Knowledge of the origin and knowledge of types of services rendered by libraries are imperative. Understanding different information resources are also essential. Meanwhile, issues in the use of other people's intellectual materials have to be explained as well, that is copyright and its implications.

1. LECTURE NOTE ON GST 121: USE OF
LIBRARY, STUDY SKILLS, AND ICT
BY
Adebayo John Oluwaseye
NCE,BLIS,MLIS,CLN
johnoluwaseye@yahoo.com
MICHAELAND CECILIA IBRU UNIVERSITY
AGBARHA-OTOR, DELTA STATE, NIGERIA

2. CONCEPT OF LIBRARY
The term library has been defined by many persons. Meanwhile, there are
similarities in their definitions. Below are some of the definitions:
• Library is regarded as a place where written, printed, graphic, and visual
materials are gathered and well organized using standard rules, and
maintained for reading, studying, and consultation by users.
• Library could be described as an information center where resources of
various formats are acquired, managed, and systematically arranged to
enhance research, teaching, learning, and information acquisition.
• Library could be simply described as an organized institution where
information may be obtained from both print and electronic sources, and
such is useful for research, study, learning, relaxation, and personal
development purposes.

3. OBJECTIVES OF THE LIBRARY
Libraries, regardless of their types or users they
serve, are established to fulfill the following basic
objectives:
• Information
• Education
• Preservation of cultural heritage
• Relaxation

4. FUNCTIONS OF LIBRARIES
Libraries perform the following functions:
• Acquire information materials that can meet various needs of their
users
• Systematically organize information resources to enhance easy
retrieval
• Provide users with information services that can help them in their
research and study
• Provide and maintain a conducive library environment to make
users more comfortable
• Conduct periodic orientation on the use of library
• Teach basic ICT to users
• Assist users to troubleshoot computers and other ICT facilities
• Ensure library equipment are in good shape

5. BRIEF HISTRORY OF LIBRARIES
Library is as old as human race; the history can be traced back to the ancient period of 688-
627 BC. The history of libraries will be outlined under three eras.
ANCIENT TIMES
• The beginning of libraries can be traced to the sumerians (West Pakistan) about 6000
years ago.
• They developed the clay tablets in which cuneiform signs were used to record the
activities of the government. These tablets were preserved and neatly arranged in a
room.
• The tablets contained historical records, poetical works, chronicles, and religious texts.
• Libraries were later found in Egypt; rolls made up papyrus were used to record
information.
• Another library was established at Pergamum in Asia; it was meant for scholars.
Parchment (made from animal skin) was the medium of recording information.
• At the beginning of 4th century, public libraries began to come out, there were almost
28mof such in Rome.

6. BRIEF HISTRORY OF LIBRARIES CONTD.
• Christianity was a major player in this era because expansion of libraries depended
on knowledge of religious documents that are kept in libraries at cathedrals and
monasteries.
• During this period, the monks and bishops were responsible for the growth of
libraries.
• The medium for recording information was parchment codex which has the same
resemblance with books of today.
• Then, the work of the monks was to collect manuscripts and hand-copy them. Hence,
many original books were produced in the monasteries.
• At a point, the need for monasteries got diminished and many libraries were
neglected due to scholarly activity in Europe.
• At this period, especially in Europe, Islamic libraries were also established among
Arabs and Asians.

7. BRIEF HISTRORY OF LIBRARIES CONTD.
• This era was aided by invention of printing machine by Johannes Gutenberg.
This enhanced production of books in large quantity.
• The manuscripts in the libraries were replaced with books which were arranged
on the shelves for the first time at Vatican Library in Rome.
• Other large libraries were also established in Europe and many people became
literate.
• The British Museum Library was established in London; in 1731, Benjamin
Franklin started subscription library in Philadelphia.
• In 1927, an international association of libraries was founded I Scotland.
• The development of library services began in Nigeria in the late 1920 with the
formation of Lagos Book Club
•
• By 1948, the University College Library Ibadan was established; National
Library of Nigeria was inaugurated in 1964.

8. TYPES OF LIBRARY LIBRARIES
Libraries are of different types. Categorization is based on the purpose of
establishing them, the users, and the resources in such library.
ACADEMIC LIBRARIES: These are found in higher institutions of learning like
Universities, Colleges of Educations, and polytechnics, among others. They are
established to support the objectives of the parent institutions. They also support
teaching and research activities in their institutions.
NATIONAL LIBRARY: This library is established to serve the entire citizens of a
country; it is usually established by the Federal government of a country to serve
educational, social, and recreational purposes. National library also has a copyright
law which compels all publishers to submit copies of their publications to the
library for upkeep. They also issue International Standard Book Number (ISBN)
and International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) to publishers.

9. TYPES OF LIBRARY LIBRARIES CONTD.
• PUBLIC LIBRARIES: These are libraries that are established and funded by
state governments. They usually have their headquarters at the state capitals and
branches at the local government and some major towns.
• SPECIAL OR RESEARCH LIBRARIES: These are libraries that are
established to serve a narrow or specific group of users, not to the general public.
They are special because of the resources they acquire and users they serve.
These libraries are found in research institutes, companies, industries, or business
corporations.
• SCHOOL LIBRARIES: These are libraries located in primary and secondary
schools. Due to the application of ICT to library services, they are regarded as School
Media Resource Centers. They are established to promote reading culture among
pupils; encourage learning habit; support teaching and learning activities; and also
provide recreational materials for leisure period.

10. TYPES OF LIBRARY MATERIALS
Library materials are also regarded as information resources. Materials
in the library can be categorized based on their formats and purposes
they serve.
• Based on formats, we have print and non-print; book and non-
book; physical and electronic resources.
• Based on purposes, we have reference and non-reference materials
Note: There are interrelatedness among these resources, these
categorization is just to enable us have better understanding of the
materials
Print Materials: Books, Journals, Pamphlets, Dictionaries,
Encyclopedias, Newspapers, Serials, e.t.c.

