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Traffic Safety Risks
with EU Tractor-Semitrailer Rigs
on Slippery Roads
Presented by Johan Granlund, WSP Sweden
Co-author: Per Thomson, Thomson Konsult AB, Sweden
Problem 1: Jack-Knife & Trailer Swing Crashes
The Tranarp Bridge in 2013.
Sweden´s largest multiple-crash ever.
First three vehicles to crash:
Jack-knifing semitrailer rigsPhoto: SVT
Photo: SR
Problem 2: Jamming Icy Upgrades
Jammed upgrades:
-Risk for hazardous queue crashes.
Photo: SilverTho, Youtube
Photo: Falck
Blocked rural “lifeline roads”:
-May request hundreds of km long
detours, if alternative route even exists.
Outline
Are EU-semitrailers suitable for “outdoor use during wintertime” in the
Nordic countries?
Outcome from Nordic seminar held in 2015.
The seminar revealed disproportionate risks for both traffic jams at icy
upgrades and safety risks on slippery roads.
Analysing EU-semitrailer instability on icy road, using TruckSim®.
Simulation results confirm risk for jackknifing at approved winter road
friction.
US Surface Transportation Assistance Act as inspiration to EU,
on shifting from short COE tractors to stable conventional truck-tractors.
Research Objective and Aim of Paper
Research Objective:
• Do EU-semitrailers create
disproportionate traffic jams
and safety risks on slippery
roads?
• If so, are these articulated
vehicles suitable for “outdoor
use during wintertime” in the
Nordic countries?
Aim of the Paper:
Present the problem, from
background to on-going work.
Nordic Seminar, held in 2015:
Traffic Safety Risks with
EU-Semitrailers on Slippery Roads
The one-day open seminar was arranged by Nordic Road Association (NVF), the
insurance company Länsförsäkringar, WSP Sweden and Thomson Konsult AB.
Participants from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Pharoe Islands and Germany.
A wrap up of the seminar outcomes is available on the NVF website.
Photo of 5th wheel top plate: D Rykkje Photo of rubbing plate at king pin: B Eklund
Outcome (1) from the Nordic Seminar:
EU-semi´s strongly overrepresented in recovery
statistics over towing at slippery upgrades
Study in by Falck, Norway
Of 1780 upgrade tow actions:
33 % foreign trucks ( EU-semi´s).
Only 6 % of trucks in traffic are foreign.
Conclusion:
EU-semi´s strongly overrepresented. 0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Domestic; all truck types Foreign; almost 100 % EU semi´s
Photo: Falck
Outcome (2) from the Nordic Seminar:
EU-semi´s Multiplies Crashes w. Human Injuries
Chalmers study in Sweden: +27 % crash rate per km for HGV combinations with
length 12 m - 18.75 m (including 16.5 m EU semitrailer rigs), compared to vehicle
combinations longer than 18.75 m. Longer trucks proven to be safer trucks.
Norwegian project SAFE Foreign Transportation:
Crash rates in Summer vs. Winter:
• Fairly constant for the Scandinavian truck fleet.
• Significantly increased for non-Scandinavian trucks ( EU-semi´s)
EU-semitrailers exhibit more than three times higher rate for human injuries than the
Scandinavian truck fleet on the risky mountainous road networks in Western Norway
and in the North.
Outcome (3) from the Nordic Seminar:
Impact of Vehicle Design on Risks at Slippery Roads
Critical design differences between EU-semitrailer rigs and truck with drawbar trailer:
• Few have a liftable dead axle, that can be used to increase weight on drive axle.
• Centre-of-Gravity and braking performance.
• Often high friction at articulation joint; the trailer can “take over” and decide direction.
• Short wheelbase on tractor unit.
Outcome (3) from the Nordic Seminar:
Impact of Vehicle Design on Risks at Slippery Roads (2)
Low performance in climbing steep ice-slippery hills:
- All two-axled EU-tractor units.
- Short EU-tractor with liftable tag axle (the lift affects its steering).
Disputable performance in climbing icy hills:
o Short EU-tractor w. liftable pusher axle (load´s CoG at trailer front).
o Tandem drive axled truck, when unladen.
High performance in climbing icy hills:
+ Tandem drive axled truck, when laden.
+ Long bogie-axled truck with liftable tag axle (CoG in front of drive axle).
“Proposal”
Outcome (3) from the Nordic Seminar:
Impact of Vehicle Design on Risks at Slippery Roads (3)
“Surfing on snow slush”, due to pitch response of short tractor unit.
The hazardous result is loss of steering control.
Key factors include CoG, wheelbase length and 5th wheel position.
Outcome (3) from the Nordic Seminar:
Impact of Vehicle Design on Risks at Slippery Roads (4)
Why jackknifing also in T-junctions, even at parking lot speed?
Photo of 5th wheel top plate: D Rykkje Photo of rubbing plate at king pin: B Eklund
Photo: Falck
Photo: Corren
• Friction at 5th wheel.
• Short wheelbase.
• Position of 5th wheel.
Vehicle Simulation Results
Legal operating speed up to 90 km/h in SE & NO.
Double lane change at approved winter road slipperiness;
friction  = 0.25.
