Mulberry silkworm rearing techniques.pptx

MULBERRY SILKWORM
REARING TECHNIQUES
By
Dr. KUNTAMALLA SUJATHA,
Sericulture Faculty, Kakatiya University,
Warangal, Gudimalla Prashanthi &
Er. Madichetty Sai Abhishek
11/24/2022 1
Kuntamalla Sujatha, G. Prashanthi &
Madichety Sai Abhishek

INTRODUCTION
Sericulture has originated from two French words, serios – silk
culture means rearing. Sericulture refers to mass scale rearing of silk
producing organisms in order to obtain silk. Nearly 400 – 500 species of
animals are known to produce silk but only a handful are exploited
commercially. There are 5 major types of silks of commercial importance
obtained from 5 different silkworm species which feed on number of
primary and secondary food plants.
India is only country producing 5 known varieties of silkworms namely
mulberry, eri, tasar, oak tasar and muga. Out of this global production from
India, mulberry (76%) Tasar 6.9, eri (13.5%) and muga 0.6% respectively.
Tasar is produced in A.P, Telangana, U.P, Odissa, W.B, Maharashtra, Bihar
and M.P. in Telangana it is confined to Adilabad, Karimnagar, Warangal
and Khammam. Muga production is confined to Assam state. Eri is found
in Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, Nagaland,
Tripura, on small scale in other states.
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Sericulture is an agro based cottage industry with high
employment potential up to 76 lakhs in all sericulture
sectors. It distributes income to rural sectors. 56.8% rearers,
6.8% reelers, 10.7% weavers, 9.1% twisters, 16.6% to
traders, large amount of income flows from high end group
to low end group with low gestation, high returns and high
value crop.
Highly women friendly sector as much as 60% of women are
engaged in sericulture as it generates additional income.
Every sericulture waste can be re utilized or recycled.
A drought resistant nature of mulberry has saved several
thousands of farmers during prolonged drought during 2001
– 2006.
During this period there were several cases of farmers who
committed suicide but none was reported from sericulture
as nothing goes waste in sericulture.
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REARING
The secret behind the success of sericulture is rearing.
Theoretically mulberry can be reared outdoor and indoor.
• Outdoor: Rearing is carried out in china and Japan mostly
where the outside climate conditions are considered optimum
for silkworm growth. It is produced in shallow ditches in
mulberry garden produced from desert sunlight and rain.
Hence called ditch rearing.
• Indoor: While indoor rearing is carried out in special rearing
houses which are isolated from free access of people with
strict hygienic condition and proper maintenances of
environmental conditions.
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DISINFECTION
• It is prevention or control of disease causing germs
using physical and chemical method. Physical method
involves sun drying, steam, hot water and also hot air
for destroying the germs. Chemical methods includes
the use of formalin 2%, bleaching powder 5% and
sodium hydroxide.
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• Spraying and fumigation are different
disinfection methods which help in prevention
and multiplication of pathogens during rearing.
Bed disinfectants such as lime powder, formalized
chaff, RKO, Resham jyothi, Sanjeevini, Vijetha,
etc. are used.
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REARING HOUSE
• The mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori, is delicate
domesticated animal which cannot tolerate diurnal and
seasonal fluctuations in the environmental conditions that
occur in nature hence they are reared in special built rearing
houses.
• The site for rearing house must not be waterlogged for a
high rainfall area, a dry, sunny, well ventilated and well
drained land should be selected. It may be bricked walled,
cemented, mud walled with roof made of locally available
material which may with mangalore tiles, asbestos thatched
roof country tile which are affordable by farmers. RCC roof
are suitable in temperate while thatched and tiled roof in
villages.
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MODEL REARING HOUSE
• It is a rat proof building provided with a projecting
ledge all round at plinth level. The projection should be at
least 0.35 to 0.40m to effectively prevent the rats from
gaining access to the rearing house.
• The stairs should also be movable, the same could be
pushed away during night time and the building rendered
completely rat proof.
• The building should be provided with a verandah of 2.45m
all round and also with doors and windows to ensure good
ventilation and light.
• The rearing house should have a ceiling of wood or it
should be provided with a false ceiling if the roof is of
cement, concrete or tiles.
• Height of the ceiling should be at least 3.65m. Ventilators
should always be provided to ensure free circulation of air.
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EQUIPMENTS AND USES
• REARING STANDS:- The stands or frames made
of wood or bamboo which are arranged in vertical rows
in the rearing room. It measures 2.5m height, 1.5m
length and a width of 0.65m. It has 10-12 shelves with
a space of 0.15m to accommodate ten rearing trays.

