B.C. Geophysical Society Presentation 20130221 - Importance of Mined Materials to Humans

B.C. GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY FEBRUARY 21, 2013

THE IMPORTANCE OF MINERAL EXPLORATION
AND MINING TO HUMANS IN THEIR SPACE
DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES

John A. Chapman, B.Sc., P.Eng., FCIM
Principal, J.A. Chapman Mining Services
White Rock, British Columbia, Canada, Earth, Milky Way Galaxy, Universe One

Presentation to
British Columbia Geophysical Society
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
February 21, 2013

“Without the products of mining, humans would be back in the Stone Age”

• REFERENCES: http://www.aiaa‐sf.org/techtalks/2012/0208.html;
http://www.jmeech.mining.ubc.ca/MINE290/minerals%20‐%20space%20development.pdf;
http://www.bcit.ca/returntothemoon/; http://www.slideshare.net/JohnChapman1/john‐a‐
chapman‐mining‐and‐space‐csca‐20120328; http://www.slideshare.net/JohnChapman1/john‐
a‐chapman‐mining‐the‐moon‐20060723 and
http://www.slideshare.net/JohnChapman1/john‐a‐chapman‐lunar‐mining‐poster‐20060723
• MINING IS, AND WILL CONTINUE TO BE, ESSENTIAL TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF HUMANITY ON
EARTH AND IN SPACE.
• EVERYTHING WE USE IS DERIVED FROM MINING DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY THROUGH
PROCESSING, MANUFACTURING AND DISTRIBUTION.
• WITHOUT MINING HUMANS WOULD BE BACK TO THE STONE AGE!
• ASTRONAUTS JOHN YOUNG AND RICH CLIFFORD “PUSHED” ME TO JOIN IN THE SPACE
INDUSTRY DISCUSSIONS RELATED TO MINING ON THE MOON AND MARS BECAUSE OF MY
EXTENSIVE PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE ON EARTH.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 1


ABSTRACT
There is presently a surge of government and commercial space
initiatives that harkens the beginnings of a new age – that of space
development beyond Earth orbit. Dot-com billionaires along with well
educated and experienced space scientists, engineers and
technologists have begun forming companies focused upon advancing
human civilization toward utilization and occupation of the moon, mars
and asteroids.

The wealth from mines, from the dawn of recorded human history, is the
epic march of mankind along the path of progress. It was the mines that
made ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece and Rome great and
in more recent times have created immense wealth to the benefit of the
people of Europe, North America, Australia and now China, India, Brazil
and Russia.

Today, we are part of the “space generation”, crawling off the surface of
the earth into the “oceans of space” – mining will continue to provide the
capability for humankind to advance to the moon, mars and on to the
stars.

• IN THE PAST 110 YEARS WE HAVE SEEN THE ADVENT OF POWERED FLIGHT (1903) THAT
SPAWNED OUR PRESENT MASSIVE COMMERCIAL, PRIVATE AND MILITARY AIR INDUSTRY (T0
~25,000 METERS AMSL), AND THE ADVENT OF SATELLITES  (1957) THAT HAS SPAWNED THE
LARGE AND GROWING SATELLITE INDUSTRY (TO ~37,786 KILOMETERS AMSL AT
GEOSYNCHRONOUS ORBIT).
• NOW THERE IS AN EMERGING DEEP SPACE INDUSTRY DEVELOPING BEYOND 37,786
KILOMETERS AMSL.  THIS HAS BEEN FACILITATED BY IMPROVEMENTS IN ENGINEERED
MATERIALS, MINITURIZATION OF ELECTRONICS, SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE
IMPROVEMENTS IN TELECOMMUNICATIONS, AND A VAST INCREASE IN COMPUTER
COMPUTATIONAL POWER – THEREBY LOWERING SPACE DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATING
COSTS.  RAPIDLY ADVANCING SMART PHONE TECHNOLOGY IS PLAYING A BIG ROLE IN THIS
NEW DEEP SPACE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER (TELECOMMUNICATIONS, SOFTWARE APPS,  AND
PHOTOGRAPHY (CCDs).
• INTERESTINGLY, THE HI‐TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY (INCLUDING THE SO CALLED DOT‐COMs)
SPAWNED BY THE APOLLO PROGRAM HAS IN TURN SPAWNED MANY DOT‐COM
MILLIONAIRES AND BILLIONAIRES THAT ARE NOW THE MAIN PLAYERS IN THE DEVELOPMENT
OF THE DEEP SPACE INDUSTRY AS EARLY‐STAGE COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISES.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 2


IMPORTANCE OF MINING TO HUMANS

• THE IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS (INCLUDING HYDROCARBONS) AND METALS IS AMPLY
DEMONSTRATED WHEN WE LOOK AROUND US – AT THE PRODUCTS WE USE AND DEPEND UPON IN
OUR EVERYDAY LIVES.
• IMPORTANT MINERALS AND METALS USES INCLUDE NOT ONLY THOSE SHOWN ON THE GRAPHICS BUT
ALSO PAPER PRODUCTS AND PLASTICS THAT MOST OFTEN CONTAIN A LARGE PERCENTAGE OF
FUNCTIONAL AND NONFUNCTIONAL FILLERS (TALC, CLAYS, MICAS, ETC.). IN ADDITION, ALL OF THE
FOOD WE CONSUME IS PLANTED, HARVESTED, TRANSPORTED, PROCESSED, AND MARKETED (FROM
STORES) THAT DEPEND UPON A VAST ARRAY OF MINED MATERIALS (FARM MACHINERY, PAVED
ROADS, FORKLIFTS, TRUCKS, PROCESSING PLANT EQUIPMENT, BUILDING MATERIALS, ETC).
• BELIEVE IT OR NOT, THERE ARE QUITE A FEW PEOPLE THAT BELIEVE MINING IS NOT IMPORTANT. THEY
TYPICALLY SAY THIS AND THEN TURN AROUND AND CHECK THEIR EMAIL ON A COMPUTER, THAT USES
SILICON CHIPS, WITH METAL HEAT SINKS, AND COPPER OR GOLD INTERCONNECTIONS, AND RUNS ON
POWER, OF WHICH 40% OF COMES FROM COAL.  THERE IS AN OLD SAYING "IF IT'S NOT GROWN, IT'S
MINED." VIRTUALLY EVERYTHING WE USE IN OUR EVERYDAY LIVES REQUIRES MINING. EVEN MOST OF
THE FOOD WE EAT WAS GROWN WITH FERTILIZERS WHICH ARE MADE UP OF MINERALS THAT ARE
MINED. SO IT IS ODD TO THINK THAT JUST BECAUSE THE PICTURES MOST OF US SEE IN OUR HEADS
WHEN WE FIRST THINK OF MINING ARE THOSE OLD, BLACK AND WHITE PHOTOS OF MINING 100 YEARS
AGO ‐ TODAY, MINING IS ONE OF THE MOST HIGH‐TECH INDUSTRIES IN THE WORLD USING GPS,
REMOTE CONTROL SYSTEMS, AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS, COMPUTERS, SOPHISTICATED AND
PRODUCTIVE MOBILE MINING MACHINES AND INTEGRATED HIGH‐TECHNOLOGY PROCESSING PLANTS.
• FERTILIZERS TYPICALLY PROVIDE, IN VARYING PROPORTIONS: THE THREE PRIMARY MACRONUTRIENTS:
NITROGEN (N), PHOSPHORUS (P), AND POTASSIUM (K).  THE THREE SECONDARY MACRONUTRIENTS:
CALCIUM (CA), SULFUR (S), MAGNESIUM (MG) AND THE MICRONUTRIENTS OR TRACE MINERALS:
BORON (B), CHLORINE (CL), MANGANESE (MN), IRON (FE), ZINC (ZN), COPPER (CU), MOLYBDENUM
(MO) AND SELENIUM (SE).
• IF MINING WAS ELIMINATED WE HUMANS WOULD BE RIGHT BACK TO THE STONE AGE.

JOHN A CHAPMAN 3


IMPORTANCE OF MINING TO HUMANS

• “OUR SPECIES NEEDS, AND DESERVES, A CITIZENRY WITH MINDS WIDE AWAKE AND A
BASIC UNDERSTANDING OF HOW THE WORLD WORKS.” CARL SAGAN
• "Far better it is to dare mighty things, to win glorious triumphs, even though
checkered by failure, than to take rank with those poor spirits who neither enjoy nor
suffer much, because they live in that gray twilight that knows no victory nor defeat."
THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
• “Those worlds in space are as countless as all the grains of sands on all the beaches of
the earth ‐ and each of those worlds is as real as ours.  In every one of them there is a
succession of incidences, events, occurrences which influence its future ‐ countless
worlds, numberless moments, an immensity of space and time.  Here on our small
planet at this moment we face a critical branch point in history.  What we do with our
world right now will propagate down through the centuries and powerfully affect the
destiny of our descendants.  It is well within our power to destroy our civilization and
perhaps our species as well.  If we capitulate to superstition or greed, or stupidity, we
can plunge our world into a darkness deeper than the time between the collapse of
classical civilization and the Italian Renaissance.  But we are also capable of using our
compassion and our intelligence, our technology and our wealth, to make an
abundant and meaningful life for every inhabitant of this planet ‐ to enhance
enormously our understanding of the universe and carry us to the stars.” CARL
SAGAN’S COSMOS ‐ TRAVELS IN SPACE AND TIME (EPISODE 8), 1989.

JOHN A CHAPMAN 4


THE THEORY OF
THE ABIOTIC GENESIS
OF HYDROCARBONS

• CARL SAGAN: “OUR SPECIES NEEDS, AND DESERVES, A CITIZENRY WITH MINDS WIDE AWAKE AND A BASIC
UNDERSTANDING OF HOW THE WORLD WORKS”.
• THOMAS GOLD (CORNELL UNIVERSITY) WAS A BRILLIANT ASTROPHYSICIST. HE WAS ALSO SMART ENOUGH TO HIRE
CARL SAGAN AFTER SAGAN WAS DENIED TENURE AT HARVARD IN 1968.
• THOMAS GOLD EMPHASIZED THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DEEP HOT BIOSPHERE IN THE EXPLORATION FOR LIFE (AND
HYDROCARBONS) ON EARTH AND OTHER PLANETARY BODIES – HE WAS A CONSULTANT TO NASA ON SEARCHING FOR
“LIFE” IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
• METHANE (CH4) IS COMPOSED OF HYDROGEN THE MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENT IN THE COSMOS AND CARBON THE
FOURTH MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENT IN THE COSMOS. SEE: http://www.ted.com/talks/carolyn_porco_flies_us_to_saturn.html.
• GOLD ASSERTS THAT PRIMEORDEAL METHANE UPWELLING FROM VERY DEEP IN THE EARTH (+300KM DEPTH) ALONG
WITH HELIUM (ALPHA PARTICLES FROM RADIOACTIVE DECAY OF URANIUM, THORIUM AND POTASSIUM) FORMS LIGHT
OIL, HEAVY OIL AND EVEN COAL AS HYDROGEN IS DISSOCIATED (HYDROCARBON GASES BECOME MORE CARBON RICH).
• GOLD ESTIMATES THAT THE BIOMASS CONTAINED IN ROCK VOIDS DOWN TO 5 KM DEPTH WOULD BE EQUIVALENT TO A
LAYER OF LIVING MATERIAL 1.5 METERS DEEP OVER THE ENTIRE LAND AREA OF THE EARTH – MORE THAN EXISTING
FLORA/FAUNA IN THE SURFACE BIOSPHERE.
• GOLD STATES THAT HOPANOIDS (MOLECULES ATTRIBUTED TO BACTERIA) FOUND IN HYDROCARBON GASES, OIL AND
COAL ARE SIGNS OF BURIED “LIFE” – HOWEVER, RATHER THAN FOSSILS (FROM SURFACE) THEY WERE IN FACT “DINING”
AT DEPTH ON THE UPWELLING PRIMORDEAL HYDROCARBON ENERGY SOURCE.
• GOLD ALSO POINTS OUT THAT NO EXPERIMENTS HAVE EVER BEEN ABLE TO TURN, VIA INCREASING TEMPERATURE AND
PRESSURE, BIOLOGICAL REMAINS INTO HYDROCARBONS.
• ALSO, BE AWARE THAT OLIVENE + WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE = SERPENTINE + MAGNETITE + METHANE.
• THE DISCOVERY (BY REMOTE SENSING AND HUYGENS PROBE) OF VAST RIVERS, LAKES, OCEANS AND GLACIERS OF
METHANE AND ETHANE ON TITAN (MOON OF SATURN) SUPPORTS GOLD’S ABIOTIC HYDROCARBON THEORY – AND KILLS
THE ARGUMENT OF THOSE PEOPLE THAT PREACH “PEAK OIL”.
• WORLD OIL RESERVES IN BILLIONS OF BARRELS: 1980 = 411, 1990 = 748, 2000 = 811, 2010 = 1,200.
• USA NATURAL GAS RESOURCES INCREASED BY 40% LAST YEAR TO 1,836 TRILLION CUBIC FEET – BY FAR THE HIGHEST
RESOURCE EVALUATION IN THE 44 YEAR HISTORY OF THE PGC ANNUAL REVIEW.
• ACCORDING TO THE USGS METHANE HYDRATE, IN THE OCEAN (BELOW 300M) AND IN HIGH LATITUDE PERMAFROST,
CONTAINS ~2 TIMES MORE CARBON THAN ALL OF THE KNOWN AND EXTRACTED OIL, GAS AND COAL ON EARTH.

