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GEOCHEMIS TRY




                   Geochemical                                                       The Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula is located in the
                                                                                      Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin area of Canada

                   Surface Expression
                                                                                                and has seen numerous oil and
                                                                                                 gas discoveries. Using multiple
                                                                                                      geochemical methods, an

                   of Oil and Gas
                                                                                            orientation survey on the peninsula
                                                                                       demonstrated that oil and gas seeps are
                                                                                          detectable through thick permafrost,

                   in Arctic Terrains                                                     and that these methods can be used
                                                                                                  as a regional exploration tool.
                   JOHN V. FONTANA, PG, and DAVID M. SENESHEN, PHD, CPG, Vista GeoScience

                   Located in Canada’s farthest northern region, the hamlet of      exploration. Due to remoteness, extreme conditions, limited
                   Tuktoyaktuk lies on the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula at the tip of      working seasons and sensitive environments, there are many
                   the Northwest Territories on the coast of the Beaufort Sea.      restrictions and higher costs associated with exploration and
                   Anglicised from an Inuvialuit word meaning ‘resembling           development activities. This study area was located just south
                   a caribou’, Tuktoyaktuk, or Tuk as it is known, has a local      and east of Tuktoyaktuk. Tuk can only be accessed by the
                   population of around 1,000. There are about 1,350 pingos –       ice road in the winter, by boat or barge in the short summer
                   unique, conical permafrost heave features – in the Tuktoyaktuk   when the sea ice melts off, and by limited-size aircraft with
                   Peninsula area, the greatest concentration in the world.         its one gravel runway and airport. Due to these additional
                   Tuktoyaktuk has more recently become known from the              costs and difficult conditions, any tools that are conducive
                   HistoryChannel.com series ‘Ice Road Truckers’, which features    to these sensitive environments can add value and important
                   the winter ice road connecting Inuvik and Tuktoyaktuk along      evaluation information to the exploration programme. Near-
                   the Mackenzie River delta.                                       surface geochemical exploration methods can be employed
                      Arctic environments are challenging areas for oil and gas     at relatively lower costs on a regional scale, have very minimal

                   Pingos, unique permafrost heave features
                   that look like volcanic cones, dot the
                   otherwise flat tundra landscape on the
                   Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula. Pore water is expelled
                   in front of the rising permafrost, and the
                   resulting pressure causes the frozen
                   ground to rise and an ice core to form.
Vista Geoscience




                   64   GEO ExPro FEBRUARY 2013
surface impact in these environments, and fewer permitting




                                                                                                                                                      Vista Geoscience
requirements, so they fit that category.
   There are many unconnected discoveries and reserves in the
region. A 1,220 km gas pipeline has long been proposed to
link the Beaufort gas fields, via the Mackenzie River valley, to
the North American energy grid in Alberta. Companies backing
the pipeline – ConocoPhillips, Shell, ExxonMobil and Imperial
– are asking the government to help underwrite the projected
Canadian $16.2 billion construction cost to help make it
feasible. When construction on this project begins, exploration
and drilling activity will likely boom again in the region.

Petroleum Microseepage
Identification of hydrocarbon micro-seepage anomalies using
near-surface direct detection methods over oil and gas deposits
in both terrestrial and subsea sediments has seen growing
use by explorationists. Visible oil and gas seeps (macroseeps)
were historically used to find oil and gas deposits. Searching
for microseeps is simply a technological extension of those
older methods using sensitive instruments, remote methods
and analysis of soil, soil gas or water to detect non-visible
trace amounts of oil and gas, or microseeps. Since the near-
surface environment determines which types of methods
can be used to detect these anomalies, venturing into a new
type of environment requires conducting orientation surveys,
ideally over known deposits, to determine which method, or
combination of methods, will work best in that environment.
There was reasonable concern in this study that microseepage
could not reach the near surface in areas with thick (100–600m)
permafrost, and that this seepage would instead get trapped at
the base of the permafrost.
                                                                         A power auger mounted on the side of the helicopter was used to collect
   In the arctic tundra environment, collection of free (interstitial)
                                                                         frozen cores of the tundra. Helicopters are the only way to access the sensitive
soil gas was not possible due to saturated and frozen soils. Half        tundra environment during the summer months when the sun never sets.
of the area is covered with small lakes, allowing lake sediments
to be used as a matrix to test. The other sampling matrix                in the summer season. For lake sediments, the helicopter was
available was soil from the frozen tundra. In another phase of           fitted with pontoons so it could land on the lakes allowing the
the study, sediment collected from seismic shot hole borings             use of a gravity core to collect lake sediments. A total of 85 lake
was also used. Several geochemical analytical methods could              sediment samples and 90 permafrost soil samples were collected
be applied to these different matrix types.                              at 500 to 1,000m spacing intervals along lines 2,000m apart
                                                                         over an area of 150 km2. Lake sediments were not collected
Tuk and Mayogiak Orientation Survey                                      over the Mayogiak field due to time constraints.
The geochemical orientation survey was designed to look for                  Frozen cores of the tundra soils were collected using a
microseepage anomalies over the Tuk Tertiary oil field (estimated        portable 8 horse power auger mounted to the gear racks on the
10–25 MMbo), Tuk Cretaceous gas field (estimated 280 Bcfg)               helicopter. After drilling a metre through the upper tundra and
and the Mayogiak Devonian oil field (estimated 4 MMbo) in the            frozen sediments, a modified split core barrel with a carbide
Mackenzie Delta of the Northwest Territories, Canada. These fields       cutting tipped shoe was used to cut an undisturbed frozen soil
had been drilled and explored by Esso in the 1970s and 1980s, but        core to a depth of 1.5m. Lake sediments were collected using a
were left capped with casing in place with no available pipeline         30 kg gravity core dropped from the pontoons of the helicopter
or transportation available for the crude oil or gas. Several years      and penetrated 0.3–1.0m into the lake bottom sediments. To
after the orientation survey was completed an additional well, the       maintain position, the pilot was not allowed to shut down
Tuk M-18, was drilled into the Cretaceous Kamik sands by Devon           on the lake, so it was rather exciting dropping a gravity core
Energy and Petro-Canada. It has estimated reserves of 200–300            underneath the whipping blades!
Bcfg and deliverability of 60–80 MMcfgpd. Since the fields were              A section of the lake sediments and soil cores was placed
still under virgin pressure, the boundaries were well defined, and       in a lined metal food-type can immediately upon removal
the area was clean and void of any producing infrastructure,             from the core barrel. The remaining volume was filled with
pits, gas flares, etc., they were ideal candidates for testing the       hydrocarbon-free prepared water and bactericide to prevent
geochemical methodology as a regional exploration tool.                  microbial degradation of the hydrocarbons. The can was then
     A helicopter was used to access the remote sampling locations       sealed on-site with a food canning machine. Back at the base


