simple complex and compound

1. The Sentence
SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIONS

2. What is a sentence?
• A sentence is a group of words which expresses a complete
sense/thought.
• A complete sentence requires at least a subject and a verb; it also must
express a complete thought.

3. Basic Elements of a Sentence
SUBJECT & PREDICATE
Neeraj wins the gold medal
Indian Neeraj Chopra wins the gold medal
Indian athlete Neeraj Chopra wins the gold medal
Indian jawline throw athlete Neeraj Chopra wins the gold medal
Indian excellent jawline throw athlete Neeraj Chopra wins the gold medal

4. Basic Elements of a Sentence
SUBJECT & PREDICATE
Hockey team won the bronze medal
They are good players
It was a wonderful day for India
Sreejesh was the goal keeper
He is a wonderful player
He played well

5. Subject
A sentence must have a subject.
• A subject is a noun
• A person, place or thing
• Ms. Jones
• Los Angeles Mission College
• Hat
• Or a pronoun
• A word that takes the place of a noun
• She/he/they
• It

6. Verbs
A sentence must also have a verb.
• There are 2 types of verbs:
• Action
• Show movement
• Examples: to sing, to joke, to run, to walk
• Linking
• Linking verbs do not show action. Instead, they convey existence, being, becoming, and
sometimes, one of the 5 senses. Linking verbs connect the subject and the word after the
linking verb.
• Examples: to be, to seem, to become

7. The 4 Types of Sentence Structure
• Simple sentence
• compound sentence
• complex sentence
• Compound -complex sentence.

8. Simple Sentence Structure
• A simple sentence consists of one independent clause. (An
independent clause contains a subject and verb and expresses a
complete thought.)
• simple sentence will have only one verb
• I like coffee.
• Amy and Marry like tea.
• The earth goes round the sun.
• Shyam did not go to the class.

9. What is a clause? & what is a phrase?
• a clause contain one subject and a verb
• two types of clauses
• depended clause and in depended clause
• e.g. Though India played well in Hockey, we got only bronze medal
• He won the medal, because he played well.
• if you get up early, you will be happy.

10. What is a phrase?
• a group of words which act together as a grammatical unit. Doesn’t
carry complete sense /meaning / thought
• Noun phrase. -
• verb phrase.
• prepositional phrase.
• adjectival phrase.
• Adverbial phrase.

11. Simple Sentence Structure
• Simple sentence will have only one verb
• so, it is easy to identify the simple sentences
• count the verbs in the following sentences
1. The boy played football
2. He is a good boy
3. Walking is good for health
4. Walking fast she reached home.
5. Shaken she cried aloud
6. I love to swim in the pool

12. Gerunds, participles and infinitives
verbal, nonverbal or imposters
Walking is good for health. If it is not verb, it may be either noun or
adjective
How can we identify these imposters ….. ing , …. ing. To ……
• swimming is a good exercise.
• he is swimming for an exercise
• swimming suit is needed for exercise
 For participles and gerunds there will not be any helping verb in this
there will not be any helping verb before it.
 gerunds act as a noun and participles act as adjectives.

13. Differentiate between Gerund and participles
• gerund act as noun
• It shows the characters need for a noun.
Article,(an,a , or the) possessive pronoun can come before (my, his, her, your, their)
substitute with other noun, demonstrative pronoun, quantifiers, qualifiers
• sleeping alone is good for health
• Reading is a good habit
• watching film is interesting

14. Participles act as adjectives
• Swimming suit is used in the swimming pool to swim
• Dancing dolls are dancing on the table.
• Quacking ducks are disturbing always to hear
• On finding striking mistake in the song they are correcting it now.
• A cracking sound woke him up from his deep sleeping
• seven dancing girls are sleeping in a sleeping bag
• This washing is to clean the room.
• cracking sound in the room broke all the singing in the room
• walking in the moonlight, I am thinking of your dancing

15. Infinitives
• He is speaking loudly to make a problem in the class.
• Chewing tobacco will make cancer.
• . Drinking alcohol and chewing tobacco can be dangerous.
• Flowing river is used to wash the cloths.
•

16. How to identify a simple sentence?
It’ll have only one verb
or
one independent clause.
• I like it.
• A good training is needed to swim in a swimming pool.
• we went to shoot a bird.
• He loved dancing in the rain to entertain public.
• Dhulkar is dancing in the film excellently to attract his young and
beautiful lover girl in green and orange silken attire.
• she began to sing the national anthem in a striking and stunning
manner to attract the hundreds of audience.
• . A verb alone may have more subjects

17. Compound sentence . Have 2 independent clauses or
two simple sentences or two verbs .
• I went there and I saw a lion.
• I went there but I lost the scene.
• Hearing the sound I entered the room to see and I saw the snake.
• I opened the box and I saw two ladoos in it.