11. CATEGORIES AND TYPES OF LIBRARY
MATERIALS CONTD.
Non-print Materials: Images, Microform, Specimens, e-books, e-newspapers, e-
journals, Sound Recordings, electronic databases, e.t.c.
Book Materials: Subject textbooks (Mathematics, English, Physics, Biology)
Motivational Books, Personal Development Books, e.t.c.
Non-book Materials: Journals, Newspaper, Images, photographs, Pamphlets,
Serials, Manuscripts, Cartographic and Graphic Materials, et.c.
Physical Materials: These are resources that can be handled physically by users as
from the examples above.
Electronic Resources: E-books, e-journals, e-newspapers, electronic databases,
e.t.c.
Reference Materials: Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, Gazetteer, Directory, Serials,
Journals, e.t.c.

12. USING LIBRARY RESOUCES (PHYSICALAND E-
RESOURCES)
• All Library resources regardless of their formats are meant to be
used by library users.
• These resources are used to get information that would be useful
for research, planning, and decision making.
• To effectively use the library resources, knowledge of various
access points is imperative.
• Resources in the library can be accessed through the following
access points: Author(s); Title; Subject; Publisher; Year of
Publication; Call Number; Accession Number; Key Words; QR or
Barcode, ISBN, ISSN

13. UNDERSTANDING LIBRARY CATALOQUES AND
CLASSIFICATION
• Library catalogues are list showing all the information resources a
library has. Catalogue shows all the bibliographic details of each
of the materials stocked in the library and are guides to the
materials being managed by a library in order to aid retrieval
process by users.
• The essence of library catalogues include but not limited to the
following:
 To make users know the resources available in a library so that
their precious time would not be wasted.
 To help users know where a particular resources may be found in
the library.

14. UNDERSTANDING LIBRARY CATALOQUES AND
CLASSIFICATION CONTD.
 To enable users know all resources that are available in a particular
subject/discipline
 To enable users gain access to a material in the library collection
through different access points
TYPES OF LIBRARY CATALOGUE
• Single Library Catalogue
• Union Catalogue
FORMS OF LIBRARY CATALOGUE
• Card catalogue
• Book Catalogue
• Computer Output Microform (COM) Catalogue
• CD-ROM Catalogue
• Online Public Access Catalogue

15. UNDERSTANDING LIBRARY CATALOQUES AND
CLASSIFICATION CONTD.
• Classification is a systematic and logical arrangement of library
materials on the shelves, based on their degree of likeness or
similarities.
• Classification in the library world could also mean the art of
grouping, or putting together the related entities and separating
unrelated entities.
• Objectives of classification are to: make information resources to
users as much as possible; put all library materials into their
specific subject areas; set out the systematic relationship of all
subjects/disciplines of all library materials; allow users retrieve any
needed materials without spending to much time.

16. UNDERSTANDING LIBRARY CATALOQUES AND
CLASSIFICATION CONTD.
• The major general classification schemes are: Colon classification;
Dewey Decimal Classification; Universal Decimal Classification; Bliss
Classification; Library of Congress (LC) Classification; Resource
Description and Access (RDA) Classification.
• Note: The type of a library determines the kind of schemes to be used.
All academic libraries use Library of Congress Classification Scheme.
This scheme was designed in Washington in 1897, it uses the
combination on numbers and letters of the alphabets to classify universe
of knowledge into twenty-one (21) main classes.

17. COPYRIGHT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS
• Copyright is an automatic right given to authors and inventors in order to
protect their intellectual works or discoveries. Only works that have been
stored in definite or tangible media are protected by copyright law.
• Normally, the individual or collective who authored the work will
completely own the work and is referred to as the ‘first copyright owner’.
However, if a work is produced as part of employment then the first
owner will normally be the company that is the employer of the
individual who created the work. Just like any other asset, copyright may
be transferred or sold by the copyright owner to another party.
• Copyright applies to the following types of work-Literary: song lyrics,
manuscripts, manuals, computer programs, commercial documents,
leaflets, newsletters & articles etc.; Dramatic: plays, dance, etc.;
Musical: recordings and score; Artistic: photography, painting,
sculptures, architecture, technical drawings/diagrams, maps, logos. Film:
video footage, films, broadcasts and cable programmes.

18. COPYRIGHT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS CONTD.
• Copyright is recognized all over the world, and
international conventions guarantee a minimum level of
protection in most countries; while details of copyright law
vary between nations,, the Berne Convention lays down a
common framework and agreement between nations in
respect to intellectual property rights.
• The copyright owner has the following exclusive rights.
The following actions are only allowed with the owner’s
permission: Translate the work; Copy the work; publicly
perform, transmit or broadcast the work; Use for commercial
purposes; Adapt the work. In many cases, the author of a
work also has the right to be identified as the author

19. COPYRIGHT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS CONTD.
• The duration of copyright will vary from country to country, but the normal
protection provided by the Berne Convention is for the lifetime of the individual
that created the work plus fifty years after he/she dies. Where a work is authored by
more than one individual, the duration will be the lifetime of the last surviving
author plus 50 years after he/she dies.
• When the term of copyright protection has expired, the work falls into the public
domain. This means that the work has effectively become public property and may
be used freely. This is how so many companies can publish works by William
Shakespeare, classical composers etc.
• Fair use or fair dealing are terms used to describe some limited activities that are
allowed without trespassing copyright law. These are: private research, educational
use, news reporting and review, and making readable copies for people with
disabilities. The details of the provisions are subject to national law and while most
will be similar, they vary from country to country.
• Copyright sign is ©