                                                                                                                      GEO ExPro FEBRUARY 2013        65
GEOCHEMIS TRY


The abundance of small shallow lakes allowed the collection
of lake sediment samples on a grid of approximately 1–2 km
spacing over the Tuk and Mayogiak fields. The general location
of the productive oil and gas deposits is clearly indicated by the
spatial distribution of pentane anomalies.


camp, a volume of fluid was displaced with a pure
nitrogen headspace injected through a septa built into
the lid of each can. The cans were frozen for storage
and subsequent shipping.

Direct Hydrocarbon Detection Methods
There are a wide variety of geochemical methods that
can be tested in an orientation survey. In this study,
four direct hydrocarbon measurement methods were




                                                                                                                                                                   Vista Geoscience
used to analyse the samples and determine which, if
any, could detect surface expressions of the oil and gas
fields through the thick permafrost. The purpose was
to find the most effective method(s) that would then
be used to focus or complement
                                                                                                                                             The distribution of pen­­
higher cost methods such as                                                                                                                  tane concen­tra­tions in
seismic surveys, and subsequent                                                                                                              acid-extracted gas from
drilling over onshore parts of                                                                                                               the 1.5m deep perma­
                                                                                                                                             frost soil cores over the
the vast and remote Mackenzie
                                                                                                                                             Tuk oil and gas fields
Delta and Beaufort Basin areas.                                                                                                              identifies the general
    The four methods includ­      ed                                                                                                         area of interest from a
acid-ex­tracted       C1-C6   hydro­                                                                                                         regional      exploration
                                                                                                                                             perspective.
carbons; canned thermally-ex­­
tract­­­ed head­­­space C1-C6 hydro­
carbons; dis­ag­greg­­ated sedi­ment
head­space C1-C6 hydro­carbons;
and solvent-extracted poly-aro­
ma­tic (C6-C36) hydrocarbons.
Analysis of the gaseous hydro­

                                                                                                                          Vista Geoscience
carbons (the first three methods)
was done using Flame Ionisation
Gas        Chromatography.       The
heavier aro­ atic hydrocarbons
               m
were extracted with organic solvents and the extracts                Frozen soil cores were collected over the Tuk oil and gas fields, but not over the
were analys ed using a sensitive synchronous scanning                smaller Mayogiak field. Syn­hronous scanning fluor­scence spectro­ et­y of these
                                                                                                  c                        e             m r
                                                                     samples revealed that even the heavier aro­ atic hydrocarbons seeped up through
                                                                                                                  m
fluor­escence spectrometer.
                                                                     the permafrost, possibly along faults, and are detectable.
    To interpret the data, thresholds between background
and anomalous hydrocarbon concentrations were
determined using probability analysis to see anomalous
breaks in the normal distributions. Discriminant
analysis, which takes into account the multivariate or
compositional nature of the hydrocarbons, was used to
see how well each method could distinguish between
anomalous and background conditions over and off the
oil and gas fields.
    Survey results found that hydrocarbons do
migrate vertically through the thick permafrost and
are detectable at the surface. Thermogenic (C2-C6)
hydrocarbons are anomalous in lake sediments and
soil cores over and adjacent to the oil and gas fields.
                                                                                                                                                                  Vista Geoscience




Acid-extractable (C2-C6) hydrocarbons in soil cores
and headspace (C2-C6) hydrocarbons in lake sediments
provide good anomaly distribution and discrimination
between background and productive areas. The


