1. PHARMACOLOGY (NCM 106)
Mr. Jhonee Balmeo

2. Pharmacology
 the branch of medicine concerned with the uses,
effects, and modes of action of drugs.
 Pharmacology is the study of drug action. It
involves looking at the interaction of chemical
substances with the systems in our bodies, as well
as identifying ways in which our biological systems
affect drugs.

3. Pharmacology
 Pharmacology is the branch
of biology concerned with the study
of drug action, where a drug can be
broadly defined as any man-made,
natural, or endogenous (from within
the body) molecule which exerts a
biochemical or physiological effect on
the cell, tissue, organ, or organism.

4. Pharmacy
 It is the art of preparing, compounding, and dispensing
drugs. The word also refers to the place where drugs are
prepared and dispensed.
 The science or practice of the preparation and dispensing
of medicinal drugs.

5. Clinical pharmacist
 Is a specialist who often guides the physician in
prescribing drugs.
 A clinical pharmacists provide direct patient care that
optimizes the use of medication and promotes health,
wellness, and disease prevention

6. Clinical pharmacist
 While regular pharmacists normally work in a pharmacy,
a clinical pharmacist works directly with medical
professionals and patients, usually in a medical center,
hospital or health care unit. The job of the clinical
pharmacist is to determine the best medications for a
given symptom for a patient at a given time.

7. Pharmacy technician
 Is a member of the health team who in some states
administers drugs to clients.

8. Medication
 A medication is a substance administered for the
diagnosis, cure, treatment, or relief of a symptom or for
prevention of disease. In the health care context, the
words medication and drug are generally used
interchangeably.

9. Medication
 Medications have been known and used since antiquity.
Crude drugs, such as opium, castor oil, and vinegar, were
used in ancient times. Over the centuries the number of
drugs available has increased greatly, and knowledge
about these drugs has become correspondingly more
accurate and detailed.

10. Medication
 In the United States, medications are usually dispensed on
the order of primary care providers and dentists. In some
U.S. states, specially qualified nurse practitioners or other
advanced practice nurses and physician assistants may
prescribe drugs.
 The written direction for the preparation and
administration of a drug is called a prescription.

11. Nomenclature
 One drug can have as many as four kinds of names: its
1. generic name,
2. trade name,
3. official name, and
4. chemical name.

12.  Drugs vary in strength and activity.
 Drugs derived from plants, for example, vary in strength
according to the age of the plant, the variety, the place in
which it is grown, and the method by which it is
preserved.
 Drugs must be pure and of uniform strength if drug
dosages are to be predictable in their effect.
 Drug standards have therefore been developed to ensure
uniform quality.

13.  These drugs are officially listed in the United States
Pharmacopeia (USP) and described according to their
source, physical and chemical properties, tests for purity
and identity, method of storage, assay, category, and
normal dosages.

14. Effects of Drugs
 The therapeutic effect of a drug, also
referred to as the desired effect, is the
primary effect intended, that is, the
reason the drug is prescribed.

15. Effects of Drugs

16. Effects of Drugs
 Aside effect, or secondary effect, of a
drug is one that is unintended. Side effects
are usually predictable and may be either
harmless or potentially harmful.

17. Effects of Drugs
 A side effect, or secondary effect,
of a drug is one that is
unintended. Side effects are
usually predictable and may be
either harmless or potentially
harmful.

18. Effects of Drugs
 Drug toxicity (deleterious effects of a
drug on an organism or tissue) results
from over dosage, ingestion of a drug
intended for external use, or buildup of
the drug in the blood because of
impaired metabolism or excretion
(cumulative effect)

19.  A drug allergy is an immunologic
reaction to a drug. When a client
is first exposed to a foreign
substance (antigen), the body
may react by producing
antibodies
Effects of Drugs

20.  A severe allergic reaction usually
occurs immediately after the
administration of the drug and is
called an anaphylactic reaction.
 The earliest symptoms are a subjective
feeling of swelling in the mouth and tongue,
acute shortness of breath, acute
hypotension, and tachycardia.
Effects of Drugs

21. Effects of Drugs
 Drug tolerance exists in a person
who has unusually low
physiological response to a drug
and who requires increases in
the dosage to maintain a given
therapeutic effect.

22. Effects of Drugs
 A cumulative effect is the
increasing response to repeated
doses of a drug that occurs when
the rate of administration exceeds
the rate of metabolism or
excretion.

23. Effects of Drugs
 An idiosyncratic effect is one
that is unexpected and may be
individual to a client.
Underresponse and overresponse
to a drug may be idiosyncratic.

24. Effects of Drugs
 A drug interaction occurs when the
administration of one drug before, at the
same time as, or after another drug alters
the effect of one or both drugs.
!!Drug interactions may be beneficial or harmful.

25. Effects of Drugs
Drug interaction:
 The effect of one or both drugs may be
either increased (potentiating effect)
or decreased (inhibiting effect).

26. Effects of Drugs
 When two of the same types of drug
increase the action of each other, the
effect is known as additive.
 A synergistic effect occurs when two
different drugs increase the action of one
or another drug.

