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Ch. 15 — European Civilization, 1871-1914 Society and Culture,[object Object],Ariel Ruiz,[object Object],Mauricio Bendana,[object Object]
Opponents of Liberalism,[object Object],The artisan and laboring classes never agreed with rising capitalist sentiments  and “bourgeois” liberalism.,[object Object],The English Chartists,[object Object],Karl Marx,[object Object]
Workers and Intellectuals,[object Object],Middle class and educated people who took up the workers’ cause, the “intellectuals” of the movement tended more to socialism than unionism.,[object Object],Actual workers,[object Object],Barely educated,[object Object],Physical danger of constant exposure to unprotected machinery,[object Object],15 minutes of lunch,[object Object],Worker looked on the intellectuals as outsiders, however welcomed,[object Object],Intellectuals looked on the workers as shortsighted and timid, however in need of much help.,[object Object]
“New Model” Unionism,[object Object],Prosperity of 1850’s favored the formation of unions,[object Object],“New Model” unionism was introduced by the Amalgamated Society of Engineers in 1851,[object Object],Policy was to take the unions out of politics,[object Object],New leaders proposed,[object Object],To become reasonable with employers,[object Object],Avoid strikes,[object Object],Accumulate union funds,[object Object],Build up membership,[object Object],“New Model” unionism was successful ,[object Object],By 1900  2 million union members in Great Britain 850,000 in Germany and 250,000 in France.,[object Object]
The British Labour Party,[object Object],British Labour Party formed at turn of century,[object Object],Labor unions of Europe were often led by socialist political parties,[object Object],Britain labor unions brought the Labour Party into existence,[object Object],Allowed for Labour Party to become less socialistic than working parties on the continent,[object Object]
The Taff Vale decision,[object Object],Unions threaten in the 1901 ruling of the Taff Vale decision,[object Object],Held unions financially responsible for business losses ,[object Object],In preparations for the election of 1900 steps were taken to bring together unions and all existing labor and socialist organization into a labor representation committee,[object Object],Taff Vale decision unified all ranks and precipitated  the modern Labour party,[object Object],1906 new Labour party overruled Taff Vale decision,[object Object]
The First International,[object Object],1864 International Working Men’s Association took place in London,[object Object],Sponsored by heterogeneous group,[object Object],Leadership gradually passed to Marx,[object Object],Marx:,[object Object],made Mazzinians unwelcome,[object Object],denounced the German Lassalleans,[object Object],drove Bakunin from the International,[object Object]
The Paris Commune,[object Object],Members of the First International watched with great excitement the Paris Commune of 1871.,[object Object],Members infiltrated the Commune ,[object Object],Commune actually destroyed the First International ,[object Object],French Provisional Government repressed the Commune with such terrified ferocity,[object Object],Commune had been bloody and violent ,[object Object],Marx praised it as a stage in the international class war,[object Object]
The Second International,[object Object],At the Gotha conference of 1875, Marxian and Lassallean socialist joined together to form the German Social Democratic party.,[object Object],1880 socialist parties sprouted in many countries,[object Object],Socialist parties came together to establish an international league in 1889 known as the Second International,[object Object],Met every three years and lasted until 1914,[object Object]
Fabian Socialism in England,[object Object],The Fabian Society (1883),[object Object],George Bernard Shaw,[object Object],H. G. Wells,[object Object],Sidney,[object Object],Beatrice Webb,[object Object],Content with small and immediate satisfactions.,[object Object]
Parliamentary Socialism on the Continent,[object Object], Less revolutionary form of Marxism,[object Object],Except for the Russian Social Democratic party, since they had no parliamentary gov't.,[object Object],In practice, this mainly helped employees work for orderly legislation benefiting workers - social insurance, factory regulation, minimum wages, or maximum hours.,[object Object]
The Revisionists	,[object Object],1890's: Marxism underwent a movement of revisionism.,[object Object],Led in France by Jean Jaurès.,[object Object],Led in Germany by Eduard Bernstein.,[object Object],Held that no revolution nor dictatorship was necessary to transform capitalism in the workers' favor. (Democracy would be the new medium),[object Object]
Syndicalism,[object Object],Tendency to "opportunism" among really revolutionary Marxist spirits.,[object Object],Frenchman, Georges Sorel.,[object Object],Postulated that workers' unions may one day be in COMPLETE control of country.,[object Object],Through a full strike of all industries at the same time.,[object Object],Had most influences where unions were weakest: Italy, Spain, and France.,[object Object],French General Confederation of Labor (1895),[object Object]
Orthodoxy vs. Revisionism,[object Object],Revival of Marxist fundamentals vs. revisionists.,[object Object],Germany: Karl Kautsky arraigned revisionists as compromisers who betrayed Marxism.,[object Object],Gov't posts unacceptable until WWI.,[object Object],Lenin (at a party congress in London) demanded to stamp out revisionism. Majority vote was his.,[object Object],Majority were called Bolsheviks,[object Object],Minority were called Mensheviks.,[object Object]
Marxism Transformed,[object Object],In Europe's inner zone, revolutionary Marxism quieted down, for the most part, to doctrines of social democracy.,[object Object],By 1914, the working class as a whole was not in a revolutionary mood.,[object Object],There were 3 main reasons for revolutionary zeal hoped for in 1848 dying down:,[object Object],Capitalism began to work for workers, raising their living standards.,[object Object],Workers now had the vote and Democracy and could benefit from gov't.,[object Object],Workers' interests were watched over by organized and increasingly powerful unions, granting them larger portions of the national income.,[object Object]
Suffragettes Seek the Vote,[object Object],National American Woman Suffrage,[object Object],Women’s Social and Political Union (Britain),[object Object],Legislative proposals to gov’t.,[object Object],Mass meetings and protests.,[object Object],Emmeline Pankhurst.,[object Object],Hunger strikes.,[object Object],Support grew during WWI.,[object Object]