66   GEO ExPro FEBRUARY 2013
Exploring The Mediterranean:
New Concepts In An Ancient Seaway

A rich human history of civilisation, trade and war is deeply
rooted in the complex ancient geology that underlies the
Mediterranean region, having evolved through the convergence
of the European and African plates and the closure of the Tethys
Ocean. In more recent times, oil and gas exploration has found
success in the diversity of resulting extensional and
compressional tectonic regimes, with a procession of new plays

activity. Despite intensive exploration, the region continues to     TO REGISTER:
deliver tangible success through its rich diversity of play types,   It’s easy to register, complete our
                                                                     quick online registration form with
                                                                     your details.
                                                                     T: +44 (0)1462 490609
current thinking in Mediterranean petroleum geology, from the        Visit the website for registration
tectonics that underpin the basin, to the Messinian salinity event   prices
and its impact on exploration. From North Africa to the Adriatic,
this conference will bring together the multiple cultures that
                                                                     EXHIBITION:
                                                                     Exhibition booths will go quickly so
framework and the petroleum systems that transcend political
                                                                     don’t miss out and book today.
boundaries.
                                                                     Contact Fionn Devine
                                                                     E: fdevine@aapg.org
With its position to the west of 2.5 million sq. km of water,
                                                                     T: +44 207 434 1399
Barcelona will form the ideal backdrop to this timely event.
                                                                     Visit the website to see the


  Themes will include:                                               SPONSORSHIP:
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  - The impact of the Messinian Salinity event in                    event? Contact Fionn Devine
                                                                     E: fdevine@aapg.org
    exploration.
                                                                     T: +44 207 434 1399
  - Carbonate plays in the Mediterranean.
                                                                     Visit the website for details of our
  - Petroleum systems and source rocks.                              sponsorship packages
  - New exploration in the Eastern Mediterranean.
  - The Nile Delta revisited.
  - Recent exploration along the North African coast.
  - The Western Mediterranean and the Alboran Sea in focus.
  - Prospectivity and new plays in the Adriatic Basin.



      ORGANISED BY                     SPONSORED BY




                      WWW.AAPG.ORG/BARCELONA2013

                                                                                    GEO ExPro FEBRUARY 2013   67
GEOCHEMIS TRY


blender-extracted gas method showed




                                                                                                                                                   Vista Geoscience
the least amount of discrimination
but still located the productive areas.
Fluorescence of aromatic hydrocarbons
is anomalous in soil cores over the
southern part of the Tuk oil and gas
fields, suggesting the ascent of heavier
liquid hydrocarbons, possibly along the
faults.
    The orientation study over the
Tuk and Mayogiak fields therefore
shows that hydrocarbons present in
lake sediments and soil cores provide
statistically    significant     anomalies
over the oil and gas fields, and offer
useful indications of hydrocarbon
accumulations at depth.
    The surface expressions seen using
these methods demonstrate that they
can be used to aide regional exploration
in similar environments and geologic               Frozen soil cores were collected in the tundra environment and were sealed in metal food-type cans
settings. The information gained from              on site for shipping and analysis.
these types of surveys can help focus where
to conduct more expensive methods                  sediment samples collected from seismic            soil cores and lake sediments collected
such as seismic surveys. These methods             shot hole borings in the same region               in similar environments in the Alaskan
have also been applied successfully to             enhancing the seismic data, and from               Yukon Flats area.


Tuktoyaktuk has a local population of around 1,000, but during more active drilling booms, the population doubles, with workers residing in camps such
as the one in the foreground here. Tuktoyaktuk has more recently become known from the HistoryChannel.com series ‘Ice Road Truckers’, which features
the winter ice road connecting Inuvik and Tuktoyaktuk along the Mackenzie River delta.




                                                                                                                                                   Vista Geoscience




68   GEO ExPro FEBRUARY 2013
vol.   10, no. 1 – 2013




               G E O S C I E N C E & T E C H N O LO G Y E X P L A I N E D




geoexpro.com

                                                                            EXPLORATION:
                                                                            The South China Sea Enigma



                                                                            GEOCHEMISTRY
                                                                            The Dark
                                                                            Horse
                                                                            Upstream




INDUSTRY ISSUES
A Social Licence to Operate?	

RECENT ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY
Broadband Seismic and Beyond

geology   		      geophysics                                   			           reservoir management
PRE V IO US ISSU E S: W W W.GEOE XPRO.COM




                                                                                                       Plenty to see on




                                                                                                                             Paul Fenton
                          G E O S C I E N C E & T E C H N O LO G Y E X P L A I N E D
                                                                                                       a trip down the
                                                                                                                                                                          42
                                                                                                       Yangtse

CONTENTS Vol. 10 No. 1
This edition of GEO ExPro Magazine focuses on
South East Asia and Petroleum Geochemistry                                                   features
                                                                                             20	         Cover story: GEO Chemistry – The Dark Horse
columns                                                                                                  Upstream
5	 Editorial	                                                                                26	         Exploration: The Black Sea Hots Up
6	Update	                                                                                    32	         Technology: Real Time Data Delivery
12	 Market Update	                                                                           36	         Seismic Foldout:
14	 Licensing Opportunities: NEW COLUMN                                                                  Power Up! Lebanon Offshore Round
16	 A Minute to Read	                                                                        50	         Exploration: The South China Sea Enigma
42	 GEO Tourism: Along the Yangtse River                                                     58	         Seismic Foldout:
                                                                                                         Integration of Data in the Barents Sea
46	 GEO ExPro Profile:
    Charles Hutchison – In Love with South-East Asia                                         64	         GEO Chemistry: Geochemical Surface Expression
                                                                                                         in the Arctic
78	 Recent Advances in Technology:
    Broadband Technology and Beyond NEW SERIES                                               70	         Industry Issues: The World in Our Hands?
84	 GEO Cities: Kuwait – A Trading City                                                      74	         GEO Chemistry: XRF Analysis in the Field 
86	 Exploration Update
88	 GEO Media: Private Empire	                                                                                                             TPAO
                                                                                                                                                                            26
                                                                                                 After a major deep
90	 Q&A: Leading a Global Organisation                                                           water gas discovery,
92	 Hot Spot: Myanmar                                                                            interest in the Black Sea
                                                                                                 is increasing
94	 Global Resource Management
                                                                                                                                           TPAO