27. Effects of Drugs
 Iatrogenic disease (disease caused
unintentionally by medical therapy)
can be due to drug therapy.

28. Effects of Drugs

29. Types of Drug Preparation
 Aerosol spray or foam
A liquid, powder, or foam deposited in
a thin layer on the skin by air pressure
 Aqueous solution
One or more drugs dissolved in water

30. Types of Drug Preparation
 Aqueous suspension
One or more drugs finely divided in a
liquid such as water
Caplet
A solid form, shaped like a capsule,
coated and easily swallowed

31. Types of Drug Preparation
 Capsule
A gelatinous container to hold a drug in
powder, liquid, or oil form
 Cream
A non greasy, semisolid preparation used
on the skin

32. Types of Drug Preparation
 Elixir
A sweetened and aromatic solution of
alcohol used as a vehicle for medicinal
agents
 Extract
A concentrated form of a drug made from
vegetables or animals

33. Types of Drug Preparation
 Gel or jelly
A clear or translucent semisolid that
liquefies when applied to the skin
 Liniment
A medication mixed with alcohol, oil,
or soapy emollient and applied to the
skin

34. Types of Drug Preparation
 Lotion
A medication in a liquid suspension
applied to the skin
 Lozenge (troche)
A flat, round, or oval preparation that
dissolves and releases a drug when held
in the mouth

35. Types of Drug Preparation
 Ointment (salve, unction)
A semisolid preparation of one or more drugs
used for application to the skin and mucous
membrane
 Paste
A preparation like an ointment, but thicker
and stiff, that penetrates the skin less than
an ointment

36. Types of Drug Preparation
 Pill
One or more drugs mixed with a cohesive
material, in oval, round, or flattened
shapes
 Powder
A finely ground drug or drugs; some are
used internally, others externally

37. Types of Drug Preparation
 Suppository
One or several drugs mixed with a firm base
such as gelatin and shaped for insertion into
the body (e.g., the rectum); the base
dissolves gradually at body temperature,
releasing the drug
 Syrup
An aqueous solution of sugar often used to
disguise unpleasant-tasting drugs

38. Types of Drug Preparation
 Tablet
A powdered drug compressed into a hard small
disc; some are readily broken along a scored line;
others are enteric coated to prevent them from
dissolving in the stomach
 Tincture
An alcoholic or water-and-alcohol solution
prepared from drugs derived from plants

39. Types of Drug Preparation
 Transdermal patch
A semipermeable membrane shaped in the form of a disc or
patch that contains a drug to be absorbed through the skin
over a long period of time

40. Q&A
 A client tells the nurse, “This pill is a
different color than the one that I usually
take at home.” Which is the best response
by the nurse?
 1. “Go ahead and take your medicine.”
 2. “I will recheck your medication orders.”.
 3. “Maybe the doctor ordered a different
medication.”
 4. “I’ll leave the pill here while I check
with the doctor.”

41. Q&A
 Proper administration of an otic
medication to a 2-year-old client
includes which of the following?
 1. Pull the ear straight back.
 2. Pull the ear down and back.
 3. Pull the ear up and back.
 4. Pull the ear straight upward

42. Drug Misuse
 Drug misuse is the improper use of common
medications in ways that lead to acute and
chronic toxicity.
 Both OTC drugs and prescription drugs may be
misused.
 Laxatives, antacids, vitamins, headache
remedies, and cough and cold medications are
often self-prescribed and overused

43. Drug Misuse
 Most people suffer no harmful effects from these drugs, but
some people do. For example, a client might use an OTC
cough medicine to treat a cough that might be caused by a
serious underlying problem such as throat cancer.

44. Drug Misuse
Drug abuse
 is an inappropriate intake of a substance,
either continually or periodically.
 By definition, drug use is abusive when
society considers it abusive.

45. Drug Misuse
Drug abuse has two main facets, drug
dependence and habituation.
 Drug dependence is a person’s reliance on
or need to take a drug or substance.
 The two types of dependence, physiological
and psychological, may occur separately or
together.

46. Drug Misuse
 Physiological dependence is due to
biochemical changes in body tissues,
especially the nervous system. These
tissues come to require the substance for
normal functioning.

47. Drug Misuse
 Psychological dependence is emotional reliance on a drug
to maintain a sense of wellbeing, accompanied by feelings
of need or cravings for that drug.

48. Drug Misuse
 Drug habituation denotes a mild form
of psychological dependence.
 The individual develops the habit of
taking the substance and feels better
after taking it. The habituated
individual tends to continue the habit
even though it may be injurious to
health.

49. Drug Misuse
Illicit drugs (also called street drugs)
 These are those sold illegally. Illicit drugs
are of two types:
 (a) drugs unavailable for purchase under
any circumstances, such as heroin (in the
United States), and
 (b) drugs normally available with a
prescription that are being obtained
through illegal channels.

50. Actions of Drugs on the Body
 The action of a drug in the body can be
described in terms of its half-life, the time
interval required for the body’s elimination
processes to reduce the concentration of the
drug in the body by one-half.

51. Actions of Drugs on the Body
 For example, if a drug’s half-life is 8 hours, then the
amount of drug in the body is as follows:
 Initially: 100%
 After 8 hours: 50%
 After 16 hours: 25%
 After 24 hours: 12.5%
 After 32 hours: 6.25%

52. Actions of Drugs on the Body
 Because the purpose of most drug therapy is to maintain a
constant drug level in the body, repeated doses are
required to maintain that level. When an orally
administered drug is absorbed from the gastrointestinal
tract into the blood plasma, its concentration in the
plasma increases until the elimination rate equals the rate
of absorption

53. Actions of Drugs on the Body

54. Key terms related to drug actions are as
follows:
■ Onset of action: The time after administration when the body initially
responds to the drug
■ Peak plasma level: The highest plasma level achieved by a single dose
when the elimination rate of a drug equals the absorption rate
■ Drug half-life (elimination half-life): The time required for the
elimination process to reduce the concentration of the drug to one-half
what it was at initial administration
■ Plateau: A maintained concentration of a drug in the plasma during a
series of scheduled doses.