JOHN A CHAPMAN 5


NUCLEAR ENERGY USE IN SPACE
(importance of energy density)
A URANIUM DIOXIDE FUEL PELLET - SHADOW IS ~3
SQUARE CENTIMETERS. HOW MANY DAYS OR YEARS
WOULD THE SUN NEED TO SHINE ON THE SHADOW
AREA, AT ARIZONA USA SOLAR INTENSITY, 12 HOURS
PER DAY, TO EQUAL THE FISSILE ENERGY IN THE
FUEL PELLET?

THE ANSWER IS 951,000 YEARS.
(from Chuck Edwards, Cameco Corporation, 2003)

THE USE OF NUCLEAR HIGH-TEMPERATURE GAS
REACTORS IN SPACE FOR HEAT AND ELECTRICITY IS
ESSENTIAL IF SPACE DEVELOPMENT IS TO BE
SUCCESSFUL (RELIABLE CONTINUOUS HIGH DENSITY
ENERGY)

• THE MOST SUCCESSFUL NASA SPACECRAFTS HAVE BEEN THOSE THAT USED RADIOISOTOPE THERMOELECTRIC
GENERATORS (RTGs) POWERED WITH PU‐238 (NOW IN CRITICAL SHORT SUPPLY).
• "NUCLEAR POWER IS ESSENTIAL TO A LONG‐RANGE, COMMITTED SPACE PROGRAM," SAID DR. LOUIS FRIEDMAN,
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR OF THE PLANETARY SOCIETY. "YOU CAN'T DO A THOROUGH EXAMINATION OF THE OUTER PLANETS
WITHOUT IT“.  MANY OF NASA'S EARLIER SPACECRAFT HAVE RELIED ON SOLAR POWER. BUT AT THE SOLAR SYSTEM'S
EXTREMITIES THE SUN ISN'T A PRACTICAL ENERGY SOURCE, SAID PROMETHEUS DIRECTOR ALAN NEWHOUSE. THERE'S
ONLY 1/25 THE SUNLIGHT AROUND JUPITER THAT THERE IS ON EARTH, FOR EXAMPLE. SO A SPACESHIP'S SOLAR PANELS
WOULD HAVE TO BE GARGANTUAN TO GENERATE ENOUGH POWER TO PULL A CRAFT INTO ORBIT AROUND ONE OF
JUPITER'S MOONS. EVEN ON MARS, SOLAR POWER HASN'T BEEN PARTICULARLY USEFUL. IN 1997, THE SUN‐RELIANT
PATHFINDER CRAFT LASTED ONLY THREE MONTHS ON THE RED PLANET (ALSO RECENT PHOENIX MARS LANDER HAD A
VERY SHORT LIFE). BUT IN 1976, MARS VIKING LANDERS, WHICH RELIED ON NUCLEAR ISOTOPES FOR POWER, STAYED
ACTIVE FOR NEARLY SIX YEARS.
• THE YONGGYANG NUCLEAR POWER PLANT IN SOUTH KOREA IS RATED AT 6,000MEe AND THE PLANT’S FOOTPRINT IS 115
HECTARES (284 ACRES). HOW MANY GENERAL ELECTRIC 1.5MWe WIND TURBINES WOULD BE NEEDED TO DELIVER THE
SAME POWER AS THE NUCLEAR PLANT?   THE ANSWER IS 16,000 TURBINES (CAPACITY FACTOR OF WIND IS 25%).
ACCORDING TO GE SPACING DESIGN REQUIRMENTS EACH 1.5MWe TURBINE REQUIRES 8.9 HECTARES OF AREA, WHICH
MEANS THE 16,000 TURBINES REQUIRE 142,500 HECTARES (352,000 ACRES).  HENCE THE LAND USE EFFICIENCY FOR
NUCLEAR (AND ENERGY DENSITY ADVANTAGE) IS 1,240 TIMES BETTER THAN WIND!
• BOTH WIND AND SOLAR ARE INTERMITTANT AND NEED TO BE BACKED‐UP WITH CONVENTIONAL HYDRO, COAL, GAS OR
NUCLEAR PLANTS.
• THE SOLAR AND WIND POWER INDUSTRIES HAVE POOR SAFETY RECORDS COMPARED WITH NUCLEAR – THIS INCLUDES
DAMAGE OR INJURY TO HUMANS, FAUNA, FLORA AND PROPERTY.
• NATURAL URANIUM ORE CONTAINS U‐238 (99.3%) AND U‐235 (0.7%).  U‐238 HAS A 1/2 LIFE OF 4.47 BILLION YEARS, U‐235
HAS A 1/2 LIFE OF 0.704 BILLION YEARS.
• U‐235 IS READILY FISSIONABLE AND IS USED IN POWER PLANTS TODAY.  THE MUCH MORE ABUNDANT U‐238 IS ONLY
FERTILE AND MUST BE BRED IN A FAST NEUTRON REACTOR (FAST BREEDER) TO BE TRANSMUTED TO FISSIONABLE PU‐239.
• “BURNING” (IN FAST BREEDER REACTORS) ALL OF THE  PARTIALLY SPENT NUCLEAR FUEL STORED AT NUCLEAR FACILITIES
AROUND THE USA WOULD POWER THE COUNTRY FOR ~200 YEARS WITHOUT HAVING TO USE ANY NEWLY MINED
URANIUM!  THE FIRST ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCED FROM A NUCLEAR REACTOR WAS A SMALL SODIUM COOLED BREEDER
IN IDAHO (CIRCA 1949)
• THORIUM IS ~4 TIMES MORE ABUNDANT IN THE EARTH’S CRUST THAN URANIUM AND IT IS A BETTER NUCLEAR FUEL
THAN URANIUM (GREATER “BURNUP” ON FIRST PASS).

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 6


THE CHALLENGES
DUNCAN STEEL – TARGET EARTH
& REWARDS
• Humans cannot survive as a single planet
species as evidenced in the Earth’s fossil record
of mass extinctions of life caused mainly by
comet/asteroid impacts and super-volcanic
eruptions (pending much hotter sun)
• Humans have a genetic “wiring” that drives
exploration (risk) for discovery of new places
and things (reward) – the earth no longer holds
the exploration potential nor the rewards needed
by society – it is time to move onto the rest of
the Solar System

• NASA AS OF MAY 2008 REPORTS 5,474 NEOs (IN THE VICINITY OF EARTH’S ORBIT) HAVE BEEN
DISCOVERED: (65 COMETS AND 5,409 ASTERIODS), OF THESE 881 ARE ESTIMATED TO BE AT LEAST
1.0KM IN DIAMETER.  THE RATE OF IMPACTS OF OBJECTS OF AT LEAST THIS SIZE IS ESTIMATED AT 2
PER 1.0 MILLION YEARS (2,000 PER BILLION YEARS).  MANY MORE NEOs WILL ARRIVE OVER TIME
DUE TO GRAVITATIONAL EFFECTS ON ASTERIODS (MAINLY JUPITER) IN THE ASTERIOD BELT AND
COMETS (MAINLY NEPTUNE) IN THE KUIPER BELT.
• THE LARGEST NEO AT THIS TIME IS GANYMED, AN ASTERIOD, WHICH IS ~32KM IN DIAMETER.
• IN 2008 THE ASSOCIATION OF SPACE EXPLORERS INTERNATIONAL PANEL OF ASTERIOD THREAT
MITIGATION PRESENTED “ASTERIOD THREATS: A CALL FOR GLOBAL RESPONSE” TO THE UNITED
NATIONS.  IT IS A 54 PAGE DOCUMENT OUTLINING THE THREAT AND THE PROPOSED MITIGATION
PROGRAM FOR DETECTION, TRACKING AND DEFLECTION.
• 99924 APOPHIS IS A 279 METER DIAMETER NEAR EARTH ASTERIOD THAT COULD HAVE A VERY CLOSE
ENCOUNTER WITH EARTH IN 2029, 2036 AND 2068 – WE NEED TO KEEP TRACKING THIS HAZARD AS
AT SOME POINT IN TIME IT MAY NEED TO BE “DEFLECTED”.
• DOTCOM BILLIONAIRES ARE TURNING TO SPACE INVESTMENTS (SETI AND ROCKETS) AS “TROPHY”
INVESTMENTS – PAUL ALLEN: SETI, ELON MUSK: SPACEX.
• AT THE 2003 ILEWG LUNAR CONFERENCE IN HAWAII ASTRONAUT JOHN YOUNG IN HIS OPENING
ADDRESS SAID WE HUMANS WILL NOT SURVIVE AS A SINGLE PLANET SPECIES BECAUSE OF COMETS,
ASTERIODS AND SUPER VOLCANOES.  AT THE END OF THE CONFERENCE THE MEMBERS WERE ASKED
IF THEY FELT IT WAS WORTH THE EFFORT FOR HUMANS TO TRY TO CONTROL THEIR DESTINY BY
POPULATING OTHER PLANETS – MORE THAN HALF SAID THEY DID NOT CARE AS WE WERE DOOMED
NO MATTER WHAT WE DO.  I WAS IN THE MINORITY AND I DO BELIEVE THAT WE SHOULD GET ON
WITH DOING THE VERY BEST WE CAN TO POPULATE OTHER PLANETS – AND THEREBY SAVE THE
HUMAN SPECIES.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 7


SOLAR SYSTEM RESOURCES
• BEST TO STAY IN THE GOLDILOCKS ZONE:
• EARTH
• MOON
• MARS AND ITS MOONS (2)
• MOONS OF JUPITER (63) AND SATURN (62)
• ASTEROIDS AND NEAR EARTH COMETS

