coastal tourism and ecotourism

2. Tourism is the "movement of people, spatially and temporally,
out of their own communities for leisure and business
purposes".
A tourist is defined by the World Tourism Organisation
(WTO) as a "visitor staying for more than 24 hours in a country
visited for business or leisure purposes

5. Ecotourism
• Tourism involving
travel to areas of
natural or ecological
interest, for the
purpose of observing
wildlife and learning
about the environment.
What is Ecotourism
Eco-tourism is derived from two words - 'Ecosystem' & 'Tourism'.
Together it is made Eco-tourism.

6. Principle of eco tourism
• Adopt low-impact wildlife tourism that protects
ecological integrity of forest.
• Highlight the biodiversity richness, their values and
their ecological services to people.
• Build environmental and cultural awareness and
respect.
• Facilitate the sustainability of ecotourism enterprises
and activities.
• provide livelihood opportunities to local communities.
• Highlight the heritage value of India’s wilderness and
protected areas.

7. Eco Tourism in India

8. Eco tourism segmentation
Eco Tourism
Wildlife
Botany
Geography

9. Eco tourism segmentation
Wildlife
 There are about 400 plus wildlife sanctuaries and 99
national parks sprawling across the country.
 These natural homes accommodate an estimate of over
 350 species of mammals,
 2100 types of birds,
 350 varieties of reptiles and countless insects.

10. Geography
 A great arc of mountains,
consisting of the Himalayas, Hindu
Kush, Aravali and Patkai ranges
define the northern Indian
subcontinent.
 The Thar Desert is the world's
seventh largest desert, It forms a
significant portion of western
India.

11. Some statistics
• 8.8% annual growth in tourism demand
• 7.9% growth per annum in tourism-related GDP
• 10.5% annual growth in overseas visitors
• 7.5% increase per annum in capital Investment in tourism
• 5.1% annual growth in government expenditure on tourism
• India will be hosting 8.90 million tourists by 2020...
• Stats suggest that each year the revenue grow by 7.7%.
• UNWTO – estimating that ecotourism accounts for 10-
15% of global tourism.

12. International Tourist Visits
0
5
10
15
20
25
Maharashtra
TamilNadu
Delhi
UttarPradesh
Rajasthan
WestBengal
Bihar
Kerala
Karnataka
HimachalPradesh
Others
%percentage…
%percentage share of
Foreign Tourist Visits

13. • Location: Stretches from Jammu & Kashmir to Arunachal
Pradesh in the northeast India.
• Weather: From freezing cold to desert hot.
• Indian States Covered: Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal
Pradesh, Uttranchal, West Bengal, Sikkim, Assam, Arunachal
Pradesh.
Himalayas
Corbett National Park,
Uttaranchal
The Great
Himalayan
National Park,
Himachal
Pradesh

14. Coorg or Kodagu
• Location: Western Ghats, Karnataka,
Southern India.
• Weather: Coorg experiences moderate
climate with pleasant winters, warm summers
and heavy monsoon.
• Known as The Scotland of India . Its
rich flora and fauna has earned this place
international recognition.
Nagarhole National Park Iruppu Falls
Abby Falls
Durbare elephant camp

15. Indian Ecosystems and
Resources
• Biosphere Reserves
• Mangroves
• Coral Reefs
• Deserts
• Mountains and Forests
• Flora and Fauna
• Seas, Lakes and Rivers
• Caves

16. Biosphere Reserves
• Nanda Devi National
Park , Uttarakhand.
Gulf of Mannar
Marine National Park
,Tamil Nadu
Sundarbans National Park ,West Bengal

17. Mangroves
Bhitarkanika and
Mahanadi Delta ,Orissa
Coringa, Godavari Delta ,Andhra Pradesh
Pichavaram and
Point Calimere
Tamil Nadu

18. The key players in the
ecotourism
• The key players in the ecotourism
business are
– governments at levels,
– the local authorities,
– the developers and the operators,
– the visitors, and the local community.
non-governmental organizations and scientific and
research institutions also plays a key role in the
development of ecotourism.

19. Some organizations are
 Asia Pacific Ecotourism Society,
Discovery Mice,
 World Tourism Organization,
The International Ecotourism Society
(TIES),
Ecoindia etc.