                                                                                                   58
                                                                                                        18
         64                                                                                       16




                                                                                                              26


                                                                                       94
                                                                                                              36
                                                                                                                        84
                                                                                                                                                           42
                     86                                                                                                                           92

                                                                                                                                                           50
                                                                                14                                                                 46
                                                  14                                        16
                                                                                        6                          14
                          14                                                                                      86


                                                                                            16


                                                                                                                                                           86
                                                                                                             14




                                                                                                                                                       GEO ExPro FEBRUARY 2013   3
EDITORI A L



Challenging the Industry
As discussed in our cover story,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     G E O S C I E N C E & T E C H N O LO G Y E X P L A I N E D




                                                                                                                                                                                                          Jane Whaley
geochemistry is the unsung and under-                                                                                                                                                                                     www.geoexpro.com
used star of hydrocarbon exploration,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           GeoPublishing Ltd
despite first being employed back in
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           15 Palace Place Mansion
the 1930s. Yet the application of this                                                                                                                                                                                     Kensington Court
science has a wide range of uses in                                                                                                                                                                                        London W8 5BB, U.K.
exploration, from the basin scale, where                                                                                                                                                                                   +44 20 7937 2224
it can improve the understanding of
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Managing Director
hydrocarbon generation, migration,
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Tore Karlsson
and accumulation processes, to asses­
sing the quality of oil in a recent                                                                                                                                                                                        Editor in Chief
discovery and enhancing field life by                                                                                                                                                                                      Jane Whaley
noting changes in composition of                                                                                                                                                                                           jane.whaley@geoexpro.com
hydrocarbon fluids. In this edition of        The South China Sea holds significant hydrocarbon resources.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Contributing Editors
GEO ExPro we look at the methodologies involved and the science behind petroleum geochemistry.                                                                                                                             Thomas Smith
Several examples illustrate how timely application of this discipline can potentially save considerable                                                                                                                    Thomas.smith@geoexpro.com
time and substantially reduce the costs of projects.
    South East Asia is an important area for the petroleum industry, producing about 1.8 MMbopd                                                                                                                            Halfdan Carstens
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           halfdan@geo365.no
and 23 Bcfgpd, as well as large volumes of LNG. The South China Sea is at the epicentre of this
region, with much of the supplies of hydrocarbons passing through it. It is also an important                                                                                                                              Rasoul Sorkhabi
resource in its own right, with some accounts proposing potential oil reserves of as much as 213                                                                                                                           rsorkhabi@egi.utah.edu
Bbo, while the USGS is rather more conservative, suggesting that the area’s main resource is gas,
putting the discovered and undiscovered gas reserves at about 266 Tcf – all significant volumes.                                                                                                                           Paul Wood
However, there is still relatively little known about the timings and mechanisms behind the genesis                                                                                                                        sciwrite@btinternet.com

of this vast area, and particularly its complex tectonic history in Cenozoic times, a topic which we
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Editorial enquiries
discuss further in this issue.                                                                                                                                                                                             GeoPublishing
    While much of South East Asia has been explored, it still contains unexplored frontier basins and                                                                                                                      Jane Whaley
regions which for either practical or political reasons – as in the case of Myanmar – have not been                                                                                                                        +44 7812 137161
fully explored. When looking at these relatively untouched areas, it may also be time to consider                                                                                                                          jane.whaley@geoexpro.com
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           www.geoexpro.com
our industry’s ‘social licence to operate’. Should oil and gas exploration ever be terminated – or not
even begun – for environmental or social reasons? And do we individually hold any responsibility                                                                                                                           Marketing Manager
for the consequences of exploration?                                                                                                                                                                                       Kirsti Karlsson
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           +44 79 0991 5513
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           kirsti.karlsson@geoexpro.com
JANE WHALEY
Editor in Chief                                                                                                                                                                                                            Subscription
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           GeoPublishing Ltd
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           +44 20 7937 2224
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           15 Palace Place Mansion
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Kensington Court
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           London W8 5BB, U.K.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           kirsti.karlsson@geoexpro.com
                                                                                                                                                                                         VOL.   10, NO. 1 – 2013