• EXPLORING FOR:
• WATER-ICE
• HYDROCARBONS
• NUCLEAR FUELS (URANIUM & THORIUM)
• ALL OTHER MINERALS AND ELEMENTS

• REFER TO “MINING THE SKY” AND “SPACE RESOURCES, BREAKING THE BONDS OF EARTH” BY JOHN
S. LEWIS FOR A GOOD SUMMARY OF SOLAR SYSTEM RESOURCES.
• LUNAR RESOURCE EXTRACTION IS FOCUSED UPON THE ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS HYDROGEN AND
OXYGEN.  THESE ELEMENTS (H AND O) OR MOLECULES (H2 AND O2) ARE REQUIRED FOR SUPPORT
OF HUMAN LIFE ("AIR" AND WATER), ROCKET PROPELLANTS, FUEL CELLS (MOBILE AND
STATIONARY), AGRICULTURE AND AQUACULTURE. THE NEXT MOST IMPORTANT ELEMENTS ARE
URANIUM AND THORIUM AS FUEL FOR: 1) SURFACE LUNAR NUCLEAR FISSION REACTORS TO
PROVIDE ELECTRIC AND HEAT ENERGY, AND 2) HEATING PROPELLANTS IN NUCLEAR POWERED
SPACE TUGS.
• SEE: 21ST CENTURY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE, SUMMER 1999 ISSUE, “BACK TO THE
MOON WITH NUCLEAR ROCKETS”, BY MARSHA FREEMAN.  THIS ARTICLE GIVES A GOOD SUMMARY
OF THE CURRENT STATE OF NUCLEAR ROCKET SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, INCLUDING PRIOR
WORK BY THE USA AND USSR.
• IT IS MY OPINION THAT SPACE RESOURCES WILL NOT BE RETURNED TO EARTH – RATHER THEY WILL
BE UTILIZED TO BUILD‐OUT HUMAN HABITATION INTO THE SOLAR SYSTEM, AND EVENTUALLY
BEYOND TO THE STARS.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 8


OUR SOLAR SYSTEM

IN‐CORE FUSION OF HYDROGEN TO HELIUM (E=MC2)

Wikipedia

AGE OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM BASED UPON CURRENT OBSERVATION IS ~4.5 BILLION YEARS
EARTH’S HUMAN (HOMO SAPIEN) TIME IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM IS ~200,000 YEARS (44.4 PPM)

• RADIOMETRIC SAMPLE DATING OF ROCKS ON EARTH AND FROM METEORITES, MAINLY USING U‐Pb
IN ZIRCONS.  U‐238 HAS A HALF LIFE OF 4.5 BILLION YEARS.  RADIOACTIVE DECAY OF U‐238 GOES
THROUGH 15 NATURAL STEPS (8 ALPHA AND 7 BETA PARTICLES ARE EMITTED) YIELDING
ULTIMATELY AN ISOTOPE OF LEAD Pb‐206 WHICH DOES NOT DISINTEGRATE FURTHER.
• CARBON DATING ONLY GOOD TO MAXIMUM OF 60,000 YEARS BEST BELOW 30,000 YEARS.  HALF‐
LIFE OF CARBON 14 IS 5,730 YEARS, AND IS FORMED IN ATMOSPHERE BY COSMIC RAYS THAT
PRODUCE THERMAL NEUTRONS: n + 7N14 = 6C14 + p. USED ON ORGANIC REMAINS FROM
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES .  DETERMINES RATIO OF C14 TO C12 (WHEN IT DIED AND NO LONGER
METABOLIZED CO2).
• SOLAR FUSION: FIRST STARS FORMED OUT OF ~75% HYDROGEN AND ~25% HELIUM (PLUS MINOR
ELEMENTS LITHIUM, DEUTERIUM OR He‐3).  1H1.01 IN OUR SUN “BURNS” (AT 10 MILLION DEGREES
KELVIN) TO 2He4.
• 3.4 X 10*38 PROTONS ARE CONVERTED TO HELIUM EVERY SECOND.  THE MATTER‐ENERGY
CONVERSION RATE IS 4.26 MILLION TONNES PER SECOND (3.83 X 10*26 WATTS).  SUN CORE
DENSITY IS 160g/cm*3.  SUN CORE TEMPERATURE IS 15 MILLION DEGREES K.  APPARENT (EARTH
ALSO MOVES) ROTATION OF SUN IS 27.2 DAYS (SYNODIC).
• THE SUN IS ~26 MILLION LIGHT‐YEARS FROM MILKY WAY GALACTIC CENTER AND 500 LIGHT
SECONDS FROM EARTH.
• EQUATORIAL COORDINATE SYSTEM IS A WIDELY‐USED METHOD OF MAPPING CELESTIAL OBJECTS.
IT FUNCTIONS BY PROJECTING THE EARTH’S GEOGRAPHIC POLES AND EQUATOR ONTO THE
CELESTIAL SPHERE.  RIGHT ASCENSION IS THE LONGITUDINAL ANGLE EAST OF THE SUN AT MARCH
EQUINOX (USUALLY MEASURED IN SIDERAL HOURS (24).  DECLINATION IS THE LATITUDINAL ANGLE
OF AN OBJECT ABOVE OR BELOW THE CELESTIAL EQUATOR.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 9


• IN THE NEXT ONE TO THREE BILLION YEARS THE HABITAL ZONE (GOLDILOCKS ZONE) WILL MOVE OUT
OVER MARS, AND THEN AS THE SUN BECOMES HOTTER, THE ASTERIOD BELT, AND THEN THE
MOONS OF JUPITER AND SATURN.
• JUPITER HAS 63 MOONS.
• SATURN HAS 62 MOONS.
• KEPLER'S (EARLY 1600S) PLANETARY LAWS OF MOTION ARE:  (1) THE ORBIT OF EVERY PLANET IS AN
ELLIPSE WITH THE SUN AT ONE OF THE TWO FOCI, (2) A LINE JOINING A PLANET AND THE SUN
SWEEPS OUT EQUAL AREAS DURING EQUAL INTERVALS OF TIME, AND (3) THE SQUARE OF THE
ORBITAL PERIOD OF A PLANET IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO THE CUBE OF THE SEMI‐MAJOR AXIS
OF ITS ORBIT.
• RADIATION FLUX AT EARTH:  AT TOP OF ATMOSPHERE IS ~1,360 WATTS PER SQUARE METER, AT
EARTH’S SURFACE IT IS ~1,000 WATTS PER SQUARE METER.  THE FLUX DENSITY IS PROPORTIONAL TO
THE INVERSE DISTANCE SQUARED FROM THE SUN (IN SPACE VACUUM).

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 10


KNOWN MASS EXTINCTIONS
OF SPECIES ON EARTH

1) END OF CRETACEOUS, ~65
Ma, ~75%
2) END OF TRIASSIC, ~205 Ma,
~75%
3) END OF PERMIAN ~250  Ma,
~90%
4) END OF DEVONIAN ~370 Ma,
~70%
5) END OF ORDOVICIAN ~450
Ma, ~85%
2012: ALL NEOs DETECTED = 8,670,
NEOs >1KM IN DIAMETER = 840 WE NOW HAVE
SPACE SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS WORKING
COMET SHOEMAKER - LEVY IMPACTING ON THE PROBLEM OF DETECTING, TRACKING
JUPITER JULY 16, 1994 AND DEFLECTING ASTEROIDS AND COMETS
(JUPITER’S DIAMETER IS 11.2 X EARTH’S) THE DINOSAURS HAD NO SPACE PROGRAM
THEY DID NOT SURVIVE

• 2012:  ALL NEOs DETECTED = 8,670, NEOs >1KM IN DIAMETER = 840.
• THE DINOSAURS NEVER HAD A SPACE PROGRAM – THEY DID NOT SURVIVE!
• JUPITER’S DIAMETER IS 143,000 KM, EARTH’S IS 12,800 KM, THE MOON IS 3,480 KM.
• THERE WERE AT LEAST 20 SEPARATE FRAGMENTS OF THE COMET SHOEMAKER‐LEVY THAT HIT JUPITER – ONE OF
THE LARGEST “G” (JULY 18, 1994) CREATED A DARK SPOT MEASURING 12,000 KM ACROSS AND WAS ESTIMATED TO
HAVE RELEASED AN ENERGY EQUIVALENT TO 6 TRILLION TONS OF TNT (~750 TIMES THE WORLDS NUCLEAR
ARSENAL).  TWO IMPACTS 12 HOURS APART ON JULY 19TH CREATED IMPACT MARKS OF SIMILAR SIZE TO THAT
CAUSED BY FRAGMENT G.  SEVERAL OF THESE IMPACTORS, IF THEY WERE HITTING EARTH, WOULD HAVE
EXTINQUISHED ALL OR MOST LIFE ON THE PLANET.
• IMPACTORS: ASTERIODS (PROGRADE ~19KM/SEC), COMETS (RETROGRADE ~55KM/SEC) – IF SAME SIZE OBJECTS
THEN COMET HAS ~8 TIMES MORE ENERGY (KINETIC) THAN THE ASTERIOD (KINETIC ENERGY = ½ M x V*2).
OBJECTS TRAVELING AT ~3 KM/SEC HAVE KINETIC ENERGY EQUIVALENT TO THEIR MASS IN TNT.
• EARLY MORNING ON EARTH IS LIKE FACING FORWARD IN AN AUTOMOBILE TRAVELING AT 30KM PER SECOND – A
RETROGRADE IMPACTOR WOULD HIT AT ~55KM/SEC.
• IMPACTORS NORMALLY CREATE CRATORS 10 TO 20 TIMES THE DIAMETER OF THE IMPACTOR.
• EARTH ROTATION VELOCITY AT EQUATOR SEA LEVEL = 1,650 KM/HR, MEAN EARTH ORBITAL VELOCITY =
30KM/SEC, THE SOLAR SYSTEM IS ORBITING WITHIN THE MILKY WAY AT A VELOCITY OF ~220 KM/SEC AND IN
RELATION TO THE COSMOS BACKGROUND AT ~600 KM/SEC.
• THE TRICK IN TRACKING NEO ORBITS LIES IN A STRANGE NATURAL PHENOMENON: SOLAR‐POWERED ORBITAL
MECHANICS. THE IDEA GOES BACK TO A SCIENTIFIC PAPER WRITTEN BY RUSSIAN ENGINEER I.O. YARKOVSKY A
CENTURY AGO AND SINCE LOST. YARKOVSKY IS SAID TO HAVE PROPOSED THAT THE SUN WARMS AN ASTEROID
MORE ON THE "DAY" SIDE THAN ON THE "NIGHT" SIDE. THE WARMER SIDE OF THE ROCK EMITS MORE THERMAL
RADIATION, CREATING A SLIGHT DIFFERENCE IN MOMENTUM THAT GENTLY NUDGES THE OBJECT IN A MANNER
SIMILAR TO HOW A ROCKET IS PROPELLED. OVER HUNDREDS OF YEARS, THE MOVEMENT CAN BE SIGNIFICANT,
SCIENTISTS SAY.
• NOTE THAT THE EXTINCTIONS ARE SHOWN AT THE END OF GEOLOGICAL “PERIODS” – THAT IS BECAUSE
EXTINCTIONS ARE ONE OF THE MARKERS GEOLOGISTS USED IN PREPARING THE SCALE.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 11


ASTERIOD IMPACT Earth Impact Effects Program
DIAMETER: 1000m R. Marcus, H. Melosh, G. Collins
VELOCITY: 20km/s www.lpl.arizona.edu/~marcus/crater2.html
DENSITY: 2700kg/m3
IMPACT ANGLE: 90d