20. Activities
• Bird watching
• Hiking
• Downhill skiing
• Camping
• Sight seeing
• Swimming in natural water
• Wildlife photography
• White river rafting

21. Strength
promotes conservation of
natural assets and
enhances the cultural
integrity
directs economic and
other benefits to the local
people
promotes the preservation
of wildlife and the natural
habitats
Providing positive attitude
and experience among the
travellers
Strength

22. Weakness
local community is not
involving into this
tourism process
conflicts between
resource use for eco-
tourism and the
livelihood of local
inhabitants
type and scale of eco-
tourism development is
not compatible with the
environment
It is not planned as a
part of the overall area
development strategy,
guided by an integrated
land-use plan avoiding
inter-sectoral conflicts
Weakness

23. Opportunity
Government has recently
announced to built
ecotourism centres
Rising number of tourist
arrival in India is indicator
for growing eco tourism.
sustainable tourism
development as a model
for other destination
development programs it
can generate more
tourists.
Promoting o wildlife
sanctuaries and National
Parks on the global level
we can attract more and
more travellers.
Opportunity

24. Threat
It tends to conserve the
environment at the
expanse of the
development prospects for
the third world
communities
Competition for eco
tourism income between
the various groups leads to
social disharmony
Increased use of resources
by the human population,
even in the smallest sense
cause problem to the
environment
eco tourism projects itself
are the biggest obstacle in
the way of the preservation
of the environment.
Threat

26. The ICMTS definition of coastal and marine tourism is
"Coastal and marine tourism includes those recreational
activities which involve travel away from one's place of
residence which have as their host or focus the marine
environment and/or the coastal zone."

27. Coastal Tourism
Coastal Tourism is based on a unique resource
combination at the border of land and sea environments:
sun,
water,
 beaches,
outstanding scenic views,
 rich biological diversity (birds, whales, corals etc),
 sea food and good transportation infrastructure.

28. Examples of coastal ecosystems: Estuaries, coastal dunes,
rocky coasts, sandy beaches, coastal cliffs, intertidal (littoral)
areas.
Examples of marine ecosystems: Coral reefs, benthic, kelp
forests, rocky reefs, continental shelves, sea-mounts, hydro-
thermal vents, open oceans, polar oceans.
Oceanic zones: Epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic,
abyssalpelagic, hadalpelagic.
Coastal zones: Inshore, littoral, foreshore, backshore.

29. coastal recreation
Examples of coastal
recreation/tourism activities:
Sand-dune surfing,
beach volleyball,
 tidal-pool exploration,
kite-flying,
Land yachting,
fishing,
walking,
skim-boarding,
horse-riding
wildlife watching, shell-fish
gathering,
 beach-combing, sun-
bathing (baking),
picnic and barbecues

30. marine recreation
Examples of marine
recreation/tourism activities:
SCUBA diving,
snorkelling,
 yachting,
water-skiing,
wake-boarding,
boat based fishing,
wildlife watching,
scenic boat cruising,
 sea-kayaking,
surfing,
 surf-ski paddling,
 swimming

31. ICMTS recognises that coastal and marine tourism covers a
wide array of activities, environments, industries and
organisations.
Overall the aim of ICMTS is to share knowledge for the
sustainable use of our marine environment

32. Areas of research and practice may include:
Coastal events/attractions
Marine wildlife tourism
Education
Marine Protected Areas
Fisheries
Water sports/recreation
Cruise industry

33. Main sources of impact
Residence in the
coastal zone
Fisheries
and aquaculture
Shipping
Tourism
Land-use practices
(Agriculture, Industrial
development)
Climate change

34. Resulting problems
Loss of marine resources due to destruction of coral reefs,
overfishing
Pollution of marine and freshwater resources
Soil degradation and loss of land resources
(e.g. desertification and salinification due to excessive water use,
overuse of fertilizers, erosion)
Air pollution
Loss of cultural resources, social disruption
Loss of public access
Natural hazards and sea level rise
Climate change

35. In the middle of the 20th
century coastal tourism in
Europe turned into mass
tourism and became affordable
for nearly everyone.
Today, 65% of the European
holiday makers prefer the
coast (E.C., 2011).
The coastal tourism sector in
Europe is getting increasingly
competitive, with tourists
expecting more quality for the
lowest possible price.