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Ariel ch 15

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Notas del editor

  1. Intellectuals: Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Louis Blanc, Ferdinand Lassalle, and thousand of lees famous names. They thought of society as a whole , they saw the economy as a complex social system, they thought of the future in long-run, and their time scale allowed for historical epochs to come and go.
  2. Workers can always organize most easily when employer are most in need of their services.“New Model” was successful; unions took roots; and the two governing parties in England, reassured by the unexpected moderation of working class representatives, combined to give the town workers the vote in 1867. Unions of unskilled workers began to form in the 1880’s especially in 1889 with the great London dock strike.
  3. British Labour Party formed at turn of century by the joint efforts of trade unions officials and middle-class intellectuals.Origin and rapid growth were due in large measure to a desire to defend the unions as established and respected institutions.
  4. Held unions financially responsible for business losses incurred by an employer during strike.1906 new Labour party overruled Taff Vale decision by sending 29 members to Parliament.
  5. heterogeneous group included; the secretary of British carpenters’ union, Robert Applegrath; the aging Italian revolutionary, Mazzini; and Karl Marx.With union officials absorbed in union business, leadership of the Association gradually passed to Marx, who used it as a means of publicizing the ideas about to appear in his CapitalDenounced the German Lassalleans for their willingness to cooperate with Bismarck, arguing that it was not the business of socialist to cooperate with the state but to seize it.Bakunin believed the state to be the cause of the common man’s afflictions but Marx believed the state was only a product of economic conditions, a tool in the class struggle, a weapon of the propertied interests, so that the true target for revolutionary action must be not the state but the capitalist economic system
  6. Members of the First International watched with great excitement the Paris Commune of 1871,which they hoped might be an opening act of a European working-class upheaval.Commune had been bloody and violent , an armed rebellion against the democratically elected National Assembly of France.First International faded out in 1872
  7. Notes: Fabians were workers who stood by their trade unions and middle-class critics of capitalism. They were very English and very un-Marxist. They joined with the unions to form the Labour Party.
  8. Notes: The psychology and influence of labor unions within the parties were increased. Real wages are estimated to have risen about 50% in industrialized countries, contradicting Marx's anticipations, from 1870 to 1900.
  9. Notes: Jean Jaurès was a Socialist leader in the Chamber of Deputies. Eduard was a Social Democratic member of the Reichstag & author of Evolutionary Socialism (1898). 
  10. Notes: Workers in these countries had the least to lose and were most in need of sensational doctrines.
  11. Notes: In 1904, they prevailed over the Second International, condemning Frenchman Alexandre Millerand who accepted a post in a French cabinet.