ENERGY: 2.83 X1020 Joules
6.75 x 104 MT TNT
CRATER: 17.1km Diameter
SIESMIC: 7.8 Richter

IMPACT EFFECTS @ 100km
RADIANT FLUX: 72.6 x Sun
EJECTA DIAMETER: 11.0cm
r = 100km
EJECTA THICKNESS: 20.4cm
WIND: 178m/s (399mph)

r = 200km
RADIANT FLUX:  13.7 x Sun
EJECTA THICKNESS: 2.6cm

• AVERAGE INTERVAL OF THIS TYPE OF IMPACT IS ~600,000 YEARS.
• NOTE THAT THE HIROSHIMA NUCLEAR BOMB WAS EQUIVALENT TO 15,000T OF TNT
(THIS IMPACT IS 4.5 MILLION TIMES LARGER) AND BIGGEST HYDROGEN BOMB WAS
50,000,000T OF TNT (THIS IMPACT IS 1,350 TIMES LARGER).
• AT 100KM FROM IMPACT ARRIVAL TIMES IN SECONDS AFTER IMPACT: THERMAL
RADIATION 0.7 (DURATION 170 SECONDS), SEISMIC 20, EJECTA 144, AIR BLAST 303.
PHYSICAL EFFECTS: CLOTHS IGNITE, MOST OF BODY RECEIVES 3RD DEGREE BURNS, ALL
WOOD PAPER AND GRASS IGNITES, MULTISTORY BUILDINGS WILL COLLAPSE,
WOODFRAME BUILDINGS COLLAPSE, GLASS WINDOWS WILL SHATTER, 90% OF TREES
DOWN AND 100% STRIPPED OF BRANCHES AND LEAVES.
• AT 200KM FROM IMPACT ARRIVAL TIMES IN SECONDS AFTER IMPACT: THERMAL
RADIATION 0.7 (DURATION 170 SECOND), SEISMIC 40, EJECTA 206, AIR BLAST 606.
PHYSICAL EFFECTS: CLOTHS IGNITE, MOST OF BODY RECEIVES 2ND DEGREE BURNS,
MOST WOOD PAPER IGNITES, MOST WOOD FRAME BUILDING WILL COLLAPSE, GLASS
WINDOWS WILL SHATTER, 30% OF TREES DOWN AND MOST REMAINING STRIPPED OF
BRANCHES AND LEAVES.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 12


ASTERIOD IMPACT Earth Impact Effects Program
DIAMETER: 3000m R. Marcus, H. Melosh, G. Collins
VELOCITY: 20km/s www.lpl.arizona.edu/~marcus/crater2.html
DENSITY: 2700kg/m3
IMPACT ANGLE:  90d

ENERGY: 7.63 X1021 Joules
1.82 x 106 MT TNT
CRATER: 45.0km Diameter
SIESMIC: 8.8 Richter

RADIANT FLUX: 693 x Sun
r = 100km
EJECTA THICKNESS: 6.31m

r = 200km
RADIANT FLUX: 160 x Sun
EJECTA THICKNESS: 79cm

• AVERAGE INTERVAL OF THIS TYPE OF IMPACT IS 7.3 MILLION YEARS.
• NOTE THAT HIROSHIMA NUCLEAR BOMB WAS EQUIVALENT TO 15,000T OF TNT (THIS IMPACT
IS 120 MILLION TIMES LARGER) AND BIGGEST HYDROGEN BOMB WAS EQUIVALENT TO
50,000,000T OF TNT (THIS IMPACT IS 36,000 LARGER).
• AT 100km FROM IMPACT ARRIVAL TIMES IN SECONDS AFTER IMPACT: THERMAL RADIATION 2
(DURATION 511 SECONDS), SEISMIC 20, EJECTA 144, AIR BLAST 303.  PHYSICAL EFFECTS:
CLOTHS IGNITE, MOST OF BODY RECEIVES 3RD DEGREE BURNS, ALL WOOD PAPER AND GRASS
IGNITES, MULTISTORY BUILDINGS WILL COLLAPSE, GLASS WINDOWS WILL SHATTER, 90% OF
TREES DOWN AND 100% STRIPPED OF BRANCHES AND LEAVES.
• AT 200km FROM IMPACT ARRIVAL TIMES IN SECONDS AFTER IMPACT: THERMAL RADIATION 2
(DURATION 511 SECOND), SEISMIC 40, EJECTA 206, AIR BLAST 606.  PHYSICAL EFFECTS:
CLOTHS IGNITE, MOST OF BODY RECEIVES 3RD DEGREE BURNS, ALL WOOD PAPER AND GRASS
IGNITES, MULTISTORY BUILDINGS WILL COLLAPSE, GLASS WINDOWS WILL SHATTER, 90% OF
TREES DOWN AND 100% STRIPPED OF BRANCHES AND LEAVES.
• ASTEROIDS ORBIT THE SUN IN THE SAME COUNTERCLOCKWISE (PROGRADE) DIRECTION SO
IMPACTS ARE NORMALLY ~20KM/S (EARTH ORBITS AT 30KM/S).  HOWEVER COMETS MAY BE
RETROGRADE (CLOCKWISE) AND COULD COLLIDE WITH EARTH AT ~55KM/S – ABOUT THREE
TIMES THE ASTERIODS.  INCREASING THE SPEED BY THREE TIMES INCREASES THE IMPACT
ENERGY BY NINE TIMES (KE=1/2MV2).  IT IS INTERESTING TO NOTE THAT AN OBJECT
IMPACTING AT 3KM/S HAS THE EXPLOSIVE FORCE APPROXIMATELY EQUIVALENT TO ITS MASS
IN TNT.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 13


HUMANS LEAVE THE SURFACE
OF THE EARTH - 1903

WHO WOULD HAVE IMAGINED
THAT THE WRIGHT BROTHERS’
1903/12/17 FIRST FLIGHT OF A
PILOTED, CONTROLLED, SELF
Kitty Hawk, NC, USA – airborne 852 ft., 59 sec. PROPELLED HEAVIER THAN AIR
CRAFT WOULD WITHIN 110
YEARS SPAWN A +US$1 TRILLION
PER ANNUM AIRLINE INDUSTRY.
INCLUDING ~60,000 COMMERCIAL
AIRPORTS, ~35,000 COMMERCIAL
FLIGHTS PER DAY, THAT CARRY
~1.5 BILLION PASSENGERS PER
YEAR?

THESE COMMERCIAL FLIGHTS ARE
NORMALLY AT ~35,000 ft. ALTITUDE

SR-71 BUILT IN 1960s CRUISED AT
80,000 ft. ALTITUDE AT MACH 3.2
(~2,500 MILES/HR.)
Dulles Airport, Washington, DC

• MACH ONE: THE SPEED OF SOUND IS 343.2 METRES PER SECOND (1,126 FT/S). THIS IS 1,236
KILOMETRES PER HOUR (768 MPH), OR ABOUT ONE KILOMETER IN THREE SECONDS OR
APPROXIMATELY ONE MILE IN FIVE SECONDS.
• NEVER DOUBT THE USA’S CAPABILITY WHEN IT COMES TO AIRCRAFT OR ROCKETS – VIEW THE
REMARKABLE SR‐71 BLACKBIRD FOR EVIDENCE.
• THE SR‐71 WAS DEVELOPED AT THE NOW FAMOUS LOCKHEED SKUNKWORKS AT BURBANK
CALIFORNIA, AS A BLACK PROJECT (TOP SECRET), IN THE EARLY 1960S, BY THE LEGENDARY
ARONAUTICAL ENGINEERS KELLY JOHNSON AND BEN RICH. IT NEVER FLEW MILITARY AS IT
WAS DESIGNED AS A RECONNAISANCE AIRCRAFT AND WAS OPERATED BY THE US AIR FORCE
FOR THE CIA. IT FLEW FROM 1964 TO 1998 AND WAS REPLACED BY HIGH‐RESOLUTION
PHOTOGRAPHY ON ORBITING SPACECRAFTS.
• IT COULD FLY PLUS MACH 3 AT VERY HIGH ALTITUDES OF ~100,000 FEET AND COULD OUT‐
RUN INTERCEPTOR MISSILES LAUNCHED FROM CHINA AND RUSSIA WHEN OVERFLYING THEIR
AIRSPACE.
• RUMOUR HAS IT THAT WHEN CANADIAN PRIME MINISTER DIEFENBAKER WAS TOLD OF THE
SECRET SR‐71 BLACKBIRD AIRCRAFT BY USA PRESIDENT EISENHOWER IN 1959 – THAT WAS
THE END OF THE AVRO‐ARROW (A VERY INFERIOR AIRCRAFT TO THE SR‐71).
• A FAMOUS QUOTE OF KELLY JOHNSON WAS: "BE QUICK, BE QUIET, AND BE ON TIME“.
• WHAT BLACK PROJECTS MAY BE UNDERWAY TODAY IN USA, CHINA, RUSSIA OR JAPAN THAT
THE GENERAL PUBLIC IS NOT YET AWARE OF?

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 14


HUMANS SEND SPACE CRAFT INTO EARTH ORBIT – 1957

WHO WOULD HAVE PREDICTED THAT THE INDUSTRY BY 2011
WOULD GENERATE ~US$170 BILLION IN ANNUAL REVENUES?

1,200 miles

22,236 miles

• THE ISS ORBITS AT ~250 MILES ALTITUDE (~400Km).
• AS WITH THE KITTY HAWK FLIGHT BY THE WRIGHT BROTHERS IN 1903 – WHO WOULD
HAVE THOUGHT THAT THE 1957 ORBIT OF THE SPUTNIK 1 SATELLITE WAS THE
SPAWNING OF THE HUGE SATELLITE INDUSTRY THAT WE HUMANS NOW DEPEND
UPON IN OUR EVERYDAY LIVES.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 15


ESCAPE FROM EARTH
KENNEDY SPACE CENTER – SATURN V
SPACE EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT

Saturn V Launch Launch Complex 39 with the Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) and
(7.5M lbs. thrust) Saturn V being transported to the launch pad.
Kennedy Space Center USA

HUMANS’ FIRST JOURNEY TO “DEEP SPACE” – APOLLO 8
DECEMBER 21, 1968
NASA

• MENTION DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ADJACENT KENNEDY SPACE CENTER (NASA) AND CAPE
CANAVERAL (US AIRFORCE).
• LAUNCH TO EAST GIVES A BOOST FROM ROTATION OF EARTH (GREATEST AT EQUATOR) ~1,650
KM/HR AND ABORT IS OVER ATLANTIC OCEAN.  FOR POLAR ORBITS NASA NORMALLY LAUNCHES
FROM CALIFORNIA TOWARD THE SOUTH SO THAT ABORT IS IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN (THE RECENT
POLAR LAUNCH FAILURE, WITH REMOTE SENSING CO2 SPACECRAFT, CRASHED IN ANTARCTICA AFTER
CALIFORNIA LAUNCH).  POLAR ORBITS PROVIDE GOOD COVERAGE OF THE EARTH FOR MAPPING
(MULTISPECTRAL, HYPERSPECTRAL, SYNTHETIC APERATURE RADAR, PHOTOGRAPHS, ETC.).
• EARTH GEOSYNCRONOUS SATELLITES ORBIT IN THE PLANE OF THE EARTH’S EQUATOR AT AN
ALTITUDE OF 35,786 KM IN THE SAME COUNTERCLOCKWISE DIRECTION AS THE EARTH (LOOKING
DOWN FROM NORTH).  THE GEOSTATIONARY ROTATIONAL PERIOD BEING THE SAME AS THE
EARTH’S IS 23H, 56M AND 4.091S.  THESE ORBITS ARE USED FOR “PARKING” SATELLITES FOR
COMMUNICATION (VOICE, TV, DATA, ETC.).  AT THIS ALTITUDE THERE IS A O.12 SECOND DELAY ONE‐
WAY DUE TO THE SPEED OF LIGHT TRANSMISSION (35,786 KM/300,000 KM/S).
• SPECIFIC IMPULSE IS THE NUMBER OF SECONDS THAT ONE KG OF FUEL WILL PROVIDE A THRUST OF
ONE KG.  NUCLEAR ROCKETS WITH HYDROGEN PROPELLENT HAS THE HIGHEST SPECIFIC IMPULSE AT
PLUS 1,000 SECONDS.  THE BEST CHEMICAL ROCKETS (HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN COMBUSTION) ONLY
PRODUCE 420 SECONDS OF SPECIFIC IMPULSE.
• ESCAPE VELOCITY (FROM EARTH’S GRAVITATIONAL WELL) FOR ROCKETS LEAVING EARTH’S SURFACE
IS 11.2 KM/S (~25,000 MPH).
• ESCAPE VELOCITY FROM THE SUN’S GRAVITATIONAL WELL, AT EARTH, FOR ROCKETS IS 42.1 KM/S
(~94,000 MPH). NOTE: 1.0 MILE = 1.6093 KM.
• ESCAPE VELOCITY (FROM THE MOONS GRAVITATIONAL WELL) FOR ROCKETS LEAVING THE MOON’S
SUFACE IS 2.4 KM/S (5,369 MPH).

