Introduction to the kinetic particle model and the states of matter. Calculation of latent head.

1. Separation of mixtures, Lesson 1

2. States of matter
 Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass.
 Matter can exist in three main states:
 Solid
 Liquid
 Gas
 We need a theoretical model to explain the properties
of the three states of matter.

3. Properties of the states of matter
 Solids:
 Retain a fixed shape and volume.
 Not easily compressible, defined by a constant density.
 Liquid:
 Can flow.
 Have defined volume, but not defined shape.
 Have constant density.
 Gas:
 Tend to occupy all the volume available.
 Assumes the shape and volume of its container.

4. Kinetic particle theory
 The kinetic particle theory is the theory that explains the
properties of the three states of matter.
 The gas consist of very small particles known as atoms or
molecules.
 The average distance separating the gas particles is large
compared to their size.
 These particles are in constant, random and rapid motion.
 The particles constantly collide among themselves and with
the walls of the container.
 The interactions among particles are negligible.
 The average kinetic energy of the particles depends only on
the absolute temperature of the substance.

5. Kinetic particle model

6. Gas
Property Why
Assumes the shape and volume of its
container
Particles can move past one another
Compressible Lots of free space between particles
Flows easily Particles can move past one another

7. Liquid
Property Why
Assumes the shape of the part of the
container which it occupies
Particles can move or slide past one
another
Not easily compressible Little free space between particles
Flows easily Particles can move or slide past one
another

8. Solid
Property Why
Retains a fixed volume and shape Particles locked into place
Not easily compressible Little free space between particles
Does not flows Particles cannot move or slide past one
another

9. Gas, liquid and solid

10. Question 1
 When a bottle of perfume is opened into a room, the
smell of the perfume slowly arrives to all the parts of
the room. How can you explain it?

11. Question 1
 The particles of the perfume moves in all directions
and tend to occupy all the volume available.
 When a bottle of perfume is opened into a room, the
smell of the perfume slowly arrives to all the parts of
the room. How can you explain it?

12. Question 2
 When heating, pressure in a balloon full of gas gets
bigger. How can you explain it?

13. Question 2
 The average kinetic energy of the particles depends on the
temperature of the substance. So, when heating the
particles will move faster and so it will collide more
strongly with the walls of the container.
 When heating, pressure in a balloon full of gas gets
bigger. How can you explain it?

14. State changes
 Substances can exist as a solid, liquid or gas.
 Converting from one state to another involves heating
or cooling.
 Under certain conditions some solids turn straight into
a gas when heated. This process is called sublimation.

15. Latent head
 Head must be supplied to a substance for it to melt,
boil or evaporate.
 Head must be removed from a substance for it to
condense or freeze.
 The energy supplied to or removed from a substance
during a change of state of matter is called latent head.

16. Calculation of latent head
Q = m·L
 Q: amount of energy (J or cal)
 m: mass (kg)
 L: specific latent head for a particular substance (J/kg)

17. Specific latent head
Substance Specific latent head
melting (kJ/kg)
Specific latent head
vaporization (kJ/kg)
Alcohol 108 855
Ammonia 322,17 1369
Hydrogen 58 455
Lead 23 871
Water 334 2260

18. Question 3
 Calculate the energy supplied to a mass of 3 kg of ice
for it to melt to water. The specific latent head of
melting for water is 334 kJ/kg. Give the result in
calories by using conversion factors.

19. Question 3
 Calculate the energy supplied to a mass of 3 kg of ice
for it to melt to water. The specific latent head of
melting for water is 334 kJ/kg. Give the result in
calories by using conversion factors.
Q = m·L = 3·334 = 1002 kJ
1002 kJ· 1000J/1kJ · 0,24 cal/1J =240.480 cal