18. Compound sentences
• A compound sentence has more than one part that can stand
alone (independent clauses).
• Independent clauses are connected by coordinating
conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs or a semi-colon.

19. COMPOUND SENTENCE: COORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS
FOR
AND
NOR
BUT
OR
YET
SO

20. Comma before “and”
in compound
sentences!

21. COMPOUND SENTENCE:
COORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS
• Akhil went to a hospital, and he spent whole night there.
• Teacher spoke to tem in English, but they responded in Maalyalam
• She did not cheat on the test, for it was the wrong thing to do.
• I really need to go to work, but I am too sick to drive.
• I am counting my calories, yet I really want dessert.
• He ran out of money, so he had to stop playing poker.
• They got there early, and they got really good seats.
• They had no ice cream left at home, nor did they have money to go to the store.
• Everyone was busy, so I went to the movie alone.
• I thought the promotion was mine, but my attendance wasn't good enough.
• Should we start class now, or wait for everyone to get here?
• It was getting dark, and we weren't near the cabin yet.
•

22. Conjunctive adverbs to link two simple sentences
• A conjunctive adverb can join two independent clauses
e.g. She went into the store; however, she didn’t find anything to buy.
• Your dog got into my yard; in addition, he damaged my garden.
• My car payments are high; on the other hand, I really enjoy driving
such a nice vehicle.
• You’re my friend; nonetheless, I feel like you’re taking advantage of
me.

23. Here is a comprehensive list of conjunctive adverbs
• Accordingly
•Additionally
•Again
•Almost
•Anyway
•As a result
•In addition
•Besides
•Certainly
•Comparatively
•Consequently
•Contrarily
•Comparatively
•Consequently
•Conversely
•Elsewhere
•Equally
•Eventually
•Finally
•Further
•Furthermore
•Elsewhere
•Hence
•Henceforth
However
MOREOVER
HOWEVER
OTHERWISE
THEREFORE
•

24. Punctuation
Semicolon
before conjunctive
adverb and comma
after conjunctive adverb!
In this situation, the conjunctive adverb behaves like a coordinating conjunction connecting two complete ideas.
Notice, however, that you need a semicolon (Links to an external site.), not a comma, to connect the two clauses:

25. More examples

26. ;
• Hari has benefited from his daily exercise; he is slim and energetic.
• I walked to school; Jack took the bus.
• Try writing your own; you need to write in examination!
• Dad is going bald; his hair is getting thinner and thinner.
• You should stop eating so much food; you will have to go on a diet.
•

27. • Two sentences combined into one with ONLY a semicolon ( ; ) coming directly
between each sentence
• There is NO conjunction (“and”, “but”, “or”, “so”, “yet”) used at all!!
• The idea behind this type of compound sentence is that both sentences should
logically relate to one another
• The first word that follows the semicolon is NOT capitalized unless it is a proper
noun, proper adjective, or the proper pronoun “I”
• The best way to remember this type of compound is that the semicolon replaces a
period
• A semicolon is used to separate the two sentences – NOT a comma
• This type of compound sentence is nice to use for a sense of “sentence fluency” and
variety of sentence styles/structures in a writer’s work.
• If a comma is ever used WITHOUT a conjunction to separate two sentences, a writer
has what is called a “COMMA SPLICE” – it is NOT allowed and is an incorrect
sentence structure!

28. Have a look at the given examples.
• Since my friend wanted to have lunch, he ordered biriyani.
• Though he is rich, he can’t afford a car.
• He cried aloud because he saw a snake.
• How many verbs are there in each sentences?
• How many clauses are there?
• Are the clauses same in its structure?

29. Complex Sentence
• A complex sentence has at least two parts: one that can stand
alone and another one that cannot. ie. An independent clause
and one or more subordinate (depended clauses)
• The part that cannot stand alone is linked to the rest of the
sentence by a subordinating conjunction.
• Since my friend wanted to have lunch, he ordered
biriyani

30. Complex Sentence
Since my friend wanted to have lunch,,
he ordered biriyani.
Predicate
Subject
Subordinating
Conjunction Part that cannot stand alone

31. More examples ……..
• Even though he was worried, he tried to put it out of his mind.
• My sister puts on makeup whenever she goes out.
• If you want me to buy our dinner, we’ll be having Poratta.

