2.  Hunger of knowledge paved a way for
searching information in a systematic way
to get answers to questions
 Purpose of information search may be for
satisfying the thirst for knowledge or for
solving problems or to test validity of
existing knowledge

3.  Research is an endeavor to discover answers
to intellectual and practical problems through
the application of scientific method.
 “Researchis a systematized effort to gain
new knowledge”.
-Redman and Mory.
 Research is the systematic process of
collecting and analyzing information (data) in
order to increase our understanding of the
phenomenon about which we are concerned
or interested.

4.  When search for information is to solve
business problems
 Business Research is a Systematic and
objective process of gathering, recording
and analyzing data for supporting
business decisions

5.  It extends to all the activities of a business
organization
 It covers areas like sales, consumer
behaviour, customer retention, customer
satisfaction, marketing channel decisions,
product research, customer relation,
productivity, machine efficiency, return on
investment, profitability, expansion etc

6. Business Intelligence:
 Itis designed to provide the manager
with ongoing information about
events and trends in the
technological, economic, political &
legal, demographic, cultural, social
and competitive arenas

7. 1-7
Government/
Competitive
Regulatory
Demographic Economic
Business
Intelligence
Technological Cultural/
Social

8. Strategy:
 The general approach an organization will
follow to achieve its goals
 A firm may implement more than one
strategy at a time
Tactics:
 Specific and timed activities that execute a
strategy

9. Visionaries
Standardized
Decision Makers
Intuitive Decision Makers
Intuitive Decision Makers
1-9

10. Visionaries
Standardized
Decision Makers
Intuitive Decision Makers
1-10

11. Visionaries
Visionaries
Standardized
Decision Makers
Intuitive Decision Makers
1-11

13.  Classification on the basis of Application
◦ Pure/Basic Research
◦ Applied Research
 Classification on the basis of Objectives
◦ Descriptive Research
◦ Explanatory Research
◦ Exploratory Research
◦ Correlational Research
 Classification on the basis of Inquiry Mode
◦ Quantitative Research
◦ Qualitative Research

14.  The purpose of research is to discover answers
through the application of scientific procedures.
 The objectives are:
 To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve
new insights into it
 To portray accurately the characteristics of a
particular individual, situation or a group
 To determine the frequency with which something
occurs or with which it is associated with something
else
 To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between
variables

15.  Research is directed towards the solution of a
problem
 Research is based upon observable experience or
empirical evidence
 Research demands accurate observation and
description
 Research involves gathering new data from
primary sources or using existing data for a new
purpose

16.  Research activities are characterized by
carefully designed procedures
 Research requires expertise i.e., skill necessary
to carryout investigation, search the related
literature and to understand and analyze the
data gathered
 Research is objective and logical – applying
every possible test to validate the data collected
and conclusions reached
 Research is carefully recorded and reported.

17. Clearly defined purpose
Detailed research process
Thoroughly planned design
High ethical standards
Limitations addressed
Adequate analysis
Unambiguous presentation
Conclusions justified
Credentials

18.  Help in decision-making and is not a substitute of
Decision-Making
 Provide a number of facts rather than actionable
results
 All problems cannot be researched
 Provide a set-of guidelines
 Many a times rely more on intuition and judgment
 Time and budgetary constraints

19.  Manager requires information to make day
to day business decisions
 Features of Information gathered:
◦ Relevant
◦ Up-to-date
◦ Accurate
◦ Meet needs of the user
◦ Easy to use and understand
◦ Economic
◦ Reliable

20. Induction and
Concepts Constructs
deduction
Operational
Models
definitions
Terms used
in research
Theory Variables
Propositions/
Hypotheses

21. Concepts:
 Collection of meanings or characteristics
which are associated with events, objects,
behaviours, situations, condition etc.
 Ex: Running, Walking, Talking,
Identifying a male or female or a horse

22. Construct:
 An abstract concept
 It can be built up by combining the
simpler and concrete concepts
 Ex: motivation, personality, satisfaction

23. Deduction:
 Premises are given and from that we draw
conclusion
 It works from the more general to more
specific
 Also called top-down approach
 Ex: 1) all men are mortal (premise 1)
2) Shyam is a man (premise 2)
So we can conclude that, Shyam is mortal
 False premises will lead to false
conclusions

24. Induction:
 Specific to general
 Conclusion is drawn from facts or pieces of
evidences
Ex: this ice cube is cold.
Through experiences, we know that all ice
cubes are cold
 The conclusion explains the facts and the
facts support the conclusion
 The nature of Induction is that, the
conclusion is only a hypothesis

25.  A variable is a symbol of an event, act,
characteristic, trait or attribute that can be
measured and to which we assign categorical
values
 Variables can be of three types :
◦ Dichotomous variable
◦ Continuous variable
◦ Discrete variable

26. Dependent Variable
 What we measure in the experiment and
what is affected during the experiment
Independent Variable
 A factor that can be varied or manipulated
in an experiment and it will affect the
dependent variable
Ex: Sales(DV) and Advertising Expenses(IV)

27. Moderating Variable
 It affects the relationship between IV and DV
Ex: commission from sales (IV) may lead to
increased sales productivity(DV), especially
into younger workers(MV)
Ex: loss of minning jobs (IV) leads to
acceptance of higher risk jobs like car racing
(DV) to earn a family supporting income,
especially due to the limited education of the
residents (MV)

28. Exraneous Variable
 Any variable other than independent
variable that could cause a change in the
dependent variable
Ex: Prior work experience (IV) and Grades
in classroom performance (DV)
 Here, grades can be affected by some other
variables like family history of a student,
education of parents, interest in the class
topic, intelligence of a student etc.

29. Intervening Variable
 The factor which theoretically affects the
observed phenomenon but cannot be seen,
measured or manipulated
 Motivation, job satisfaction
 Ex: A promotional campaign (IV) will
increase savings activity (DV), this result
comes from enhancing the motivation to
save

30.  Proposition is a statement about
observable phenomena (concept) that
may be judged as true of false

31. Hypothesis:
 Proposition or question
formulated for empirical
testing
◦ The effect of the independent
variable on the dependent
variable
 An unproven proposition
 A possible solution to a
problem

32.  Types of Hypotheses:
◦ Descriptive Hypothesis
◦ Relational Hypothesis
 Correlational Hypothesis
 Causal or Explanatory
Hypothesis

33. The Role of the Hypothesis
 It guides the direction of the study
 It defines facts that are relevant and those
that are not
 It suggests which form of research design
is likely to be most appropriate
 It provides framework for organizing the
conclusion that result

34. Adequate
A
Strong
Testable
Hypothesis
Is
Better
than rivals

35. Theory:
 It is a set of systematically interrelated
concepts, definitions and propositions that
are used to explain and predict
phenomena(facts)
 Hypothesis helps in development of theory
Models:
 A representation of a system that is
constructed to study some aspect of that
system or the system as a whole
 Models can be descriptive, predictive or
normative