• Ant wells – Ants are serious menace to silkworms. Hence
ant wells are used to avoid their crawling. The legs of rearing stands
are rested on the ant well and are filled with water. The simplest ant
well is an enameled plate, dusting of BHC also serve the purpose.
• Paraffin paper:- This is a thick craft paper coated with paraffin wax
with a melting point of 55oC used to prevent evaporation of moisture
and to maintain high humidity in the rearing bed of the silkworms.
• Foam rubber strips:- Long foam strips of 2.5cm wide and 2.5cm
thick, soaked in water are placed all around the bed of young worms.
This is used to maintain high humidity in bed of young worms. As a
substitute, newspaper folded into convenient strips is also used.
• Chop sticks:- The bamboo stick is 17.5 to 22cm long thin girth and
tapering. At the thick end the two sticks are connected by a small
thread. The sticks are used like forceps for picking worms for
hygienic reasons and to prevent damage of young worms.
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• Feathers:- Bird feathers, preferably white ones are used for
brushing newly hatched larvae from the egg card on to the
rearing trays and to spread the young worms during spacing
operations. It is the most convenient and safe for brushing.
• Chopping board:- This is a rectangular board made of soft
wood used for cutting mulberry leaves in the desired size for
feeding the worms in different instars. The size of the
chopping board may be 0.9 x 0.9m and 5cm thick.
• Chopping Knives:- These are used for cutting the mulberry
leaves. They are usually 0.3 to 0.5m long with a broad knife
blade and wooden handle. Each rearing house require two
knives.
• Mats:- These are placed below the chopping board prior to
chopping and used to collect cut leaves.
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• Feeding stand:- A folding stand of 0.9mts height made
of wood are used to place the removed trays from the
stand for feeding and bed cleaning.
• Bed cleaning nets:- Nets of different mesh size (2mm,
10mm & 20mm) made of cotton or nylon thread is used for
different stages of the silkworm which is advantageous to
avoid direct handling of larvae.
• Leaf chamber:- A rectangular chamber made of wooden
reapers with a size of 1.5 mts long, 0.9 mts wide and 0.8m
of depth is used to store harvested mulberry leaf. Wet
gummy cloth is covered on all sides of the leaf chamber.
Water is sprinkled periodically on the gummy cloth to keep
the leaves inside the chamber fresh.
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Mountages:- Mountages are the devices used to support
the larva when it spins their cocoons which is most
important apparatus in sericulture which decides price, yield
and quality. Mountages are also defined as equipments used
for supporting the larvae when they spin their cocoons.
There are various other types of mountages like Chandrika,
Plastic collapsible mountage, straw mountage, bottle brush
and rotary mountages, etc. Which is made up of bamboo is
most popular in south India. The advanced mountage is rotary
mountage which gives best results.
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TRADITIONAL MOUNTAGES
Mountages made of mulberry were used earlier.
• Indian bottle mountage:- Its cheap, made from readily available
raw materials and is easy to prepare. It consists of thick coconut or
jute ropes into which sticks are inserted and on which ripen worms
are left for spinning.
• Chandrika:- It is popular consists of bamboo mats of 1.8 x 1.2 m
supported by split bamboo reapers. A bamboo tape of 4 -5 cm wide
is wound spirally on the mat with gap of 4 – 5 cm in between.
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• Rotatory mountage:- It is automatic free mountage
saves labour and space. It consists of a frame of
10 -12 boards. Each board is composed of 12 sections
in 13 rows. Ten such frames are assembled on wooden
hook resulting in quality cocoon with less staining.
(defective cocoon % is less)
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Plastic mountage:- It is made of plastic material in form
of loaves. Cocoon quality is good. Life span of the
mountage is comparatively high.
Hygrometer & Thermometer:- These are used to record the
temperature and humidity of the rearing rooms and helps to
maintain ideal conditions for the growth of silkworms. Dry
and wet thermometer and dial hydrometer help in
maintaining temperature. Or farmer can go for wet gunny
cloths in summer. Electric stoves or charcoal stoves for
winter which are to placed far from trays and near to the
windows.
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• Shoot rearing stand:- Shoot rearing stand having 4
tires of 5 to 5ft width is convenient. The length of the
stand is optional basing on building size and convenient.
• Sprayer:- Normally formalin solution of 2% is used for
disinfection of rearing house and rearing equipment.
• Other equipments:- Like humidifier to raise the humidity,
an oven or stove used to warm up the rearing the rearing
room and a washbasin to wash hands of those who operate
the rearing activities.
BRUSHING
• When egg hatch, the process of separation of kego or ants
from egg sheet onto the rearing seat is called brushing.
Brushing may be (1) tapping method, (2) feather, (3)
brushing with mulberry leaves, husk feeding method larvae
hatching can be expected by 8 – 9 am. The brushing should
be done between 9.30 – 10.30 am. Worms bed should be
disinfected with formalin dust to prevent disease.
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LEAF SELECTION
• Mulberry feed for the silkworm has a great effect on
growth and health of silkworm. Hence, glossy leaf and
lenticels method is followed. The 1st instar is fed with ½
leaves down the glossy, while 2nd instar are fed with 2/3 and
3rd instar ¾ and 4th instar the lower leaves.
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LEAF SCHEDULE
The main objective of feeding is to
•Satisfy the appetite
•To promote eating and digestion
•To provide quality leaves in large amount to the worms
•To keep the rearing bed clean thereby prevent diseases
•To avoid leaf wastage which finally decide sericulture
success

