17. Women of Childbearing Age and
Worldwide
Fertility
3 6
5
Children per woman
2.0 2.0
2 4
1.8
Billions
3
1.3
1 0.9 2
0.6
1
0 0
1950-1955 1970-1975 1990-1995 2010-2015 2030-2035 2045-2050
Women 15 to 49 Average number of children per woman
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision (medium scenario), 2005.
19. Diverging Trends in Fertility
Reduction 8.5
Average number of children per woman
6.4 6.4
6.2
5.7
5.4 5.3
5.2
4.3
3.3
3.1
2.4 2.5
2.1
Egypt India Indonesia Iran Pakistan Turkey Yemen
1970-1975 2000-2005
Source: United Nations, World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision, 2005.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25. Migration
• 1. Types of Migration
– What are the major forms of migration?
• 2. Selective Migration
– Why migration can be considered as a selective
process?
• 3. Brain Drain
– What is the extent of movements of skilled labor?
26. Types of Migration
• Emigration and immigration
– Change in residence.
A Problems or – Relative to origin and
benefits? destination.
Emigrant • Requires information
– People and conditions.
– Two different places.
– Two different times.
• Duration
Immigrant – Permanent.
Problems or – Seasonal / Temporary.
B benefits? • Choice / constraint
– Improve one’s life.
– Leave inconvenient /
threatening conditions.
27. Types of Migration
• Gross migration
Gross migration
– Total number of people coming
in and out of an area.
– Level of population turnover.
Immigration
• Net Migration
Emigration
– Difference between immigration
(in-migration) and emigration
(out-migration).
– Positive value:
• More people coming in.
• Population growth.
– 44% of North America and 88% of
Europe.
– Negative value:
• More people coming out.
• Population decline.
Net migration
28. Annual Net International Migration by
Continent, 1990-95
Oceania
North America
Latin America and
Carribean
Europe
Asia
Africa
-1500 -1000 -500 0 500 1000
30. Types of Migration
• International Migration
– Emigration is an indicator of economic and/or social
failures of a society.
– Crossing of a national boundary.
– Easier to control and monitor.
– Laws to control / inhibit these movements.
– Between 2 million and 3 million people emigrate each
year.
– Between 1965 and 2000, 175 million people have
migrated:
• 3% of the global population.
31. Migration Policies and Global
Migration Patterns
Period Policies Pattern
Before 1914 Open policies (“showing up”). From developed (Europe) to developing
Immigration as a source of labor and countries (Americas, Africa, Australia).
development. Immigration from Europe between 1880
and 1910 was exceeded 25 million.
1920s and “Closed door” linked with the Limited migration.
1930s economic depression. Deportation of
immigrants.
After 1945 More open policies. Reconstruction Beginning to shift from developing to
in Europe (12% of labor force) and developed countries (12%).
economic growth in America.
After 1973 Relatively open policies, but with From developing to developed countries
more stringent requirements. Growth (88%). 3 million illegal immigrants
of refugees and illegal immigration. entering the US per year.
32. World Migration Routes Since 1700
European
African (slaves)
Indian
Chinese
Japanese Majority of population descended from immigrants
34. International Migration: Main
Destination Countries, 1997
Immigration, 1997
0 100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000
France
Canada
Britain % Foreign population
Immigration, 1997
Japan
Germany
United States
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
% of foreign population
35. Region of Birth of the Foreign-Born
Population: 1850 to 2000
.
Not Reported
Northern America
Latin America
Africa
Asia
Europe
1850 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
36. Types of Migration
• Local Migration
– No state boundaries are
crossed.
– Buying a new house in the
same town or city.
Central City – Difficult to research since
they are usually missed in
census data.
– Based on change of income
Suburb or lifestyle.
– Often very high levels of local
migration.
– Americans change residence
every 5 to 7 years.
37. Types of Migration
• Voluntary migration
– The migrant makes the decision to move.
– Most migration is voluntary.
• Involuntary
– Forced migration in which the mover has no role
in the decision-making process.
– Slavery:
• About 11 million African slaves were brought to the
Americas between 1519 and 1867.
• In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the
United States.
38. Types of Migration
Type Characteristics
International Crossing a boundary; easier to control; regulated;
difference in income; 2-3 million per year.
National Between states or provinces; little control; employment
opportunities; education; retirement.
Local Within a city/region; change of income or lifestyle.
Voluntary The outcome of a choice.
Involuntary The outcome of a constraint.
39. Population Pyramid of Native and
Foreign Born Population,Europe
Native
2000 (in %) Foreign Born
Male Female Age Male Female
85+
80- 84
75- 79
70- 74
65- 69
60- 64
55- 59
50- 54
45- 49
40- 44
35- 39
30- 34
25- 29
20- 24
15- 19
10- 14
5- 9
0- 4
8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 8 6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8
Percent Percent
40. Brain Drain
• Definition
– Relates to educationally specific selective
migrations.
– Some countries are losing the most educated
segment of their population.
– Can be both a benefit for the receiving country
and a problem to the country of origin.
• Receiving country
– Getting highly qualified labor contributing to the
economy right away.
41. World Urban Population, 1950-
2000 with Projections to 2020 (in
billions)
4.5
Developing countries
4 Developed countries
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