36. Coastal and maritime tourism
The extraordinary beauty, cultural
wealth and great diversity of EU's
coastal areas have made them the
preferred destination for many
holidaymakers in Europe and abroad,
making coastal and maritime tourism
an important tourism sector.
Employing over 3.2 million
people, this sector generates a total of
€ 183 billion in gross value added
and representing over one third of the
maritime economy.
As much as 51% of bed capacity in
hotels across Europe is
concentrated in regions with a sea
border

37.  Tourism can provide jobs
and improve the wealth of an
area.
Many developing countries
are keen to develop tourism in
order to become richer and to
improve the quality of life for
their people.
However, when large
numbers of visitors go to one
place it is called mass tourism.

38. The particular environmental
ill-effects from tourism include
increases in pollution and
waste and pressure on
endangered species as well as
natural resources.
From a cultural perspective,
tourism can be beneficial in
preserving authentic
communities but can also lead
to the erosion of these
communities' traditional
values and ways of life.

40. Specific situation of coastal areas
Coastal areas are transitional areas between the land and sea
characterized by a very high biodiversity and they include some of
the richest and most fragile ecosystems on earth,
like mangroves and coral reefs.
At the same time, coasts are under very high population pressure
due to rapid urbanization processes.
More than half of today’s world population live in coastal areas (within
60 km from the sea) and this number is on the rise.

41.  In the Mediterranean region for
example, tourism is the first
economic activity for islands like
Cyprus, Malta, the Balearic
Islands and Sicily.
Forecast studies carried out by
WTO estimate that international
tourist arrivals to the
Mediterranean coast will amount to
270 millions in 2010 and to 346
millions in 2020 (in 2000 around
200 million foreign visitors per
year

42. Tourist infrastructure
In many areas, massive new tourist developments have been built
- including airports, marinas, resorts, and golf courses.
Overdevelopment for tourism has the same problems as other
coastal developments, but often has a greater impact as the tourist
developments are located at or near fragile marine ecosystems.
How does tourism damage coastal environment
For example:
mangrove forests and seagrass meadows have been removed to create
open beaches tourist developments such as piers and other structures have
been built directly on top of coral reefs nesting sites for endangered marine
turtles have been destroyed and disturbed by large numbers of tourists on the
beaches

44. Recreational snorkellers harassing a
whaleshark(Rhincodon typhus),
© WWF-Canon/Erkki SIIRLIA

45. Tourists sunbathing on a beach used by loggerhead turtles
(Caretta caretta) for nesting, some with beach umbrellas
which can hurt turtle nests. Zákinthos, Greece.
© WWF-Canon / Michel GUNTHER

46. Careless resorts, operators, and tourists
Some tourist resorts empty their sewage and other wastes directly
into water surrounding coral reefs and other sensitive
marine habitats.
.

47. Recreational activities also have a
huge impact. For example,
careless boating, diving,
snorkeling, and fishing have
substantially damaged coral
reefs in many parts of the world,
through people touching reefs,
stirring up sediment, and
dropping anchors.
Marine animals such as whale
sharks, seals, dugongs, dolphins,
whales, and birds are also
disturbed by increased numbers of
boats, and by people
approaching too closely.

48. Tourism can also add to the
consumption of seafood in an area,
putting pressure on local fish
populations and sometimes
contributing to overfishing.
Collection of corals, shells, and
other marine souvenirs - either
by individual tourists, or local
people who then sell the souvenirs
to tourists - also has a detrimental
effect on the local environment

49. Cruise ships: Floating towns
The increased popularity of
cruise ships has also adversely
affected the marine
environment.
Carrying up to 4,000
passengers and crew, these
enormous floating towns are a
major source of marine
pollution through the dumping
of garbage and untreated
sewage at sea, and the release
of other shipping-related
pollutants.

50. Benefits of Sustainable coastal tourism
Economic benefit
The main positive economic
impacts of sustainable (coastal)
tourism are
contributions to government
revenues,
foreign exchange earnings,
generation of employment and
business opportunities.