                                                                                                     geoexpro.com
                                                                                                                     GEOSCIEN
                                                                                                                                CE & TECH
                                                                                                                                          N O LO   GY E XPLA
                                                                                                                                                             INED                                                          GEO EXPro is pub­ished bimonthly
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              l
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           for a base subscrip­ ion rate of GBP
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              t
                                                                                                                                                                    EXPLORATION
                                                                                                                                                                    The South Chin
                                                                                                                                                                                  :
                                                                                                                                                                                  a Sea Enigma
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           60 a year (6 issues).
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           We encourage readers to alert us
THE DARK HORSE UPSTREAM                                                                                                                                             GEOCHEMISTR
                                                                                                                                                                    The Dark
                                                                                                                                                                               Y
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           to news for possible publication
Geochemical analytical techniques like the Whole Oil Gas Chromatograph                                                                                              Horse                                                  and to submit articles for publication.
pictured on the cover are set to become a mandatory part of the petroleum
                                                                                                                                                                    Upstream
exploration process. With the ability to identify minute differences in even                                                                                                                                               Cover Photographs:
very tiny oil samples, the GC can be used to assess the maturity, age,                                                                                                                                                     Main Image: StratoChem Services
depositional and post-emplacement history of an oil as well as to correlate it
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Inset: Jane Whaley
to other oils or source rocks across a basin – and can do so for a bare fraction                INDUSTRY ISS
                                                                                                               UE
                                                                                                A Social Licenc S
of the cost of even a single day of drilling.                                                                  e to
                                                                                                                  Operate?
                                                                                               RECENT AD
                                                                                                          VANCES IN
                                                                                                                      TECHNOLOG
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Layout: Bookcraft Ltd.
                                                                                               Broadband Sei                    Y
                                                                                                            smic and Bey
Inset: The genesis of the South China Sea is a complex enigma which we are                                              ond                                                                                                Print: NXT Oslo Reklamebyrå
only just beginning to understand
                                                                                               GEOLOG
                                                                                                      Y
                                                                                                               GEOPHY
                                                                                                                      SICS
                                                                                                                                                               RESERV
                                                                                                                                                                      OIR MA
                                                                                                                                                                             NAGEM
                                                                                                                                                                                   ENT

                                                                                                                                                                                                                           issn 1744-8743

© 2013 GeoPublishing Limited.
Copyright or similar rights in all material in this publication, including graphics and other media, is owned by GeoPublishing Limited,
unless otherwise stated. You are allowed to print extracts for your personal use only. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored
in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photographic, recorded or otherwise without
the prior written permission of GeoPublishing Limited. Requests to republish material from this publication for distribution should be
sent to the Editor in Chief. GeoPublishing Limited does not guarantee the accuracy of the information contained in this publication nor
does it accept responsibility for errors or omissions or their consequences. Opinions expressed by contributors to this publication are not
necessarily those of GeoPublishing Limited.                                                                                                                                                                             GEO ExPro FEBRUARY 2013                                                   5

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Geochemical Surface Expression of Oil and Gas in Arctic Terrains