PRESERVATION OF MULBERRY LEAVES
• Mulberry leaves and shoots are harvested in the morning or evening,
because leaves plucked in day time have less water content. To
prevent the foliage from withering, the chawkie leaves are stored in
pots while late age feed is stored in leaf chambers covered with
gunny cloth.
CHAWKIE WORMS
• The 1st to 3rd instar worms are called youngage or chawkie or
infants. While 4th and 5th instar worms are called lateage. The
chawkie age is 8 – 12 days which is considered crucial as it decides
the cocoon yield.
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CONDITIONS - 26oC – 28oC temperature and 80 – 85 %
humidity
Light required is 16 – 18 hours of daylight and 6 – 8 hours of
darkness. As the chawkie worms requires small quantity of
leaves that are stored in pots with petiole facing outside and
tips facing the empty space of the pots. Due to weak mouth
parts they are fed with chopped leaves. The chopped leaf
size increase with age. In summer, large chopped leaves are
preferred while in other seasons, small chopped leaves are
fed.
In India, chawkie rearing methods followed are
• Paraffin paper
• Box rearing method
• Co-operative rearing method
• Isolation rearing method
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REARING OF LATE AGE SILKWORM
• 4th and 5th instar silkworms are known as lateage
worms. Labour requirement varies according to the age.
If 2 labours are required during 1 – 3 instar for 100 dfts
the requirement will be 5 – 6 in the late age followed by
mounting.
• During this stage, the worms are fed with leaves rich in
protein, carbohydrate and fibre and less of moisture.
The silkworm body volume increase by 30 times, body
weight 25 times and silk gland weight by 200 times.
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SHELF REARING FLOOR REARING
SHOOT REARING

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SPINNING
5th instar lasts for 5 – 7 days depending upon the races /
rearing seasons. The worms stops feeding, becomes
translucent, yellowish and starts searching for a place to spin
cocoons. Such worms are called ripen worms which are to
be picked and placed on mountage by the process is called
mounting.

HARVESTING OF COCOON
• The larva metamorphosis into pupa after spinning
of cocoon. The cocoons are to be harvested on 5th day
in summer and 6th day in other seasons. Separation of
cocoons from mountages is called harvesting.
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TRANSPORTATION & MARKETING
• The cocoons harvested are packed loosely in
cotton bags and transported in coolers hours of
the day to cocoon markets for sale.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: INTERNET & TEXTBOOKS

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Mulberry silkworm rearing techniques.pptx

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