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 16


http://www.sncorp.com/

Erin & Fatih Ozmen

Burt Rutan http://www.spacedev.com/

http://www.scaled.com/
WHITEKNIGHTONE

SPACESHIPONE

• BURT RUTAN IS CONSIDERED THE FOREMOST AERONAUTICAL ENGINEER ALIVE TODAY,
HAVING WON MANY AVIATION PRIZES. HE IS A SUCCESSFUL PIONEER IN THE USE OF CARBON
COMPOSITES IN AIR‐FRAMES.
• ON OCTOBER 4, 2004, SPACESHIPONE, DESIGNED AND BUILT BY BURT RUTAN’S SCALED
COMPOSITES, LLC, ROCKETED INTO HISTORY, BECOMING THE FIRST PRIVATE MANNED
SPACECRAFT TO EXCEED AN ALTITUDE OF 328,000 FEET TWICE WITHIN THE SPAN OF A 14 DAY
PERIOD, THUS CLAIMING THE TEN MILLION DOLLAR ANSARI X PRIZE,
http://space.xprize.org/ansari‐x‐prize.
• RICHARD BRANSON STEPPED UP AFTER THE WIN AND FORMED VIRGIN GALACTIC,
DEVELOPING SPACESHIPTWO, http://www.virgingalactic.com/.
• THE ANSARI X‐PRIZE WAS FOUNDED IN 1996, MODELED AFTER THE ORTEIG PRIZE THAT
CHARLES LINDBERGH WON IN 1927 BY FLYING SOLO ACROSS THE ATLANTIC OCEAN. THE
OCTOBER 4, 2004 SPACESHIPONE FLIGHT WAS TIMED PARTIALLY TO COINCIDE WITH THE
47TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE SOVIET LAUNCH OF SPUTNIK.
• THE ROCKET THAT POWERED SPACESHIPONE WAS DEVELOPED BY SPACEDEV CORP., NOW A
WHOLLY OWNED SUBSIDIARY OF SIERRA NEVADA CORPORATION.
• 12/05/30: VIRGIN GALACTIC, THE WORLD’S FIRST COMMERCIAL SPACELINE, ANNOUNCED
TODAY THAT ITS VEHICLE DEVELOPER, SCALED COMPOSITES (SCALED), HAS BEEN GRANTED
AN EXPERIMENTAL LAUNCH PERMIT FROM THE FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION (FAA)
FOR ITS SUBORBITAL SPACECRAFT, SPACESHIPTWO, AND THE CARRIER AIRCRAFT,
WHITEKNIGHTTWO.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 17


http://spaceportamerica.com/
http://www.virgingalactic.com/

http://www.spaceshiptwo.net/

• RICHARD BRANSON WITH HIS VIRGIN GALACTIC IS ONCE AGAIN “PUSHING THE ENVELOPE” BY
OFFERING COMMERCIAL FLIGHTS TO SPACE FOR ~US$200,000 PER SEAT.  THE TICKET
INCLUDES ASTRONAUT TRAINING.
• BRANSON’S SPACESHIPTWO IS OPERATING OUT OF THE NEW SPACEPORT AMERICA IN NEW
MEXICO, USA.  SPACEPORT AMERICA IS THE FIRST SPACEPORT IN THE WORLD BUILT‐FROM‐
THE‐GROUND‐UP TO HOST PRIVATE ENTERPRISE, INTENDED TO BE THE LAUNCH‐PAD OF THE
GLOBAL COMMERCIAL SPACEFLIGHT INDUSTRY AND THE SECOND SPACE AGE. THE $209
MILLION PROJECT HAS ATTRACTED WORLDWIDE ATTENTION BECAUSE OF ITS BOLD PREMISE,
STUNNING ARCHITECTURE AND THE FACT THAT IT IS HOME TO THE WORLD’S FIRST
COMMERCIAL PASSENGER SPACELINE COMPANY, SIR RICHARD BRANSON’S VIRGIN GALACTIC.
• THE PHOTOGRAPH ON THE MID‐RIGHT IS OF BUZZ ALDRIN (LEFT) AND RICHARD BRANSON AT
THE OPENING CELEBRATION AT SPACEPORT AMERICA.  BUZZ WAS AN APOLLO 11 ASTRONAUT
WITH NEIL ARMSTRONG.  BUZZ WAS THE SECOND HUMAN TO WALK ON THE SURFACE OF THE
MOON (JULY 20, 1969).

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 18


"I'm reminded of what Wernher Von
Braun replied when someone asked
him, 'What's the hardest thing about
going to the moon?' And Von Braun
said, 'The will to do it.'" Paul G. Allen,
Paul Allen from book Idea Man TWO 747s TO BE COMBINED

DIRECTORS

Gwynne Shotwell Burt Rutan

http://www.stratolaunch.com/

http://www.stratolaunch.com/
LARGEST AIRCRAFT EVER – TWO 747s LINKED AS STRATOLAUNCHER

• HUNTSVILLE, AL., JANUARY 20, 2012 ‐ STRATOLAUNCH SYSTEMS ANNOUNCED TODAY THE
GROUND BREAKING ON A PRODUCTION FACILITY AND HANGAR AT THE MOJAVE AIR AND
SPACE PORT. STRATOLAUNCH SYSTEMS, FOUNDED BY PAUL G. ALLEN, IS A PRIVATE
AEROSPACE DEVELOPMENT COMPANY THAT WILL CONSTRUCT A ONE‐OF‐A‐KIND COMPOSITE
AIRCRAFT FOR LAUNCHING MEDIUM CLASS PAYLOADS TO SPACE. THE CONSTRUCTION OF
THESE FACILITIES WILL BE PERFORMED BY THE BAKERSFIELD‐BASED WALLACE AND SMITH
GENERAL CONTRACTORS. THE FABRICATION FACILITY, AN 88,000 SQUARE FOOT BUILDING,
WILL BE USED TO MANUFACTURE THE CARRIER AIRCRAFT WING ASSEMBLIES AND
ASSOCIATED PARTS FOR THE NEW AIRCRAFT. THE FABRICATION FACILITY IS PROJECTED TO BE
COMPLETED IN LATE 2012. THE AIRCRAFT HANGAR, A 92,640 SQUARE FOOT BUILDING, WILL
SERVE AS THE AIRCRAFT ASSEMBLY AND TEST FACILITY AND WILL ENCOMPASS 20,250
SQUARE FOOT OF OFFICE SPACE. THE HANGAR FACILITY HAS A PROJECTED COMPLETION OF
MID 2013. GARY WENTZ, CEO AND PRESIDENT OF STRATOLAUNCH SYSTEMS WAS QUOTED:
"TODAY MARKS THE START OF AN EXCITING JOURNEY FOR US. OVER THE NEXT YEAR, WE
WILL HAVE A VISIBLE PRESENCE IN THE ANTELOPE VALLEY WITH TWO NEW FACILITIES AND A
PAIR OF 747‐400 AIRCRAFT WHICH WILL UNDERGO SALVAGE TO SUPPLY PARTS AND
SUBSYSTEMS FOR INTEGRATION INTO OUR CARRIER AIRCRAFT. WE LOOK FORWARD TO
MANY YEARS OF GREAT WORK IN MOJAVE.“
• STRATOLAUNCH LEADERSHIP IS ASSEMBLING A TEAM OF COMPANIES THAT ARE INNOVATION
LEADERS IN AEROSPACE. SCALED COMPOSITES WILL BUILD THE CARRIER AIRCRAFT. THE
BOOSTER AND SPACE LAUNCH MISSION DESIGN AND MISSION INTEGRATION SERVICES WILL
BE PROVIDED BY SPACEX. DYNETICS WILL PROVIDE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND
INTEGRATION SUPPORT TO STRATOLAUNCH AND WILL BUILD THE MATING AND
INTEGRATION SYSTEM THAT WILL INTEGRATE THE SPACEX FALCON 9 AIR WITH THE SCALED
COMPOSITES MOTHERSHIP.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 19


DRAGON LAUNCH TO ISS ON FALCON 9 ROCKET

Gwynne
http://www.spacex.com/ Elon Musk Shotwell

• SPACEX FALCON 9 FIRST STAGE WITH 147,000 LBS‐F SEA LEVEL THRUST PER ENGINE FOR A
TOTAL THRUST ON LIFTOFF OF JUST OVER 1.3 MILLION LBS‐F. AFTER ENGINE START, FALCON
IS HELD DOWN UNTIL ALL VEHICLE SYSTEMS ARE VERIFIED TO BE FUNCTIONING NORMALLY
BEFORE RELEASE FOR LIFTOFF. THIS LAUNCH IS WITH DRAGON SPACE CAPSULE PAYLOAD.
• SPACEX DESIGNS, MANUFACTURES, AND LAUNCHES THE WORLD'S MOST ADVANCED
ROCKETS AND SPACECRAFT. THE COMPANY WAS FOUNDED IN 2002 BY ELON MUSK TO
REVOLUTIONIZE SPACE TRANSPORTATION, WITH THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF ENABLING PEOPLE
TO LIVE ON OTHER PLANETS. TODAY, SPACEX IS ADVANCING THE BOUNDARIES OF SPACE
TECHNOLOGY THROUGH ITS FALCON LAUNCH VEHICLES AND DRAGON SPACECRAFT.
• SPACEX'S PROVEN DESIGNS ARE POISED TO REVOLUTIONIZE ACCESS TO SPACE. BECAUSE
SPACEX DESIGNS AND MANUFACTURES ITS OWN ROCKETS AND SPACECRAFT, THE COMPANY
IS ABLE TO DEVELOP QUICKLY, TEST RIGOROUSLY, AND MAINTAIN TIGHT CONTROL OVER
QUALITY AND COST. ONE OF SPACEX'S FOUNDING PRINCIPLES IS THAT SIMPLICITY AND
RELIABILITY ARE CLOSELY COUPLED.
• SPACEX HAS GAINED WORLDWIDE ATTENTION FOR A SERIES OF HISTORIC MILESTONES. IT IS
THE ONLY PRIVATE COMPANY EVER TO RETURN A SPACECRAFT FROM LOW‐EARTH ORBIT,
WHICH IT FIRST ACCOMPLISHED IN DECEMBER 2010. THE COMPANY MADE HISTORY AGAIN IN
MAY 2012 WHEN ITS DRAGON SPACECRAFT ATTACHED TO THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE
STATION, EXCHANGED CARGO PAYLOADS, AND RETURNED SAFELY TO EARTH ‐‐ A
TECHNICALLY CHALLENGING FEAT PREVIOUSLY ACCOMPLISHED ONLY BY GOVERNMENTS. IN
OCTOBER 2012, DRAGON AGAIN SUCCESSFULLY DELIVERED CARGO TO AND FROM THE SPACE
STATION, IN THE FIRST OFFICIAL CARGO RESUPPLY MISSION FOR NASA.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 20


