smokers who do
not reduce their habit
2/3 of such lesions slowly
extend laterally, become
thicker + acquire distinctly
white appearance
19. (2) Leukoplakia
Homogenous or Thick Leukoplakia
affected mucosa may become
leathery to palpation
fissures may deepen
become more numerous
most thick, smooth lesions
remain indefinitely at this
stage
21. (2) Leukoplakia
Granular or Nodular Leukoplakia
few become even more
severe
develop increased surface
irregularities
22. (2) Leukoplakia
Verrucous or Verruciform
Leukoplakia
lesions that demonstrate
sharp or blunt projections
23. (2) Leukoplakia
Proliferative Verrucous
Leukoplakia (PVL)
high risk form of
leukoplakia
development of multiple
keratotic plaques
with roughened
surface projections
24. (2) Leukoplakia
Proliferative Verrucous
Leukoplakia (PVL)
tend to slowly spread
involve additional oral
mucosal sites
gingiva is frequently involved
although other sites may be
affected as well
25. (2) Leukoplakia
Proliferative Verrucous
Leukoplakia (PVL)
as lesions progress, there
may go through a stage
indistinguishable
transform into full-fledged
squamous cell carcinoma
(usually within 8 years of
initial PVL diagnosis)
26. (2) Leukoplakia
Proliferative Verrucous
Leukoplakia (PVL)
lesions rarely regress
despite therapy
strong female predilection
minimal association with
tobacco use
27. (2) Leukoplakia
Erythroplakia
leukoplakia may become
dysplastic
even invasive, with no change
in its clinical appearance
however, some lesions eventually
demonstrate scattered patches
of redness called erythroplakia
28. (2) Leukoplakia
Erythroleukoplakia or
Speckled Leukoplakia
such areas usually represent
sites in which epithelial
cells are so immature
or atrophic that they can no
longer produce keratin
29. (2) Leukoplakia
Erythroleukoplakia or
Speckled Leukoplakia
intermixed red-and-white
lesion
pattern of leukoplakia
that frequently reveals
advanced dysplasia on
biopsy
30. (2) Leukoplakia
Etiology & Prognosis
many cases are etiologically
related to use of tobacco
in smoked or smokeless
forms and may regress
after discontinuation
of tobacco use
31. (2) Leukoplakia
Etiology & Prognosis
other factors, such as
• alcohol abuse may have
• trauma a role in
• C. albicans infection etiology
32. (2) Leukoplakia
Etiology & Prognosis
nutritional factors have
been cited as important,
especially iron deficiency
anemia
33. (2) Leukoplakia
Clinical Features
associated with middle-aged
+ older population
vast majority of cases occur
after age of 40 years
35. (2) Leukoplakia
leukoplakia of lips + tongue
also exhibits relative high
percentage of dysplastic or
neoplastic change
36. (2) Leukoplakia
Treatment & Prognosis
absence of dysplastic or
atypical epithelial changes
• periodic examinations +
rebiopsy of new suspicious
areas are recommended
37. (2) Leukoplakia
Treatment & Prognosis
if diagnosis as moderate to
severe dysplasia
• excision is obligatory
for large lesions, grafting
procedures may be necessary after
surgery
may recur after complete removal
38. (3) Lichen Planus
chronic mucocutaneous
disease of unknown cause
relatively common
typically presents as bilateral
white lesions
occasionally with associated
ulcers
39. (3) Lichen Planus
Pathogenesis
although cause is unknown
generally considered to be
a immunologically mediated
process
resembles hypersensitivity
reaction
40. (3) Lichen Planus
Clinical Features
disease of middle age
affects men + women in
nearly equal numbers
children rarely affected
42. (3) Lichen Planus
Clinical Features
Reticular Form
• most common type
• numerous interlacing white
keratotic lines or striae
(Wickham’s striae)
produces anular or lacy
pattern
43. (3) Lichen Planus
Clinical Features
Reticular Form
• buccal mucosa is the site
most commonly involved
• may also be noted on:
tongue
gingiva – less common
lips
44. (3) Lichen Planus
Clinical Features
Plaque Form
• resembles leukoplakia
• but has multifocal distribution
• range from slightly elevated
to smooth and flat
45. (3) Lichen Planus
Clinical Features
Plaque Form
• primary sites are
dorsum of tongue
buccal mucosa
46. (3) Lichen Planus
Clinical Features
Erythematous Form
• red patches
• with very fine white