32. The most common subordinating conjunctions.
•"after," "although," "as,"
"because," "before," "how," "if,"
"once," "since," "than," "that,"
though," "till," "until," "when,"
"where," "whether,” and while."
• write more examples

33. Have a look at the sentences
• Though Hari is a non vegetarian, he ordered a vegetable biriyani, and
he enjoyed it very much.
• Lalitha forgot her friend's birthday, so she sent her a card when she
finally remembered.
• How many verbs are there in each sentences?
• How many clauses are there?
• Are the clauses same in its structure?

34. Though Hari is a non vegetarian,
he ordered a vegetable biriyani,
and he enjoyed it very much.
Independent clause Independent clause
Subordinating
Conjunction
Coordinating
Conjunction
Dependent clause
Compound-Complex Sentence

35. Compound complex sentence
• The compound-complex sentence combines elements of compound
and complex sentences.
• It is the most sophisticated type of sentence you can use.
• Understanding how to construct the compound-complex sentence will
help you take your writing to a new level of complexity.

36. Analysis of the sentence.
• Example:
• Begin with two independent clauses:
• The team captain jumped for joy.
• The fans cheered. (Then combine the independent clauses to form a compound sentence:)
• The team captain jumped for joy, and the fans cheered.
(Now, add a dependent clause to your compound sentence to create a compound-complex sentence.)
• The team captain jumped for joy, and the fans cheered because we won the state
championship.
• OR
• When we won the state championship, the team captain jumped for joy, and the
fans cheered.

37. More examples. Analyze all
• I did the work, but I am really tired because I was busy the entire time.
• Ekta doesn’t like watching movies because they are very time wasting,
so she doesn’t watch them.
• Raj doesn’t like cartoons because they are loud, so he doesn’t
watch them.
• Even though she was tired,Usha knew she had to finish the
race and she ran to meet her team.
•

38. How, Why, and When to Use Compound-Complex
Sentences
• "The compound-complex sentence consists of two or more
independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
This syntactic shape is essential in representing complex relationships
and so is frequently put to use in various forms of analytical writing,
especially in academic writing. It is also probably true that the ability to
use compound-complex sentences elevates a writer's credibility: it
demonstrates that he or she can bring together in a single sentence a
range of different pieces of information and order them in relationship
to each other. This is not to say that the compound-complex sentence
invites confusion: on the contrary, when handled carefully, it has the
opposite effect—it clarifies the complexity and enables readers to see it
clearly."

39. Type of sentence Construction Examples
Simple sentence [independent clause]
My dog was hungry. She
already had breakfast.
Compound sentence
[independent clause] +
[coordinating conjunction] +
[independent clause]
My dog was hungry, but she already
had breakfast.
Complex sentence
[subordinating conjunction] +
[dependent clause] + comma +
[independent clause][independent
clause] + [subordinating
conjunction] + dependent clause]
Even though she already had
breakfast, my dog was hungry.
My dog was hungry even though she
already had breakfast.
Compound-complex sentence
Many different types of construction.
Two common ones are:1.
[subordinating conjunction] +
[dependent clause] + [comma]
+ [independent clause] +
[coordinating conjunction] +
[independent clause]
After my dog had finished her
breakfast, she jumped on the couch
and barked at me.

40. Exercises
SAY IF THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES ARE:
SIMPLE, COMPOUND, COMPLEX OR COMPOUND-COMPLEX.

41. 1. The bell rang.
2. Bridget ran the first part of the race, and Tara biked the
second part.
3. He stands at the bottom of the cliff while the climber
moves up the rock.
4. The skier turned and jumped.
5. Naoki passed the test because he studied hard and
understood the material.

42. Answers
1. Simple
2. Compound
3. Complex
4. Simple
5. Compound-complex

43. 1. Because Kayla has so much climbing experience , we
asked her to lead our group.
2. You and I need piano lessons.
3. I planned to go to the hockey game, but I couldn’t get
tickets.
4. Dorothy likes white water rafting, but she also enjoys
kayaking.
5. There are many problems to solve before this program can
be used, but engineers believe that they will be able to
solve them soon.

44. Answers
1. Complex
2. Simple
3. Compound
4. Compound
5. Compound-complex