http://www.moonexpress.com/
http://www.iloa.org/

Bob Richards

• WEBSITE QUOTE: “MOON EXPRESS INC. IS A PRIVATELY FUNDED LUNAR RESOURCE COMPANY CREATED
TO ESTABLISH NEW AVENUES FOR COMMERCIAL SPACE ACTIVITIES BENEFITTING LIFE ON EARTH.
COMMONLY REFERRED TO AS MOON EX, THE COMPANY WAS FOUNDED BY DR. BOB RICHARDS,
NAVEEN JAIN, AND DR. BARNEY PELL IN AUGUST 2010 AND OFFICIALLY ENTERED THE GOOGLE LUNAR X
PRIZE COMPETITION (GLXP) IN OCTOBER OF THAT SAME YEAR. HEADQUARTERED IN THE NASA AMES
RESEARCH PARK IN MOUNTAIN VIEW, CA, MOON EXPRESS COMBINES SILICON VALLEY LEAN START‐UP
PRINCIPLES WITH EXPERTISE IN AEROSPACE ENGINEERING AND PLANETARY SCIENCES. SELECTED BY
FORBES AS ONE OF THE 'NAMES YOU SHOULD KNOW' IN 2011, MOON EXPRESS PLANS TO SEND A
SERIES OF LOW‐COST ROBOTIC MISSIONS TO THE MOON FOCUSED ON OPENING UP THE RESOURCES OF
THE MOON FOR THE BENEFIT OF HUMANITY.”
• THE GOOGLE LUNAR X PRIZE IS IGNITING A NEW ERA OF LUNAR EXPLORATION BY OFFERING THE
LARGEST INTERNATIONAL INCENTIVE PRIZE OF ALL TIME (~20 GROUPS ARE IN THE COMPETITION). A
TOTAL OF $30 MILLION IN PRIZES ARE AVAILABLE TO THE FIRST PRIVATELY FUNDED TEAMS TO SAFELY
LAND A ROBOT ON THE SURFACE OF THE MOON, HAVE THE ROBOT TRAVEL 500 METERS OVER THE
LUNAR SURFACE, AND SEND VIDEO, IMAGES, AND DATA BACK TO THE EARTH. TEAMS MUST BE AT
LEAST 90% PRIVATELY FUNDED, THOUGH COMMERCIALLY REASONABLE SALES TO GOVERNMENT
CUSTOMERS ARE ALLOWED WITHOUT LIMIT.
• “MOON EXPRESS IS PROUD TO COUNT GOOGLE AND THE X PRIZE FOUNDATION AMONG ITS
CUSTOMERS AND WILL ENDEAVOR TO WIN THE $20M FIRST PRIZE DURING THE COMPANY'S
INAUGURAL MOONEX‐1 LUNAR MISSION.” SEE: www.googlelunarxprize.org.
• DR. ROBERT (BOB) RICHARDS IS A SPACE ENTREPRENEUR AND FUTURIST. HE IS A CO‐FOUNDER OF THE
INTERNATIONAL SPACE UNIVERSITY, SINGULARITY UNIVERSITY, SEDS, THE SPACE GENERATION
FOUNDATION AND GOOGLE LUNAR X PRIZE COMPETITORS ODYSSEY MOON LTD. AND MOON EXPRESS,
INC.. BOB PARTICIPATED IN THE 2007 NASA MARS LANDER MISSION AND 2004 XSS‐11 MISSION OF THE
US AIR FORCE. HE IS A MEMBER OF THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF SPACE LAW AND CO‐CHAIRS THE
EXPLORATION COMMITTEE OF THE COMMERCIAL SPACEFLIGHT FEDERATION. AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY
BOB WAS SPECIAL ASSISTANT TO CARL SAGAN.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 21


http://deepspaceindustries.com/

Rick
Tumlinson

Peter
Diamandis

http://www.spaceadventures.com/
Chris Lewicki

James
Cameron

Eric Anderson http://www.planetaryresources.com/

• 2012/10/10: GLOBAL RECORDING ARTIST AND UNESCO ARTIST FOR PEACE AMBASSADOR, SARAH
BRIGHTMAN, ANNOUNCED TODAY IN MOSCOW HER INTENTION TO LAUNCH ON A FUTURE ORBITAL
SPACEFLIGHT MISSION TO THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION (ISS) IN PARTNERSHIP WITH SPACE
ADVENTURES, LTD., THE WORLD’S LEADING SPACE EXPERIENCES COMPANY.  BRIGHTMAN WILL BE
PART OF A THREE‐PERSON CREW TRAVELLING TO THE ISS ON BOARD A SOYUZ ROCKET. ONCE ON THE
ISS, SHE WILL ORBIT THE EARTH 16 TIMES DAILY AND INTENDS TO BECOME THE FIRST PROFESSIONAL
MUSICIAN TO SING FROM SPACE. THE FINAL SCHEDULING OF HER TRIP TO THE SPACE STATION WILL BE
DETERMINED BY ROSCOSMOS AND THE ISS PARTNERS IN THE COMING MONTHS.  SEE:
http://www.spaceadventures.com/index.cfm.
• SEE: http://www.planetaryresources.com/mission/. “THERE ARE NEAR‐LIMITLESS NUMBERS OF
ASTEROIDS AND MORE BEING DISCOVERED EVERY YEAR. MORE THAN 1,500 ARE AS EASY TO REACH AS
THE MOON AND ARE IN SIMILAR ORBITS AS EARTH. ASTEROIDS ARE FILLED WITH PRECIOUS
RESOURCES, EVERYTHING FROM WATER TO PLATINUM. HARNESSING VALUABLE MINERALS FROM A
PRACTICALLY INFINITE SOURCE WILL PROVIDE STABILITY ON EARTH, INCREASE HUMANITY’S
PROSPERITY, AND HELP ESTABLISH AND MAINTAIN HUMAN PRESENCE IN SPACE.” SEE:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=‐So5ne2TXI8 AND
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duEzrOvSb98.
• SEE: http://deepspaceindustries.com/mission/.  “THE EARTH IS BUT A TINY AND PRECIOUS WORLD
FLOATING IN A SEA OF NATURAL RESOURCES. THE RICHES OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM OFFER HUMANITY
BOTH UNPRECEDENTED PROSPERITY AND AN IMPROVED ENVIRONMENT. THE RESOURCE POTENTIAL
OF SPACE OUTSTRIPS THAT OF ANY PREVIOUS FRONTIER ‐ WITHOUT THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS.
ASTEROIDS ARE PLENTIFUL THROUGHOUT THE SOLAR SYSTEM. MANY ORBIT CLOSE TO THE EARTH AND
MANY OF THESE CARRY VAST DEPOSITS OF RESOURCES RANGING FROM WATER TO METALS SUCH AS
IRON, GOLD AND PLATINUM – EVERYTHING WE NEED TO EXPAND OUR CIVILIZATION INTO SPACE, TO
PROVIDE FOR OUR NEEDS HERE AT HOME AND TO INCREASE THE WEALTH OF OUR PLANETARY
ECONOMY.  IN ADDITION, THE SUN SHINES 24/7 IN SPACE, AND THE ELECTRICITY BEAMED TO EARTH
FROM SOLAR POWER SATELLITES IS CARBON‐FREE AND LEAVES NO RADIOACTIVE WASTE.  WITH THE
EFFECTS OF GRAVITY AT A MINIMUM, WE CAN DO AMAZING THINGS WHEN IT COMES TO MOVING,
CONSTRUCTION, AND INNOVATIONS IN CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS. IN FACT, WE ARE LIMITED ONLY BY
OUR OWN IMAGINATIONS.  ALL OF THIS IN A PLACE SAFELY OUTSIDE OF OUR DELICATE BIOSPHERE.”

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 22


Robert Bigelow

http://www.bigelowaerospace.com/

• SINCE 1999 BIGELOW AEROSPACE’S MISSION HAS BEEN TO PROVIDE AFFORDABLE OPTIONS
FOR SPACEFLIGHT TO NATIONAL SPACE AGENCIES AND CORPORATE CLIENTS. IN 2006 AND
2007, THEY LAUNCHED THEIR ORBITING PROTOTYPES GENESIS I AND GENESIS II. USING THEIR
PATENTED EXPANDABLE HABITATS. THEIR PLAN IS TO GREATLY EXCEED THE USABLE SPACE
OF THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION AT A FRACTION OF THE COST BY DEVELOPING THE
NEXT GENERATION SPACECRAFT.
• AT A PRESS CONFERENCE HELD AT BIGELOW AEROSPACE'S NORTH LAS VEGAS FACILITY ON
JANUARY 16, 2013, NASA DEPUTY ADMINISTRATOR LORI GARVER AND BIGELOW AEROSPACE
PRESIDENT AND FOUNDER ROBERT T. BIGELOW ANNOUNCED AN AGREEMENT TO PLACE THE
BIGELOW EXPANDABLE ACTIVITY MODULE ONTO THE INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION.
• BIGELOW’S SPACE STATION LEASES WILL INCLUDE TRAINING FOR THEIR CLIENTS’ DESIGNATED
ASTRONAUTS. TRAINING WILL INCLUDE QUALIFICATION SCREENING FOR MENTAL AND
PHYSICAL HEALTH, ACCLIMATION TO PHYSICAL FORCES INCLUDING MICROGRAVITY,
OPERATION OF SPACE STATION DAILY LIVING SYSTEMS, AND MISSION SPECIFIC TRAINING.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 23