striae
• attached gingiva commonly
involved
47. (3) Lichen Planus
Clinical Features
Erythematous Form
• patchy distribution often
in four quadrants
• patient may complain of
burning
sensitivity
generalized discomfort
48. (3) Lichen Planus
Clinical Features
Erosive Form
• central area of lesion is
ulcerated
• fibrinous plaque or
pseudomembrane covers
ulcer
• changing patterns of involvement
from week to week
49. (3) Lichen Planus
Treatment
although it cannot be
generally cured
some drugs can provide
satisfactory control
corticosteroids are the single
most useful group of drugs
in the management of lichen
planus
51. (3) Lichen Planus
Treatment
topical application +
local injection of steroids
have been used successfully
in controlling but not
curing this disease
52. (4) Candidiasis
common oppurtunistic
oral mycotic infection
develops in the presence of
one of several predisposing
factors
• immunodeficiency
• endocrine disturbances
• hypoparathyroidism
• diabetes mellitus
• poor oral hygiene
• xerostomia
53. (4) Candidiasis
caused by Candida albicans
infection with this organism
is usually superficial, affecting
the outer aspects of involved
oral mucosa or skin
54. (4) Candidiasis
in severely debilitated +
immunocompromised patients
such as patients with AIDS
infection may extend into
alimentary tract (candidal
esophagitis
bronchopulmonary tract
and other organ system
55. (4) Candidiasis
Clinical Features
most common form is
acute pseudomembranous
also known, as thrush
• young infants + elderly
are commonly affected
56. (4) Candidiasis
Clinical Features
oral lesion of acute
candidiasis (thrush)
• white
• soft plaques that sometime
grow centrifugally + merge
• wiping plaques with gauze
sponge leaves a painful,
eroded, eryhtematous or
ulcerated surface
57. (4) Candidiasis
Clinical Features
Chronic Erythematous
Candidiasis
• commonly seen on
geriatric individuals
• who wear complete
maxillary denture
58. (4) Candidiasis
Clinical Features
Chronic Erythematous
Candidiasis
• distinct predilection for
palatal mucosa as
compared with mandibular
alveolar arch
59. (4) Candidiasis
Clinical Features
Chronic Erythematous
Candidiasis
• chronic low-grade
resulting from poor
prosthesis fit
• failure to remove
appliance at night
60. (4) Candidiasis
Clinical Features
Chronic Erythematous
Candidiasis
• bright red
• relative little
keratinization
61. (4) Candidiasis
Clinical Features
Hyperplastic Candidiasis
• may involve dorsum of
tongue
• pattern referred to as
median rhomboid
glossitis
62. (4) Candidiasis
Clinical Features
Hyperplastic Candidiasis
• usually asymptomatic
• usually discovered on
routine oral
examination
63. (4) Candidiasis
Clinical Features
Hyperplastic Candidiasis
• found anterior to
circumvallate
papillae
• oval or rhomboid
outline
64. (4) Candidiasis
Clinical Features
Hyperplastic Candidiasis
• may have smooth,
nodular or fissured
surface
• range in color from
white to more red
65. (4) Candidiasis
Clinical Features
Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
• long standing
• persistent candidiasis of
oral mucosa
skin
vaginal mucosa
66. (4) Candidiasis
Clinical Features
Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
• often resistant to treatment
• begins as a pseudomembranous
type of candidiasis
• soon followed by nail +
cutaneous involvement
67. (4) Candidiasis
Treatment
majority of infections may
be simply treated with
topical applications of
nystatin suspension
• nystatin cream or
ointment often effective
when applied directly to
denture-bearing surface itself
68. (4) Candidiasis
Treatment
topical applications of either
nystatin or clotrimazole
should be continued for at
least 1 week beyond
disappearance of clinical
manifestations of disease
69. (4) Candidiasis
Treatment
Hyperplastic Candidiasis
• topical + systemic antifungal
agents may not be effective
at completely removing
lesions
surgical management
may be necessary
70. (4) Candidiasis
Treatment
Chronic Mucocutaneous
Candidiasis associated
with immunosuppression
• topical agents may not
be effective
72. (5) White Sponge Nevus
autosomal-dominant condition
due to point mutations for
genes coding for keratin 4
and/or 13.