  • 1. GEOCHEMIS TRY Geochemical The Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula is located in the Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin area of Canada Surface Expression and has seen numerous oil and gas discoveries. Using multiple geochemical methods, an of Oil and Gas orientation survey on the peninsula demonstrated that oil and gas seeps are detectable through thick permafrost, in Arctic Terrains and that these methods can be used as a regional exploration tool. JOHN V. FONTANA, PG, and DAVID M. SENESHEN, PHD, CPG, Vista GeoScience Located in Canada’s farthest northern region, the hamlet of exploration. Due to remoteness, extreme conditions, limited Tuktoyaktuk lies on the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula at the tip of working seasons and sensitive environments, there are many the Northwest Territories on the coast of the Beaufort Sea. restrictions and higher costs associated with exploration and Anglicised from an Inuvialuit word meaning ‘resembling development activities. This study area was located just south a caribou’, Tuktoyaktuk, or Tuk as it is known, has a local and east of Tuktoyaktuk. Tuk can only be accessed by the population of around 1,000. There are about 1,350 pingos – ice road in the winter, by boat or barge in the short summer unique, conical permafrost heave features – in the Tuktoyaktuk when the sea ice melts off, and by limited-size aircraft with Peninsula area, the greatest concentration in the world. its one gravel runway and airport. Due to these additional Tuktoyaktuk has more recently become known from the costs and difficult conditions, any tools that are conducive HistoryChannel.com series ‘Ice Road Truckers’, which features to these sensitive environments can add value and important the winter ice road connecting Inuvik and Tuktoyaktuk along evaluation information to the exploration programme. Near- the Mackenzie River delta. surface geochemical exploration methods can be employed Arctic environments are challenging areas for oil and gas at relatively lower costs on a regional scale, have very minimal Pingos, unique permafrost heave features that look like volcanic cones, dot the otherwise flat tundra landscape on the Tuktoyaktuk Peninsula. Pore water is expelled in front of the rising permafrost, and the resulting pressure causes the frozen ground to rise and an ice core to form. Vista Geoscience 64 GEO ExPro FEBRUARY 2013
  • 2. surface impact in these environments, and fewer permitting Vista Geoscience requirements, so they fit that category. There are many unconnected discoveries and reserves in the region. A 1,220 km gas pipeline has long been proposed to link the Beaufort gas fields, via the Mackenzie River valley, to the North American energy grid in Alberta. Companies backing the pipeline – ConocoPhillips, Shell, ExxonMobil and Imperial – are asking the government to help underwrite the projected Canadian $16.2 billion construction cost to help make it feasible. When construction on this project begins, exploration and drilling activity will likely boom again in the region. Petroleum Microseepage Identification of hydrocarbon micro-seepage anomalies using near-surface direct detection methods over oil and gas deposits in both terrestrial and subsea sediments has seen growing use by explorationists. Visible oil and gas seeps (macroseeps) were historically used to find oil and gas deposits. Searching for microseeps is simply a technological extension of those older methods using sensitive instruments, remote methods and analysis of soil, soil gas or water to detect non-visible trace amounts of oil and gas, or microseeps. Since the near- surface environment determines which types of methods can be used to detect these anomalies, venturing into a new type of environment requires conducting orientation surveys, ideally over known deposits, to determine which method, or combination of methods, will work best in that environment. There was reasonable concern in this study that microseepage could not reach the near surface in areas with thick (100–600m) permafrost, and that this seepage would instead get trapped at the base of the permafrost. A power auger mounted on the side of the helicopter was used to collect In the arctic tundra environment, collection of free (interstitial) frozen cores of the tundra. Helicopters are the only way to access the sensitive soil gas was not possible due to saturated and frozen soils. Half tundra environment during the summer months when the sun never sets. of the area is covered with small lakes, allowing lake sediments to be used as a matrix to test. The other sampling matrix in the summer season. For lake sediments, the helicopter was available was soil from the frozen tundra. In another phase of fitted with pontoons so it could land on the lakes allowing the the study, sediment collected from seismic shot hole borings use of a gravity core to collect lake sediments. A total of 85 lake was also used. Several geochemical analytical methods could sediment samples and 90 permafrost soil samples were collected be applied to these different matrix types. at 500 to 1,000m spacing intervals along lines 2,000m apart over an area of 150 km2. Lake sediments were not collected Tuk and Mayogiak Orientation Survey over the Mayogiak field due to time constraints. The geochemical orientation survey was designed to look for Frozen cores of the tundra soils were collected using a microseepage anomalies over the Tuk Tertiary oil field (estimated portable 8 horse power auger mounted to the gear racks on the 10–25 MMbo), Tuk Cretaceous gas field (estimated 280 Bcfg) helicopter. After drilling a metre through the upper tundra and and the Mayogiak Devonian oil field (estimated 4 MMbo) in the frozen sediments, a modified split core barrel with a carbide Mackenzie Delta of the Northwest Territories, Canada. These fields cutting tipped shoe was used to cut an undisturbed frozen soil had been drilled and explored by Esso in the 1970s and 1980s, but core to a depth of 1.5m. Lake sediments were collected using a were left capped with casing in place with no available pipeline 30 kg gravity core dropped from the pontoons of the helicopter or transportation available for the crude oil or gas. Several years and penetrated 0.3–1.0m into the lake bottom sediments. To after the orientation survey was completed an additional well, the maintain position, the pilot was not allowed to shut down Tuk M-18, was drilled into the Cretaceous Kamik sands by Devon on the lake, so it was rather exciting dropping a gravity core Energy and Petro-Canada. It has estimated reserves of 200–300 underneath the whipping blades! Bcfg and deliverability of 60–80 MMcfgpd. Since the fields were A section of the lake sediments and soil cores was placed still under virgin pressure, the boundaries were well defined, and in a lined metal food-type can immediately upon removal the area was clean and void of any producing infrastructure, from the core barrel. The remaining volume was filled with pits, gas flares, etc., they were ideal candidates for testing the hydrocarbon-free prepared water and bactericide to prevent geochemical methodology as a regional exploration tool. microbial degradation of the hydrocarbons. The can was then A helicopter was used to access the remote sampling locations sealed on-site with a food canning machine. Back at the base GEO ExPro FEBRUARY 2013 65