http://b612foundation.org/

Ed Lu

Bas Landsdorp

http://mars-one.com/en/

• “YOU REALIZE THAT WE HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO CONTINUE SAFE OPERATIONS ON BOARD SPACESHIP EARTH.
AND THAT MEANS PROTECTING HUMANITY.” ~ ED LU, FORMER NASA ASTRONAUT, STS‐84, STS‐106, SOYUZ TMA‐2,
ISS EXPEDITION 7.
• “WE FEEL A CERTAIN URGENCY TO GET ON WITH IT SO THAT WE CAN BE CONFIDENT THAT WE’RE NOT GOING TO
HAVE A COSMIC DISASTER HERE FOR NO GOOD, JUSTIFIABLE REASON, JUST BECAUSE WE DIDN’T GET WITH IT. SO
LET’S GET WITH IT. THAT’S THE NAME OF THE GAME.” ~ RUSTY SCHWEICKART, LUNAR MODULE PILOT, APOLLO 9.
• “AN ASTEROID CAUSED THE EXTINCTION OF THE DINOSAURS AND MOST OF LIFE ON EARTH DURING THE
CRETACEOUS PERIOD. BUT THEY HAD NO WAY OF PREVENTING THEIR DEMISE. HUMANS DO, AND WE REALIZED
OUR GROUP COULD BE INSTRUMENTAL IN STRATEGIZING HOW TO PROTECT OUR PLANET AND HUMANITY FROM
FUTURE ASTEROID COLLISIONS. DESPITE THE SERIOUSNESS OF THE SUBJECT, THAT INITIAL MEETING ENDED ON AN
UPBEAT NOTE, AS WE REALIZED THAT WE HAVE THE TECHNOLOGY AND ABILITY TO PLAN AND EXECUTE A
DEMONSTRATION ASTEROID DEFLECTION MISSION. WE PROPOSED THAT A GOOD TRIAL PROJECT WOULD BE TO
SELECT A REPRESENTATIVE NEA (ONE NOT HEADED TOWARD EARTH) AND CHANGE ITS ORBIT SLIGHTLY AS A
DEMONSTRATION OF OUR CAPABILITY.”
• SO IN LATE 2011, THE B612 FOUNDATION DECIDED TO CHANGE ITS FOCUS. “NOW THAT WE AND OTHERS HAD
ESTABLISHED THAT ASTEROID DEFLECTION WAS POSSIBLE (EVEN IF NOT YET DEMONSTRATED), WE NEEDED TO
FOCUS OUR EFFORTS ON GIVING HUMANITY SUFFICIENT WARNING TIME SO THAT WE CAN USE OUR SPACE
TECHNOLOGY TO PREVENT THE NEXT ASTEROID IMPACT. WE SIGNIFICANTLY SCALED UP OPERATIONS AND
INITIATED THE SENTINEL MISSION TO FIND NEAR EARTH ASTEROIDS BEFORE THEY FIND US. IN PARTNERSHIP WITH
BALL AEROSPACE, THE B612 FOUNDATION WILL BUILD, LAUNCH, AND OPERATE AN INFRARED SPACE TELESCOPE TO
FIND AND TRACK THE HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF THREATENING ASTEROIDS THAT CANNOT BE TRACKED WITH
CURRENT TELESCOPES.” SEE: http://b612foundation.org/our‐story/.
• MARS ONE IS, A EUROPEAN BASED, NOT‐FOR‐PROFIT ORGANIZATION THAT WILL TAKE HUMANITY TO MARS IN
2023, TO ESTABLISH THE FOUNDATION OF A PERMANENT SETTLEMENT FROM WHICH WE WILL PROSPER, LEARN,
AND GROW. BEFORE THE FIRST CREW LANDS, MARS ONE WILL HAVE ESTABLISHED A HABITABLE, SUSTAINABLE
SETTLEMENT DESIGNED TO RECEIVE ASTRONAUTS EVERY TWO YEARS. TO ACCOMPLISH THIS, MARS ONE HAS
DEVELOPED A PRECISE, REALISTIC PLAN BASED ENTIRELY UPON EXISTING TECHNOLOGIES. IT IS BOTH
ECONOMICALLY AND LOGISTICALLY FEASIBLE, IN MOTION THROUGH THE INTEGRATION OF EXISTING SUPPLIERS
AND EXPERTS IN SPACE EXPLORATION.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 24


SPACE LAW
FROM HISTORICAL REMOTE
MINING CAMPS
• POSSESSION IS 9/10 OF THE LAW

• USE IT OR LOSE IT

• KEEPING LAW AND ORDER, GOLD MINING IN WASHINGTON STATE, KEN AND VIDA MARTIN, 1995,
“WHEN NEWS OF NEW DISCOVERIES WERE MADE KNOWN, HUNGRY AND EAGER PROSPECTORS
RUSHED TO THE NEW ELDORADOS TO COMPETE FOR THE BEST DIGGINGS. GIVEN THE PRIMITIVE
CONDITIONS AND LIMITED RESOURCES WITH WHICH MINERS HAD TO WORK, IT IS
UNDERSTANDABLE THAT TOLERANCE WAS NOT ONE OF THEIR LEADING VIRTUES. TO PROTECT ONE’S
PROPERTY WAS CONSIDERED OF GREAT IMPORTANCE AND SOMETIMES EVEN A MATTER OF
SURVIVAL. THEN, THERE WERE THOSE WITHIN THE CAMPS WHO REALLY BELIEVED THEY HAD
TRAVELED BEYOND THE REACH OF THE LAW AND THAT JUSTICE WAS A MATTER OF THEIR OWN
PREFERENCE. THESE FACTORS, COMBINED WITH THE PROBLEM OF EXCESSIVE DRINKING CREATED A
VOLATILE ENVIRONMENT. BOUNDARY DISPUTES AND ACCUSATIONS OF HIGH GRADING WERE ALL
TO OFTEN SETTLED FROM THE SMOKING BARREL OF A SIX‐SHOOTER. HOWEVER, TO MAINTAIN A
SEMBLANCE OF LAW AND ORDER, MINERS IN MOST DISTRICTS ORGANIZED THEMSELVES INTO
CONFEDERATIONS [OR MINERS’ COMMITTEE] TO LEGISLATE RULES AND REGULATIONS IN THE
CAMP.”
• IT IS MY OPINION THAT THE “DOERS” THAT WILL BE THE EARLY HUMAN SETTLERS OF SPACE WILL SET
THEIR OWN RULES AND REGULATIONS IN EACH SITUATION, AS WAS DONE BY THE EARLY MINERS IN
REMOTE MINING CAMPS. NO DISTANT “GOVERNMENT” ON EARTH WILL BE ABLE TO APPLY OR
MAINTAIN THEIR RULES AND REGULATIONS ON THESE SPACE PIONEERS DURING THE EARLY
FORMATIVE YEARS OF COLONIZATION OF THE MOON AND MARS.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 25


HEAVY-LIFT ANALOG
WORLD’S LARGEST CIVILIAN AIRLIFT
LEA TO BULOLO, PAPUA NEW GUINEA, 1931
VISION & COURAGE - PHYSICAL & FINANCIAL

PLACER DEVELOPMENT LTD
VANCOUVER, BC, CANADA

• THREE TRI‐MOTOR JUNKERS G‐31 AIRCRAFT (PAYLOAD OF ~7,100 POUNDS)
• WORLD RECORD AIRLIFT IN FIRST 12 MONTHS OF 4,342 TONS ‐ IN SAME PERIOD UK,
FRANCE & USA COMBINED TRANSPORTED ONLY 2,670 TONS BY AIR
• FROM 1931 TO 1942 THE BULOLO AIRLIFT TOTALLED 73,480 TONS WITH NO ACCIDENTS

• THE BULOLO GOLDFIELDS WERE TOTALLY DEVELOPED AND OPERATIONS SUSTAINED BY
AIRLIFT OF MACHINERY, MOBILE EQUIPMENT, SUPPLIES FOR DAMS, POWERLINES, DREDGES,
SAWMILL, AND TOWNSITE (HOSPITAL AND SCHOOL).
• THE G‐31 HAD 525 X 3 HORSEPOWER RADIAL ENGINES AND COULD CLIMB AT 200 FEET PER
MINUTE FULLY LOADED ON TWO ENGINES (AT AVERAGE 3,000 FT ASL), 75 MINUTE FLYING
TIME LEA  (AT SEA LEVEL) TO BULOLO (2,250 FEET) WITH INTERVENING MOUNTAINS AT 6,000
FEET ELEVATION.
• THE MANAGEMENT OF PLACER DEVELOPMENT LTD RECEIVED AWARDS FROM THE MINING
INDUSTRY AND THE AVIATION INDUSTRY FOR THIS SUCCESSFUL MASSIVE BULOLO AIRLIFT.
• MENTION MASS PRODUCTION OF LIBERTY SHIPS (42 DAYS PER LIBERTY SHIP, WITH A TOTAL
~2,700 BUILT DURING WWII), THE ALASKA HIGHWAY/NORMAN WELLS OIL OPERATIONS, THE
DEW LINE, BERLIN AIRLIFT AND WWII AS THESE WERE ALL MASSIVE UNDERTAKINGS THAT
WERE SUCCESSFULLY ACCOMPLISHED IN RECORD TIME.
• IN 2011 THE BROAD GROUP IN HUNAN PROVINCE, CHINA BUILT A 30 STOREY LUXURY HOTEL
IN 15 DAYS.  IT IS BUILT TO WITHSTAND MAGNITUDE 9 RICHTER SCALE EARTHQUAKES AND IS
~4 TIMES MORE ENERGY EFFICIENT THAN CONVENTIONAL HIGH‐RISE BUILDINGS.  ALL
COMPONENTS ARE MANUFACTURED IN A LARGE FACTORY AND DELIVERED TO THE BUILDING
SITE FOR ASSEMBLY.  THERE WERE NO INJURIES DURING THE WORK.  SEE:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hdpf‐MQM9vY.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 26


HEAVY LIFT TO THE MOON OF EQUIPMENT
SUPPLIES AND HUMANS (>2,000 TONNES)
ONCE LUNAR BASE SITE LOCATION
DETERMINED BY ROBOTIC MISSIONS

MASS ASSEMBLY-LINE PRODUCTION OF
SPACEX HEAVY-LIFT ROCKETS TO
FACILITATE RELIABLE AND LOW COST
LAUNCHES TO THE MOON AND MARS