Constant speed; no braking.
Results:
• Loaded trailer jackknifed at 68 km/h.
• Unladen trailer jackknifed at 61 km/h.
Critical speed drops 10 % by unloading the trailer!
Can lowering tire air pressure on unladen trailer improve
the critical speed for jackknifing?
The animation shows unladen trailer jackknifing at 67 km/h. Acknowledgement to Mr. Mårten Johansson for TruckSim tests.
More Relevant Vehicle Simulations
Good stability of the EU-semitrailer rigs have been demonstrated in previous
simulations and tests, made on roads with high road friction.
However, EU-semi´s performance on low road friction has not been analyzed properly.
Future simulations should take into account:
• Various low road friction conditions,
including split friction in right/left wheel paths.
• Friction at the 5th wheel.
• Various tire & payload circumstances, such as type of load,
load weight, tire pressure, center of gravity positions, etc.
• Braking while making various steering maneuvers,
such as during crash avoidance.
Photo: Avesta Tidning
Inspiration from US to EU
US Surface Transportation Assistance Act (1982) formed the basis for Federal
regulation of CMV dimensions. This Act changed the law from regulating maximum
vehicle combination length, to regulating only the length of the trailers.
Without need to limit the length of truck-tractors, the predominant tractor
configuration shifted from short-wheelbase COE type, to more stable and crash
safe conventional engine-ahead-of-cab type. D. Freund at HVTT11
Photo: Smart Trucking
Photo:VolvoSuperTruckprogram
Summary
• Current EU-semitrailer rigs are not suitable for “outdoor use during
wintertime” in the Nordic countries.
• EU semi-rigs cause disproportionate risks for both traffic jams at icy
upgrades and safety risks on slippery roads.
• Novel vehicle simulation results show unacceptable risk for
jackknifing with EU semi-rigs at winter road condition approved by
Nordic road agencies; road friction  = 0.25.
• During winter season, Nordic countries need to ban EU semi-rigs, or
higher road friction (more ploughing, gritting and de-icing), or both.
• EU should take inspiration from the US Surface Transportation
Assistance Act, on shifting from short COE tractors to stable
conventional truck-tractors as predominant tractor configuration.
Intermediate Safety Action:
Restricted Operation of EU Semi-rigs on Slippery Winter Roads
E6 freeway, South-bound for Oslo:
Due to unsafe winter road condition, particularly in Djupdalen valley,
semitrailers with short two-axled truck-tractors are prohibited to pass the
traffic control station at Jessheim until gritting is finished at 11 o´clock.
Norwegian Public Road Administration

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HVTT14 Traffic Safety Risks with EU Tractor-Semitrailer Rigs on Slippery Roads

  • 1. Traffic Safety Risks with EU Tractor-Semitrailer Rigs on Slippery Roads Presented by Johan Granlund, WSP Sweden Co-author: Per Thomson, Thomson Konsult AB, Sweden
  • 2. Problem 1: Jack-Knife & Trailer Swing Crashes The Tranarp Bridge in 2013. Sweden´s largest multiple-crash ever. First three vehicles to crash: Jack-knifing semitrailer rigsPhoto: SVT Photo: SR
  • 3. Problem 2: Jamming Icy Upgrades Jammed upgrades: -Risk for hazardous queue crashes. Photo: SilverTho, Youtube Photo: Falck Blocked rural “lifeline roads”: -May request hundreds of km long detours, if alternative route even exists.
  • 4. Outline Are EU-semitrailers suitable for “outdoor use during wintertime” in the Nordic countries? Outcome from Nordic seminar held in 2015. The seminar revealed disproportionate risks for both traffic jams at icy upgrades and safety risks on slippery roads. Analysing EU-semitrailer instability on icy road, using TruckSim®. Simulation results confirm risk for jackknifing at approved winter road friction. US Surface Transportation Assistance Act as inspiration to EU, on shifting from short COE tractors to stable conventional truck-tractors.
  • 5. Research Objective and Aim of Paper Research Objective: • Do EU-semitrailers create disproportionate traffic jams and safety risks on slippery roads? • If so, are these articulated vehicles suitable for “outdoor use during wintertime” in the Nordic countries? Aim of the Paper: Present the problem, from background to on-going work.
  • 6. Nordic Seminar, held in 2015: Traffic Safety Risks with EU-Semitrailers on Slippery Roads The one-day open seminar was arranged by Nordic Road Association (NVF), the insurance company Länsförsäkringar, WSP Sweden and Thomson Konsult AB. Participants from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Pharoe Islands and Germany. A wrap up of the seminar outcomes is available on the NVF website. Photo of 5th wheel top plate: D Rykkje Photo of rubbing plate at king pin: B Eklund
  • 7. Outcome (1) from the Nordic Seminar: EU-semi´s strongly overrepresented in recovery statistics over towing at slippery upgrades Study in by Falck, Norway Of 1780 upgrade tow actions: 33 % foreign trucks ( EU-semi´s). Only 6 % of trucks in traffic are foreign. Conclusion: EU-semi´s strongly overrepresented. 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Domestic; all truck types Foreign; almost 100 % EU semi´s Photo: Falck
  • 8. Outcome (2) from the Nordic Seminar: EU-semi´s Multiplies Crashes w. Human Injuries Chalmers study in Sweden: +27 % crash rate per km for HGV combinations with length 12 m - 18.75 m (including 16.5 m EU semitrailer rigs), compared to vehicle combinations longer than 18.75 m. Longer trucks proven to be safer trucks. Norwegian project SAFE Foreign Transportation: Crash rates in Summer vs. Winter: • Fairly constant for the Scandinavian truck fleet. • Significantly increased for non-Scandinavian trucks ( EU-semi´s) EU-semitrailers exhibit more than three times higher rate for human injuries than the Scandinavian truck fleet on the risky mountainous road networks in Western Norway and in the North.