affects oral mucosa bilaterally
NO treatment is required
73. (5) White Sponge Nevus
Clinical Features
• asymptomatic
• folded white lesions
• may affect several mucosal
sites
• lesions tend to be thickened
+ spongy consitency
74. (5) White Sponge Nevus
Clinical Features
• presentation intraorally
is almost always bilateral
+ symmetric
• usually appears early in
life, typically before
puberty
75. (5) White Sponge Nevus
Clinical Features
• usually observed in buccal
mucosa
• tongue + vestibular mucosa
may be involved
76. (5) White Sponge Nevus
Treatment
• NO treatment necessary
since it is asymptomatic
+ benign
77. (6) Nicotine Stomatitis
common tobacco-related
form of keratosis
typically associated with pipe
+ cigar smoking
with positive correlation
between intensity of smoking
+ severity of condition
78. (6) Nicotine Stomatitis
combination of tobacco
carcinogens + heat is markedly
intensified in reverse smoking
(lit end positioned inside the
mouth)
adding a significant risk for
malignant conversion
79. (6) Nicotine Stomatitis
Clinical Features
palatal mucosa initially
responds with an erythematous
change follwed by
keratinization
80. (6) Nicotine Stomatitis
Clinical Features
subsequent to opacification
or keratinization of palate
• red dots surrounded by
white keratotic rings
appear
dot represent inflammation
of salivary gland excretory
duct
81. (6) Nicotine Stomatitis
Treatment
condition rarely evolves into
malignancy
except in individuals who
reverse smoke
discontinuation of tobacco
habit
82. (7) Geographic Tongue
also known as erythema migrans,
benign migratory glossitis
prevalent among whites +
blacks
strongly associated with fissure
tongue
inversely associated with cigarette
smoking
84. (7) Geographic Tongue
Clinical Features
affects women slightly more
than men
children occasionally may
be affected
characterized initially by
presence of atrophic patches
surrounded by elevated
keratotic margins
85. (7) Geographic Tongue
Clinical Features
desquamated areas appear
red + may be slightly
tender
followed over a period of
days or weeks, pattern
changes
appearing to move across
dorsum of tongue
86. (7) Geographic Tongue
Clinical Features
most patients are asymptomatic
occasionally patients complain
of irritation or tenderness
especially in relation to
consumption of spicy foods
+ alcoholic beverages
87. (7) Geographic Tongue
Clinical Features
lesions periodically disappear
recur for no apparent reason
88. (7) Geographic Tongue
Treatment
NO treatment is required
because of self-limiting +
usually asymptomatic nature
of this condition
89. (7) Geographic Tongue
Treatment
when symptoms occur,
• topical steroids especially
ones containing antifungal
agent
helpful in reducing symptoms
90. (7) Geographic Tongue
Treatment
mouth clean using mouthrinse
composed of sodium
bicarbonate in water
reassure patients that condition
is totally benign
91. (8) Hairy Tongue
clinical term referring to a
condition of filiform papillae
overgrowth on dorsal surface
of tongue
there are numerous initiating
or predisposing factors for
hairy tongue
92. (8) Hairy Tongue
broad spectrum antibiotics
such as penicillin + systemic
cortiocosteroids are often
identified in clinical
history of patients with
this condition
93. (8) Hairy Tongue
oxygenating mouthrinses
containing:
hydrogen peroxide
sodium perborate
carbamide peroxide
have been cited as
possible etiologic agents
94. (8) Hairy Tongue
Clinical Features
clinical alteration translates
to hyperplasia of filiform
papillae; result is
• thick serves to trap
• matted surface bacteria, fungi,
foreign materials
95. (8) Hairy Tongue
Clinical Features
extensive elongation of
papillae occurs,
• gagging may be
• tickiling sensation felt
96. (8) Hairy Tongue
Clinical Features
color may range from white
to tan to deep brown
depending on:
• diet
• oral hygiene
• composition of bacteria
inhabiting papillary surface
97. (8) Hairy Tongue
Treatment
brush/scrape tongue with
baking soda
maintain good oral hygiene
emphasize to patients that
this process is entirely benign
98. (8) Hairy Tongue
Treatment
self-limiting
tongue should return to
normal after institution
of physical debridement
+ proper oral hygiene
99. (9) Dental Lamina Cyst
also known as Gingival Cyst of
New Born or Bohn’s nodules
appear as multiple nodules
along alveolar ridge in neonates
100. (9) Dental Lamina Cyst
similar epithelial inclusion
cysts may occur along midline
of palate (palatine cyst of
new born or Epstein’s pearls)
developmental origin
derived from epithelium
included in fusion line
between palatal shelves +
nasal processes
no treatment; resolve spontaneously
101. (9) Dental Lamina Cyst
Treatment
not necessary because nearly
all spontaneously rupture
before patient is 3 months
of age
102. (10) Fordyce’s Granules
represents ectopic sebaceous
glands or sebaceous
choristomas
normal tissue in abnormal
location
regarded as developmental
considered a variation of normal
103. (10) Fordyce’s Granules
multiple
often seen in aggregates
sites of predilection include
• buccal mucosa
• vermillion of upper lip
104. (10) Fordyce’s Granules
lesions generally are symmetrical
distributed
tend to become obvious after
puberty
maximal expression occurring
between 20-30 years of age
106. (10) Fordyce’s Granules
Treatment
No treatment is indicated
• glands are normal in
character
• do not cause any untoward
effects
107. (11) Perleche
also known as Angular
Cheilitis
inflammation + atrophy
of skin of folds at angles
of mouth
108. (11) Perleche
may be due to:
excessive lip licking
thumb sucking
sagging of facial skin
in edentulous or elderly
persons
109. (11) Perleche
may be due to:
prolonged contact with
saliva results in
maceration
with possible secondary
infection by Candida
or staphylococci
110. (11) Perleche
Clinical Features
skin at angles of mouth
has erythematous fissures
often with exudate + crust
further licking to moisten
inflamed area exacerbates
the problem
111. (11) Perleche
Treatment
applying antimicrobial
creams
followed by low-potency
steroid creams until
symptoms resolve
protective lip balm may help
prevent recurrence