SPACE EXPLORATION TECHNOLOGIES
CORP (SPACEX) BECOMES WORLD’S
LARGEST MARKET CAP PUBLIC LISTED
COMPANY

NUCLEAR SPACE TUG DEVELOPED FOR
DEFLECTION OF LARGE NEOs AND FOR
TRANSPORT BETWEEN EARTH-MOON-MARS

• TO BE SUCCESSFUL THE ROCKETS MUST BE MASS PRODUCED (ECONOMY OF SCALE) WITH MULTLIPLE DAILY LAUNCHES.
• ASTROBOTIC TECHNOLOGY, INC. AND MOON EXPRESS, INC., LEADERS IN THE 26 GROUP COMPETITION TO WIN THE GOOGLE
LUNAR X PRIZE, WILL BECOME SPACE EXPEDITORS SIMILAR TO UPS AND FEDEX ON EARTH.
• IT IS MY OPINION THAT THERE IS ONE OVERARCHING REASON FOR DEVELOPMENT OF SPACE – THAT IS TO ENSURE THE SURVIVAL
OF THE HUMAN SPECIES. HENCE, ONLY EARLY PRECURSOR MISSIONS SHOULD BE ROBOTIC. THEREAFTER IT MUST BE HUMAN
WITH SOME SUPPORT FROM ROBOTICS (REMOTE CONTROL AND AUTONOMOUS). I ALSO, FROM EXPERIENCE BUILDING REMOTE
MINE OPERATIONS ON EARTH, KNOW THAT THE FIRST HUMAN LANDING ON THE LUNAR SURFACE TO DEVELOP A PERMANENT
HABITAT WILL REQUIRE LANDING ~2,000 METRIC TONS OF EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS AND SUPPLIES TO ENSURE A HIGH DEGREE
OF SUCCESS. THIS IS A MASSIVE PROGRAM THAT WILL NEED MULTI‐GOVERNMENT AND INDUSTRY SUPPORT TO WORK
PROPERLY. IN MY OPINION, SCIENCE PALLS IN COMPARISON TO LONG‐TERM HUMAN SURVIVAL WHEN FUNDING SPACE
EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS.  THE MOON WOULD BE THE LOW GRAVITY BASE FOR FUELING NUCLEAR SPACE
TUGS IN LUNAR ORBIT USING PROPELLANTS SUCH AS HYDROGEN (HIGH EXHAUST VELOCITY LOW THRUST), OXYGEN
(AUGMENTATION TO INCREASE THRUST) OR WATER (LOWER EXHAUST VELOCITY BUT HIGHER THRUST).  THESE SPACE TUGS
WOULD BE USED FOR DANGEROUS NEO DEFLECTION AND FOR MOVING BETWEEN ORBITS AT EARTH, MOON AND MARS.  THE
NUCLEAR FISSION REACTORS IN THE SPACE TUGS WOULD “BURN” HIGHLY ENRICHED URANIUM (SIMILAR TO REACTORS IN USA
SUBMARINES) SO THAT THE REFUELING INTERVAL WOULD BE GREATER THAN TEN YEARS (MAY BE ABLE TO INCLUDE A THORIUM
“BLANKET” IN REACTOR FOR ADDITIONAL ENERGY).  A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SHOULD BE BUILT NEAR THE EARTH LAUNCH SITE
TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN TO MINIMIZE FUEL TRANSPORT TO THE LAUNCH SITE.  IT WOULD BE A CO‐GENERATION
FACILITY WITH HYDROGEN BEING REFORMED FROM NATURAL GAS (AND CARBON MONOXIDE BURNED FOR ELECTRIC POWER
AND HEAT) WITH OXYGEN BEING PRODUCED BY FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF LIQUEFIED AIR.  AN ALTERNATIVE, BUT MORE
EXPENSIVE, METHOD OF PRODUCING HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN IS DIRECT ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER.
• PLAN INITIALLY FOR LAUNCHING AT LEAST ONE ROCKET PER DAY SO THAT THE FIRST 2,000 TONS OF EQUIPMENT, SUPPLIES AND
WORKFORCE IS ON THE MOON IN 60 DAYS.  COST ~15 TO 20 BILLION US DOLLARS.
• I STRONGLY RECOMMEND THAT YOU VISIT SOME EARTHLY MINING/PROCESSING OPERATIONS (MINING, MINERAL PROCESSING,
SMELTING AND REFINING). YOU WILL FIND THAT MINING AND PROCESSING HETEROGENEOUS MATERIALS IS COMPLEX AND THE
SYSTEMS ARE PHYSICALLY AND CHEMICALLY CHALLENGING. TRYING TO RECOVER MINERALS AND ELEMENTS FROM
HETEROGENEOUS SOURCES ON ASTEROIDS OR COMETS ON A SUSTAINED BASIS WILL BE VERY DIFFICULT INDEED COMPARED TO
OPERATING AT A LUNAR BASE. THE ASTEROIDS AND COMETS IN NEAR EARTH ORBIT OFFER A LOW GRAVITY WELL OPPORTUNITY
(REWARD) AND A BIG MATERIALS CHALLENGE (RISK). THEY ARE EITHER CARBONACEOUS WITH WATER ICE, OR SILICATES
(STONY), OR METALLIC (NOTE THE “OR” AND NO “AND”). IN OTHER WORDS YOU CANNOT LAND ON ANY ONE AND EXPECT TO
GET WATER ICE, SILICATES AND METALS – THIS PRESENTS AN ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE CHALLENGE IN CREATING AN OPERATING
BASE THAT IS SUSTAINABLE. I WAS THE ONE THAT STOOD UP AND RECOMMENDED JOHN LEWIS’S “MINING THE SKY” BOOK AT
THE SPACE FRONTIER 2009 CONFERENCE. HOWEVER, WHAT I DID NOT SAY IS THAT I DISAGREE WITH JOHN AS TO THE
IMPORTANCE OF ASTEROID OR COMET MATERIALS ON EARTH, AS THEY HAVE IN MY OPINION NO VALUE TO EARTH. WE HAVE A
NEVER ENDING SUPPLY OF ELEMENTS ON EARTH, INCLUDING THOSE IN HYDROCARBONS (C AND H) THAT CAN BE EXTRACTED
MUCH SAFER AND CHEAPER IN‐SITU ON EARTH THAN EXPLOITING THEM ON ASTEROIDS OR COMETS. IN OTHER WORDS,
ELEMENTS ON ASTEROIDS AND COMETS, AND THE MOON AND MARS WILL HAVE USE IN SPACE BUT NOT ON EARTH.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 27


MINERAL EXPLORATION
EARTH VS MOON AND MARS
• EARTH’S MINERAL DEPOSITS (ANOMALOUS ELEMENTS) FORM BY
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROCESSES DRIVEN BY SOLAR HEAT,
INTERNAL RADIONUCLIDE HEAT AND GRAVITY. FORMATION IS
RELATED TO PLATE TECTONICS, EROSION AND DEPOSITION BY
WATER AND WIND AND BY EVAPORATION. MANY HIGH-GRADE
DEPOSITS EXIST.

• THE MOON BEING SMALLER THAN EARTH HAS LOW INTERNAL HEAT
(RADIONUCLIDES), HAS LOW GRAVITY AND NO ATMOSPHERE SO MANY
OF THE MINERAL DEPOSIT FORMATION METHODS ON EARTH DO NOT
EXIST ON THE MOON. WORSE STILL IS THE CONSTANT CHURNING OF
THE LUNAR SURFACE BY ASTERIOD, COMET AND METERIOD IMPACTS –
TENDING TO CREATE A HETEROGENIOUS MIXTURE WITH ONLY
MODEST ELEMENTAL ANOMALIES. WILL NEED TO DEVELOP AND
PROCESS LOW-GRADE DEPOSITS.

• MARS DOES SEEM TO HAVE HAD SOME GEOLOGICAL SYSTEMS SIMILAR
TO EARTH IN THE PAST – IN MY OPINION THERE WILL BE GREATER
OPPORTUNITY TO FIND ENRICHED MINERAL DEPOSITS ON MARS
THAN ON THE MOON, BUT STILL MUCH FEWER THAN ON EARTH.

• MENTION: MAGMATIC DIFFERENTIATION, PARTIAL MELTING OF CRUST, VMS, SEDEX, HYDROTHERMAL, PLACER
(BEACH AND RIVER) AND EVAPORITES.
• ON EARTH PLATE TECTONICS “LIFTS” SUBAQUEOUS DEPOSITS ONTO LAND (THEN ERODED) FOR EASY DISCOVERY
AND EXTRACTION.
• THE CANADIAN FLOW‐THROUGH TAX‐CREDIT PROGRAM HAS FACILITATED THE RAISING OF BILLIONS OF DOLLARS
YEARLY BY THE EXPLORING COMPANIES; THIS HAS KEPT CANADA IN THE FOREFRONT OF WORLD MINERAL
EXPLORATION AND MINE DEVELOPMENT.  IN ADDITION, CANADA HAS “GROWN” A LARGE BASE OF EXPERTS IN
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, FINANCE, ETC. FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION AND MINE
DEVELOPMENT WORLD‐WIDE.
• STATISTICS FROM THE 2005 CANADIAN INTERGOVERNMENTAL WORKING GROUP ON THE MINERAL INDUSTRY
REPORTED: 1) GLOBALLY, CANADA CONTINUES TO BE THE FOREMOST DESTINATION FOR EXPLORATION CAPITAL.
IN 2004 SOME 20% OF THE MINERAL EXPLORATION PROGRAMS PLANNED BY THE WORLD’S MINING COMPANIES
WERE EXPECTED TO BE CONDUCTED IN CANADA.  AS FOR CANADIAN COMPANIES THEY WERE EXPECTED TO
UNDERTAKE 43% OF ALL THE EXPLORATION PROGRAMS IN THE WORLD IN 2004, A SHARE THAT IS BY FAR THE
LARGEST OF THE GLOBAL MINERAL EXPLORATION MARKET, AND 2) IN 2003 C$12.7 BILLION IN EQUITY FINANCING
WAS RAISED FOR MINERAL EXPLORATION AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AROUND THE WORLD DURING THAT
YEAR.  MORE THAN 45% OF THE NEW FUNDS RAISED WAS FOR COMPANIES LISTED ON THE CANADIAN STOCK
EXCHANGES.
• THE FLOW‐THROUGH TAX INCENTIVE NEEDS TO OPERATE IN A SECURITIES REGULATORY REGIME THAT IS NOT
OVERBEARING AND IS UNDERSTANDING OF RISK/REWARD INVESTING, ESPECIALLY WITH START‐UP VENTURES.
• VANCOUVER AND TORONTO HAVE THE LARGEST POPULATION OF GEOSCIENTISTS IN THE WORLD.
• ALL THIS FROM A COUNTRY THAT ONLY REPRESENTS, 1) 7% OF THE LAND AREA ON EARTH AND, 2) ONLY 0.5% OF
THE WORLD’S POPULATION.
• IT IS TIME THE SPACE INDUSTRY IN SEVERAL COUNTRIES BEGAN TO EMBRACE FLOW‐THROUGH SHARE FINANCING.
• REMEMBER THE BASIC RULE FOR SOPHISTICATED INVESTORS: THE TEAM, THE PROJECT, THE FINANCING.
• IMMEDIATE 100% WRITE‐OFF AND ZERO COST BASE ON SHARES, IN ADDITION SOME PROVINCES OFFER AN
INVESTMENT TAX CREDIT TO THE COMPANY (BC: UP TO 30%).  HENCE AN INVESTOR IN THE 50% TAX BRACKET HAS
AN AFTER‐TAX COST OF 50 CENTS ON THE DOLLAR INVESTED AND THE COMPANY GETS ~$1.25 TO SPEND ON
MINERAL EXPLORATION FOR EACH DOLLAR INVESTED.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 28


APPLYING EARTH MINERAL EXPLORATION & MINING EXPERTISE ON OUR
MOON – LUNAR SPACE PORT WITH ADJACENT MINING OPERATIONS:
DEFLECTING DANGEROUS NEAR EARTH OBJECTS, SERVICING GSO AND GEO
EARTH SATELLITES AND PREPARING TO START COLONIZING MARS

AGAIN MINING LEADS THE WAY
ANY QUESTIONS?

THE MOON HAS ~1/6 THE SURFACE
GRAVITY AND ~1/4 THE RADIUS
OF EARTH – SO THE WORK REQUIRED
SPACEX FALCON 9 TO ESCAPE THE MOON’S GRAVITY FIELD
MARK ELOWITZ BY ROCKET IS ~1/24 THAT OF EARTH

• MOST IMPORTANT RESOURCES REQUIRED FOR LUNAR DEVELOPMENT ARE WATER AND
HYDROCARBONS FOLLOWED BY ALL THE OTHER ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS USED ON
EARTH (METALS, SILICATES, ETC.).
• REMEMBER THAT WE HUMANS, NO MATTER WHERE WE ARE LOCATED, DIE WITHIN MINUTES
IF THERE IS NO OXYGEN, WITHIN DAYS IF THERE IS NO WATER AND WITHIN WEEKS IF THERE
IS NO FOOD (CARBOHYDRATES) – ALL OTHER RESOURCES PALE IN COMPARISON TO THESE
ESSENTIAL RESOURCES.
• IMPORTANCE OF HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN: LIFE SUPPORT (“AIR” AND WATER), ROCKET
PROPELLANTS, FUEL FOR FUEL CELLS, WATER FOR AGRICULTURE AND FOR AQUACULTURE.
• IMPORTANCE OF HYDROCARBONS: FUEL FOR ENGINES AND HEAT, AND CARBON DIOXIDE FOR
PHOTOSYNTHESIS (CARBOHYDRATES).
• CANADA IS A WORLD LEADER IN MINERAL EXPLORATION, MINE DEVELOPMENT AND MINE
OPERATIONS – THAT LEAD SHOULD BE CONTINUED INTO OUR SOLAR SYSTEM.

JOHN A. CHAPMAN 29


LET’S KEEP HUMANITY MOVING FORWARD

QUESTIONS?

JOHN A CHAPMAN 30

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