  • 3. GEOCHEMIS TRY The abundance of small shallow lakes allowed the collection of lake sediment samples on a grid of approximately 1–2 km spacing over the Tuk and Mayogiak fields. The general location of the productive oil and gas deposits is clearly indicated by the spatial distribution of pentane anomalies. camp, a volume of fluid was displaced with a pure nitrogen headspace injected through a septa built into the lid of each can. The cans were frozen for storage and subsequent shipping. Direct Hydrocarbon Detection Methods There are a wide variety of geochemical methods that can be tested in an orientation survey. In this study, four direct hydrocarbon measurement methods were Vista Geoscience used to analyse the samples and determine which, if any, could detect surface expressions of the oil and gas fields through the thick permafrost. The purpose was to find the most effective method(s) that would then be used to focus or complement The distribution of pen­­ higher cost methods such as tane concen­tra­tions in seismic surveys, and subsequent acid-extracted gas from drilling over onshore parts of the 1.5m deep perma­ frost soil cores over the the vast and remote Mackenzie Tuk oil and gas fields Delta and Beaufort Basin areas. identifies the general The four methods includ­ ed area of interest from a acid-ex­tracted C1-C6 hydro­ regional exploration perspective. carbons; canned thermally-ex­­ tract­­­ed head­­­space C1-C6 hydro­ carbons; dis­ag­greg­­ated sedi­ment head­space C1-C6 hydro­carbons; and solvent-extracted poly-aro­ ma­tic (C6-C36) hydrocarbons. Analysis of the gaseous hydro­ Vista Geoscience carbons (the first three methods) was done using Flame Ionisation Gas Chromatography. The heavier aro­ atic hydrocarbons m were extracted with organic solvents and the extracts Frozen soil cores were collected over the Tuk oil and gas fields, but not over the were analys ed using a sensitive synchronous scanning smaller Mayogiak field. Syn­hronous scanning fluor­scence spectro­ et­y of these c e m r samples revealed that even the heavier aro­ atic hydrocarbons seeped up through m fluor­escence spectrometer. the permafrost, possibly along faults, and are detectable. To interpret the data, thresholds between background and anomalous hydrocarbon concentrations were determined using probability analysis to see anomalous breaks in the normal distributions. Discriminant analysis, which takes into account the multivariate or compositional nature of the hydrocarbons, was used to see how well each method could distinguish between anomalous and background conditions over and off the oil and gas fields. Survey results found that hydrocarbons do migrate vertically through the thick permafrost and are detectable at the surface. Thermogenic (C2-C6) hydrocarbons are anomalous in lake sediments and soil cores over and adjacent to the oil and gas fields. Vista Geoscience Acid-extractable (C2-C6) hydrocarbons in soil cores and headspace (C2-C6) hydrocarbons in lake sediments provide good anomaly distribution and discrimination between background and productive areas. The 66 GEO ExPro FEBRUARY 2013
  • 4. Exploring The Mediterranean: New Concepts In An Ancient Seaway A rich human history of civilisation, trade and war is deeply rooted in the complex ancient geology that underlies the Mediterranean region, having evolved through the convergence of the European and African plates and the closure of the Tethys Ocean. In more recent times, oil and gas exploration has found success in the diversity of resulting extensional and compressional tectonic regimes, with a procession of new plays activity. Despite intensive exploration, the region continues to TO REGISTER: deliver tangible success through its rich diversity of play types, It’s easy to register, complete our quick online registration form with your details. T: +44 (0)1462 490609 current thinking in Mediterranean petroleum geology, from the Visit the website for registration tectonics that underpin the basin, to the Messinian salinity event prices and its impact on exploration. From North Africa to the Adriatic, this conference will bring together the multiple cultures that EXHIBITION: Exhibition booths will go quickly so framework and the petroleum systems that transcend political don’t miss out and book today. boundaries. Contact Fionn Devine E: fdevine@aapg.org With its position to the west of 2.5 million sq. km of water, T: +44 207 434 1399 Barcelona will form the ideal backdrop to this timely event. Visit the website to see the Themes will include: SPONSORSHIP: - Geotectonic evolution of the Mediterranean. Interested in sponsoring this - The impact of the Messinian Salinity event in event? Contact Fionn Devine E: fdevine@aapg.org exploration. T: +44 207 434 1399 - Carbonate plays in the Mediterranean. Visit the website for details of our - Petroleum systems and source rocks. sponsorship packages - New exploration in the Eastern Mediterranean. - The Nile Delta revisited. - Recent exploration along the North African coast. - The Western Mediterranean and the Alboran Sea in focus. - Prospectivity and new plays in the Adriatic Basin. ORGANISED BY SPONSORED BY WWW.AAPG.ORG/BARCELONA2013 GEO ExPro FEBRUARY 2013 67
  • 5. GEOCHEMIS TRY blender-extracted gas method showed Vista Geoscience the least amount of discrimination but still located the productive areas. Fluorescence of aromatic hydrocarbons is anomalous in soil cores over the southern part of the Tuk oil and gas fields, suggesting the ascent of heavier liquid hydrocarbons, possibly along the faults. The orientation study over the Tuk and Mayogiak fields therefore shows that hydrocarbons present in lake sediments and soil cores provide statistically significant anomalies over the oil and gas fields, and offer useful indications of hydrocarbon accumulations at depth. The surface expressions seen using these methods demonstrate that they can be used to aide regional exploration in similar environments and geologic Frozen soil cores were collected in the tundra environment and were sealed in metal food-type cans settings. The information gained from on site for shipping and analysis. these types of surveys can help focus where to conduct more expensive methods sediment samples collected from seismic soil cores and lake sediments collected such as seismic surveys. These methods shot hole borings in the same region in similar environments in the Alaskan have also been applied successfully to enhancing the seismic data, and from Yukon Flats area. Tuktoyaktuk has a local population of around 1,000, but during more active drilling booms, the population doubles, with workers residing in camps such as the one in the foreground here. Tuktoyaktuk has more recently become known from the HistoryChannel.com series ‘Ice Road Truckers’, which features the winter ice road connecting Inuvik and Tuktoyaktuk along the Mackenzie River delta. Vista Geoscience 68 GEO ExPro FEBRUARY 2013