  • 9. Outcome (3) from the Nordic Seminar: Impact of Vehicle Design on Risks at Slippery Roads Critical design differences between EU-semitrailer rigs and truck with drawbar trailer: • Few have a liftable dead axle, that can be used to increase weight on drive axle. • Centre-of-Gravity and braking performance. • Often high friction at articulation joint; the trailer can “take over” and decide direction. • Short wheelbase on tractor unit.
  • 10. Outcome (3) from the Nordic Seminar: Impact of Vehicle Design on Risks at Slippery Roads (2) Low performance in climbing steep ice-slippery hills: - All two-axled EU-tractor units. - Short EU-tractor with liftable tag axle (the lift affects its steering). Disputable performance in climbing icy hills: o Short EU-tractor w. liftable pusher axle (load´s CoG at trailer front). o Tandem drive axled truck, when unladen. High performance in climbing icy hills: + Tandem drive axled truck, when laden. + Long bogie-axled truck with liftable tag axle (CoG in front of drive axle). “Proposal”
  • 11. Outcome (3) from the Nordic Seminar: Impact of Vehicle Design on Risks at Slippery Roads (3) “Surfing on snow slush”, due to pitch response of short tractor unit. The hazardous result is loss of steering control. Key factors include CoG, wheelbase length and 5th wheel position.
  • 12. Outcome (3) from the Nordic Seminar: Impact of Vehicle Design on Risks at Slippery Roads (4) Why jackknifing also in T-junctions, even at parking lot speed? Photo of 5th wheel top plate: D Rykkje Photo of rubbing plate at king pin: B Eklund Photo: Falck Photo: Corren • Friction at 5th wheel. • Short wheelbase. • Position of 5th wheel.
  • 13. Vehicle Simulation Results Legal operating speed up to 90 km/h in SE & NO. Double lane change at approved winter road slipperiness; friction  = 0.25. Constant speed; no braking. Results: • Loaded trailer jackknifed at 68 km/h. • Unladen trailer jackknifed at 61 km/h. Critical speed drops 10 % by unloading the trailer! Can lowering tire air pressure on unladen trailer improve the critical speed for jackknifing? The animation shows unladen trailer jackknifing at 67 km/h. Acknowledgement to Mr. Mårten Johansson for TruckSim tests.
  • 14. More Relevant Vehicle Simulations Good stability of the EU-semitrailer rigs have been demonstrated in previous simulations and tests, made on roads with high road friction. However, EU-semi´s performance on low road friction has not been analyzed properly. Future simulations should take into account: • Various low road friction conditions, including split friction in right/left wheel paths. • Friction at the 5th wheel. • Various tire & payload circumstances, such as type of load, load weight, tire pressure, center of gravity positions, etc. • Braking while making various steering maneuvers, such as during crash avoidance. Photo: Avesta Tidning
  • 15. Inspiration from US to EU US Surface Transportation Assistance Act (1982) formed the basis for Federal regulation of CMV dimensions. This Act changed the law from regulating maximum vehicle combination length, to regulating only the length of the trailers. Without need to limit the length of truck-tractors, the predominant tractor configuration shifted from short-wheelbase COE type, to more stable and crash safe conventional engine-ahead-of-cab type. D. Freund at HVTT11 Photo: Smart Trucking Photo:VolvoSuperTruckprogram
  • 16. Summary • Current EU-semitrailer rigs are not suitable for “outdoor use during wintertime” in the Nordic countries. • EU semi-rigs cause disproportionate risks for both traffic jams at icy upgrades and safety risks on slippery roads. • Novel vehicle simulation results show unacceptable risk for jackknifing with EU semi-rigs at winter road condition approved by Nordic road agencies; road friction  = 0.25. • During winter season, Nordic countries need to ban EU semi-rigs, or higher road friction (more ploughing, gritting and de-icing), or both. • EU should take inspiration from the US Surface Transportation Assistance Act, on shifting from short COE tractors to stable conventional truck-tractors as predominant tractor configuration.
  • 17. Intermediate Safety Action: Restricted Operation of EU Semi-rigs on Slippery Winter Roads E6 freeway, South-bound for Oslo: Due to unsafe winter road condition, particularly in Djupdalen valley, semitrailers with short two-axled truck-tractors are prohibited to pass the traffic control station at Jessheim until gritting is finished at 11 o´clock. Norwegian Public Road Administration