51. Direct contributions are
generated by income taxes
from tourism and
employment due to tourism,
tourism businesses and by
direct charges on tourists
such as ecotax .
Indirect contributions
derive from taxes and duties
on goods and services
supplied to tourists, for
example, taxes on tickets (or
entry passes to any
protected areas),
souvenirs, alcohol,
restaurants, hotels, service
of tour operators.
Contribution to government revenues

52. Foreign exchange earnings
Tourism expenditures, the export and import of related
goods and services generate income to the host economy.
Tourism is a main source of foreign exchange earnings
for at least 38 % of all countries

53. Employment generation
The rapid expansion of
international tourism has led to
significant employment creation.
Tourism can generate jobs
directly through hotels,
restaurants, taxis, souvenir sales
and indirectly through the supply
of goods and services needed by
tourism-related businesses; for e.g.
conducted tour operators.
Tourism represents around 7 %
of the world’s employees (World
Tourism Organisation).

54. Stimulation of infrastructure
investment
Tourism can influence the local
government to improve the
infrastructure by creating better
water and sewage systems,
roads,electricity,
telephone and public transport
networks.
All this can improve the
standard of living for residents
as well as facilitate tourism

55. Contribution to local economies
As environment is a basic
component of the tourism
industry’s assets, tourism
revenues are often used to
measure the economic value of
protected areas.
Part of the tourism income
comes from informal
employment, such as street
vendors and informal guides.
The World Travel and Tourism
Council estimates that tourism
generates an indirect
contribution equal to 100 % of
direct tourism expenditures.

56. Direct financial contributions to
nature protection
Tourism can contribute directly to
the conservation of sensitive areas
and habitats.
Revenue from park-entrance fees and
similar sources can be allocated
specifically to pay for the protection
and management of environmentally
sensitive areas.
Some governments collect money in
more far-reaching and indirect ways that
are not linked to specific parks or
conservation areas.

57. Sustainable Tourism Strategy
Analysis of status-quo
Development of previous tourism
management or related strategies for the
specific area
A stakeholder analysis (Who has an
interest in sustainable tourism
development? Who are the main actors?)
Facts and figures of the local
educational system, economical and
social structure
Anecdotal and traditional knowledge

58. Methods for collecting this
information:
Interviews with stakeholders
Questionnaires distributed and
collected by e-mail, fax or
personally in order to compile
standardised data and perform a
statistical analysis.
Invitation to focus
group meetings (e.g. meetings on
environmental
education,biodiversity management
, good governance and fisheries)
Literature search in the local
library and the internet

59. Strategy development
A Sustainable Tourism Strategy is based on the information
collected .
These include:
Conservation of specific
coastal landscapes
or habitats that make the area
attractive or are protected
under nature conservation
legislation
Development of regionally
specific sectors of the
economy that can be
interlinked with
the tourism sector (e.g.
production of food specialities
and handicrafts)

60. Maximising local revenues from tourism
investments
Enabling self-determined cultural development in the
region, etc.

61. Action plan
The Action Plan describes the steps needed to implement the
strategy and addressing a number of practical questions
such as
 which organizations will take up which activities,
 over what time frame,
by what means and
with which resources?
However, Action Plans usually include measures in the following
fields:
Administration
Socio-economical sector
Environment
Knowledge

62. Conclusions
During the last century, beaches have completely reversed their
role: they have become the driving force behind the economic
welfare instead of just being an inhospitable place.
However, the demographic pressure and the overuse of the
territory related to those factors, in the hinterland (dams in the
rivers, farming and tourism) as well as in the proper beach
(sewage discharge, dry goods extraction and crops) have caused a
general decrease in the contribution of sediments to the beaches
with a continental or a marine origin.
It is hard to find a unique solution for all those problems.

63. However, it should be absolutely essential to follow these points:
First, an Integrated Coastal Zone Management

64. Second, a better dissemination of the existing
information should be achieved. For that purpose, a better
coordination of the existing governmental bodies that deal
with coastal management is necessary.
Third, an improvement of the environmental
education is essential for a sustainable development of the
coast.