  • 6. vol. 10, no. 1 – 2013 G E O S C I E N C E & T E C H N O LO G Y E X P L A I N E D geoexpro.com EXPLORATION: The South China Sea Enigma GEOCHEMISTRY The Dark Horse Upstream INDUSTRY ISSUES A Social Licence to Operate? RECENT ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY Broadband Seismic and Beyond geology geophysics reservoir management
  • 7. PRE V IO US ISSU E S: W W W.GEOE XPRO.COM Plenty to see on Paul Fenton G E O S C I E N C E & T E C H N O LO G Y E X P L A I N E D a trip down the 42 Yangtse CONTENTS Vol. 10 No. 1 This edition of GEO ExPro Magazine focuses on South East Asia and Petroleum Geochemistry features 20 Cover story: GEO Chemistry – The Dark Horse columns Upstream 5 Editorial 26 Exploration: The Black Sea Hots Up 6 Update 32 Technology: Real Time Data Delivery 12 Market Update 36 Seismic Foldout: 14 Licensing Opportunities: NEW COLUMN Power Up! Lebanon Offshore Round 16 A Minute to Read 50 Exploration: The South China Sea Enigma 42 GEO Tourism: Along the Yangtse River 58 Seismic Foldout: Integration of Data in the Barents Sea 46 GEO ExPro Profile: Charles Hutchison – In Love with South-East Asia 64 GEO Chemistry: Geochemical Surface Expression in the Arctic 78 Recent Advances in Technology: Broadband Technology and Beyond NEW SERIES 70 Industry Issues: The World in Our Hands? 84 GEO Cities: Kuwait – A Trading City 74 GEO Chemistry: XRF Analysis in the Field  86 Exploration Update 88 GEO Media: Private Empire TPAO 26 After a major deep 90 Q&A: Leading a Global Organisation water gas discovery, 92 Hot Spot: Myanmar interest in the Black Sea is increasing 94 Global Resource Management TPAO 58 18 64 16 26 94 36 84 42 86 92 50 14 46 14 16 6 14 14 86 16 86 14 GEO ExPro FEBRUARY 2013 3
  • 8. EDITORI A L Challenging the Industry As discussed in our cover story, G E O S C I E N C E & T E C H N O LO G Y E X P L A I N E D Jane Whaley geochemistry is the unsung and under- www.geoexpro.com used star of hydrocarbon exploration, GeoPublishing Ltd despite first being employed back in 15 Palace Place Mansion the 1930s. Yet the application of this Kensington Court science has a wide range of uses in London W8 5BB, U.K. exploration, from the basin scale, where +44 20 7937 2224 it can improve the understanding of Managing Director hydrocarbon generation, migration, Tore Karlsson and accumulation processes, to asses­ sing the quality of oil in a recent Editor in Chief discovery and enhancing field life by Jane Whaley noting changes in composition of jane.whaley@geoexpro.com hydrocarbon fluids. In this edition of The South China Sea holds significant hydrocarbon resources. Contributing Editors GEO ExPro we look at the methodologies involved and the science behind petroleum geochemistry. Thomas Smith Several examples illustrate how timely application of this discipline can potentially save considerable Thomas.smith@geoexpro.com time and substantially reduce the costs of projects. South East Asia is an important area for the petroleum industry, producing about 1.8 MMbopd Halfdan Carstens halfdan@geo365.no and 23 Bcfgpd, as well as large volumes of LNG. The South China Sea is at the epicentre of this region, with much of the supplies of hydrocarbons passing through it. It is also an important Rasoul Sorkhabi resource in its own right, with some accounts proposing potential oil reserves of as much as 213 rsorkhabi@egi.utah.edu Bbo, while the USGS is rather more conservative, suggesting that the area’s main resource is gas, putting the discovered and undiscovered gas reserves at about 266 Tcf – all significant volumes. Paul Wood However, there is still relatively little known about the timings and mechanisms behind the genesis sciwrite@btinternet.com of this vast area, and particularly its complex tectonic history in Cenozoic times, a topic which we Editorial enquiries discuss further in this issue. GeoPublishing While much of South East Asia has been explored, it still contains unexplored frontier basins and Jane Whaley regions which for either practical or political reasons – as in the case of Myanmar – have not been +44 7812 137161 fully explored. When looking at these relatively untouched areas, it may also be time to consider jane.whaley@geoexpro.com www.geoexpro.com our industry’s ‘social licence to operate’. Should oil and gas exploration ever be terminated – or not even begun – for environmental or social reasons? And do we individually hold any responsibility Marketing Manager for the consequences of exploration? Kirsti Karlsson +44 79 0991 5513 kirsti.karlsson@geoexpro.com JANE WHALEY Editor in Chief Subscription GeoPublishing Ltd +44 20 7937 2224 15 Palace Place Mansion Kensington Court London W8 5BB, U.K. kirsti.karlsson@geoexpro.com VOL. 10, NO. 1 – 2013 geoexpro.com GEOSCIEN CE & TECH N O LO GY E XPLA INED GEO EXPro is pub­ished bimonthly l for a base subscrip­ ion rate of GBP t EXPLORATION The South Chin : a Sea Enigma 60 a year (6 issues). We encourage readers to alert us THE DARK HORSE UPSTREAM GEOCHEMISTR The Dark Y to news for possible publication Geochemical analytical techniques like the Whole Oil Gas Chromatograph Horse and to submit articles for publication. pictured on the cover are set to become a mandatory part of the petroleum Upstream exploration process. With the ability to identify minute differences in even Cover Photographs: very tiny oil samples, the GC can be used to assess the maturity, age, Main Image: StratoChem Services depositional and post-emplacement history of an oil as well as to correlate it Inset: Jane Whaley to other oils or source rocks across a basin – and can do so for a bare fraction INDUSTRY ISS UE A Social Licenc S of the cost of even a single day of drilling. e to Operate? RECENT AD VANCES IN TECHNOLOG Layout: Bookcraft Ltd. Broadband Sei Y smic and Bey Inset: The genesis of the South China Sea is a complex enigma which we are ond Print: NXT Oslo Reklamebyrå only just beginning to understand GEOLOG Y GEOPHY SICS RESERV OIR MA NAGEM ENT issn 1744-8743 © 2013 GeoPublishing Limited. Copyright or similar rights in all material in this publication, including graphics and other media, is owned by GeoPublishing Limited, unless otherwise stated. You are allowed to print extracts for your personal use only. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photographic, recorded or otherwise without the prior written permission of GeoPublishing Limited. Requests to republish material from this publication for distribution should be sent to the Editor in Chief. GeoPublishing Limited does not guarantee the accuracy of the information contained in this publication nor does it accept responsibility for errors or omissions or their consequences. Opinions expressed by contributors to this publication are not necessarily those of GeoPublishing Limited. GEO ExPro FEBRUARY 2013 5