This document summarizes the major opposition groups and labor movements in European society from 1871-1914. It discusses opponents of liberalism like the Chartists and Marx, the formation of unions and the Labor Party in Britain, socialist parties and the International Workingmen's Association, and the growth of revisionist and parliamentary forms of socialism on the continent. Key events mentioned include the Paris Commune, the Taff Vale decision that unified British unions, and the rise of suffragette movements seeking women's right to vote.
Intellectuals: Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Louis Blanc, Ferdinand Lassalle, and thousand of lees famous names. They thought of society as a whole , they saw the economy as a complex social system, they thought of the future in long-run, and their time scale allowed for historical epochs to come and go.
Workers can always organize most easily when employer are most in need of their services.“New Model” was successful; unions took roots; and the two governing parties in England, reassured by the unexpected moderation of working class representatives, combined to give the town workers the vote in 1867. Unions of unskilled workers began to form in the 1880’s especially in 1889 with the great London dock strike.
British Labour Party formed at turn of century by the joint efforts of trade unions officials and middle-class intellectuals.Origin and rapid growth were due in large measure to a desire to defend the unions as established and respected institutions.
Held unions financially responsible for business losses incurred by an employer during strike.1906 new Labour party overruled Taff Vale decision by sending 29 members to Parliament.
heterogeneous group included; the secretary of British carpenters’ union, Robert Applegrath; the aging Italian revolutionary, Mazzini; and Karl Marx.With union officials absorbed in union business, leadership of the Association gradually passed to Marx, who used it as a means of publicizing the ideas about to appear in his CapitalDenounced the German Lassalleans for their willingness to cooperate with Bismarck, arguing that it was not the business of socialist to cooperate with the state but to seize it.Bakunin believed the state to be the cause of the common man’s afflictions but Marx believed the state was only a product of economic conditions, a tool in the class struggle, a weapon of the propertied interests, so that the true target for revolutionary action must be not the state but the capitalist economic system
Members of the First International watched with great excitement the Paris Commune of 1871,which they hoped might be an opening act of a European working-class upheaval.Commune had been bloody and violent , an armed rebellion against the democratically elected National Assembly of France.First International faded out in 1872
Notes: Fabians were workers who stood by their trade unions and middle-class critics of capitalism. They were very English and very un-Marxist. They joined with the unions to form the Labour Party.
Notes: The psychology and influence of labor unions within the parties were increased. Real wages are estimated to have risen about 50% in industrialized countries, contradicting Marx's anticipations, from 1870 to 1900.
Notes: Jean Jaurès was a Socialist leader in the Chamber of Deputies. Eduard was a Social Democratic member of the Reichstag & author of Evolutionary Socialism (1898).
Notes: Workers in these countries had the least to lose and were most in need of sensational doctrines.
Notes: In 1904, they prevailed over the Second International, condemning Frenchman Alexandre Millerand who accepted a post in a French cabinet.