1. Software.
Computer software, or just software, is a set of data or computer instructions
that tell a computer how to work. In computing and software engineering ,
computer software is all the information processed by computer systems ,
programs and data . Computer software includes computer programs , libraries,
and related non-executable data , such as digital media . Computer hardware
and software are closely connected, and cannot be used alone.
At the lowest program level, the executable code consists of instructions in a
machine language supported by a central processing unit (CPU) or a graphics
processing unit (GPU). A machine language consists of a group of binary
numbers that indicate processor instructions . For example, an instruction can
change a value stored in a specific storage location on a computer - an effect that
the user cannot see directly. The instruction can also refer to one of many input /
output operations , for example displaying specific text on a computer screen;
state changes that should be visible to the user.

2. Processor Executes instructions in the order given to it, unless it is ordered to
"skip" to another instruction or interrupted by the operating system . By 2015,
most personal computers, smart devices, and servers have multi-executable
processors ( multi-core processors ) or multiple processors that perform
computing together.
Most software is written in a high-level programming language . They are easier
and more efficient for developers because they are closer to natural languages
​
​
than machine language. High-level languages ​
​
are translated into machine
language using a compiler or interpreter or a combination of both. The software
can also be written in assembly language , which is also a low-level language
and is closer to machine language, and is translated using assembler .
Computer software, or just software, is a set of data or computer instructions that
tell a computer how to work. In computing and software engineering , computer
software is all the information processed by computer systems , programs and
data . Computer software includes computer programs , libraries, and related
non-executable data , such as digital media . Computer hardware and software
are closely connected, and cannot be used alone.

3. Low - level programming language
At the lowest program level, the executable code consists of instructions in a
machine language supported by a central processing unit (CPU) or a graphics
processing unit (GPU).
A machine language consists of a group of binary numbers that indicate
processor instructions . For example, an instruction can change a value stored in
a specific storage location on a computer - an effect that the user cannot see
directly.
The instruction can also refer to one of many input / output operations , for
example displaying specific text on a computer screen; state changes that should
be visible to the user.
Processor Executes instructions in the order given to it, unless it is ordered to
"skip" to another instruction or interrupted by the operating system . By 2015,
most personal computers, smart devices, and servers have multi-executable
processors ( multi-core processors ) or multiple processors that perform
computing together.

4. high-level programming language
Most software is written in a high-level programming language . They are easier
and more efficient for developers because they are closer to natural languages
​
​
than machine language. High-level languages ​
​
are translated into machine
language using a compiler or interpreter or a combination of both. The software
can also be written in assembly language , which is also a low-level language
and is closer to machine language, and is translated using assembler .
History.
The algorithm for what is considered to be the first software was written by Ada
Lovelace in the 19th century, for the upcoming Analytical Machine.
She produced the proof that Bernoulli numbers were supposed to be calculated.
Due to evidence and algorithms, it is considered the first computer programmer.
The first theory about software, before the creation of the computer that they
know today, was proposed by Alan Turing in his essay of 1935.
On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem (on
Computational Numbers, with an application to Entscheidungsproblem - decision
problem).

5. This eventually led to the creation of the academic field of computer science and
software engineering .
Computing is the theoretical study of computers and software, while software
engineering is the application of engineering and software development.
Prior to 1946, software was not yet a program stored in the memory of digital
computers as is common today.
The first electronic computing devices were re-connected with wires to be
reprogrammed.
The earliest use of the term “software” in an engineering context was noted in
August 1953 in the work of Richard R.

6. Types of software.
Application software
Software that uses a computer system to perform special functions outside the
basic operation of the computer itself. There are many different types of
application software, because the range of tasks that can be performed with a
modern computer is very large.
System software
Computer hardware management software , to provide basic functionality
needed by users or for other software to run properly, if at all. The system
software is also designed to provide a platform for running application software,
and includes the following:

7. Operating system
A key collection of software that manages resources and provides common
services for other software running on it. Monitoring programs , boot drivers ,
shells, and windows are basic parts of operating systems.
In practice, the operating system comes bundled with additional software
(including application software).
Driver (driver)
Controls the specific type of device connected to the computer. Each device
needs at least one appropriate driver;
because the computer usually has at least one input device and at least one
output device,
so the computer usually needs more than one driver.
Utility software
This type of computer program is designed to help users maintain and care for
their computers.
Malware
Software developed to harm and damage computers and as such undesirable on
the computer
Domain execution
● Application software such as Internet browsers and Microsoft Office ,
as well as applications for smartphones and tablets
● JavaScript scripts are pieces of software that are traditionally embedded in
web pages that run within an internet browser when a web page is loaded
● Software written in other programming languages ​
​
may also be run in
browser if the software is either translated into JavaScript or if a browser
add-on that supports that language is installed; the most common

8. examples of the latter are ActionScript scripts supported by the Adobe
Flash plugin.
● Server software , including:
● Web applications , which run on a web server and serve dynamic web
pages, using e.g. PHP , Java , ASP.NET or even JavaScript running on a
server .
● Add-ons and extensions are software that extends or modifies the
functionality of another piece of software and requires that software be
used to work.
● Firmware is found as firmware in embedded systems , devices dedicated
to a specific use such as cars and smart TVs .
In the embedded system context, there is sometimes no clear distinction
between system software and application software.
● Some embedded systems run embedded operating systems , and these
systems retain the difference between system software and application
software (although the user will always see only one, fixed running
application).
● A firmware is a special, relatively unknown type of firmware that directly
tells the processor how to execute machine code
, so that it is even lower level than machine code. It is usually owned by the
processor manufacturer.

9. Tools for programming
Programming tools
A programming tool is also software in the form of a program or application that
software developers (also known as developers, coders, hackers, or software
engineers) use to create, debug, and maintain software.
The software is written in one or more programming languages. There are many
programming languages ​
​
and each has at least one implementation, and each
consists of its own set of programming tools. These tools can be relatively
standalone programs such as compilers , debuggers , interpreters , linkers and

10. text editors, which can be combined together or can be in the form of an
integrated development environment (IDE).
Software architecture
Users often see things differently than developers. People who use modern
general-purpose computers (as opposed to embedded systems , analog
computers, and supercomputers ) typically see three layers of software that
perform different tasks: platform, application, and user software.
Platform software
The platform includes firmware , device drivers , an operating system, and a
graphical user interface that allows the user to communicate with the computer
and its peripherals .
Application software
Application software or Applications are what most people associate with
software. Typical examples include spreadsheets and video games . Application
software is often purchased separately from computer hardware.
User written software
End-user programming refers to the activities and tools that allow end-users —
non-professional programmers — to program computers. User software can be a
spreadsheet template.
Executing
Execution (computing)
Computer software must be "loaded" into a computer's data warehouse (such as
a hard drive or memory ). Once the software is loaded, the computer is able to
execute it .
This involves transferring instructions from the application software , through the
system software, to the hardware that eventually receives the instruction in the
form of machine code .

11. Each instruction causes an operation to be performed, such as moving data or
the software. For example, creating Microsoft Word took much longer than
designing and developing Microsoft Notepad because Notepad is a fairly simple
program compared to Word. Software is typically designed and programmed in
integrated development environments (IDEs) such as Eclipse , IntelliJ, and
Microsoft Visual Studio that can simplify the process and compile software.
Software is typically created through existing software and an application
programming interface (API) provided by core software, such as GTK + ,
JavaBeans, or Swing. Libraries (APIs) can be categorized according to their
purpose. For example, the Spring Framework is used to deploy business
applications, the Windows Forms library is used to design graphical user
interface (Microsoft GUI) applications such as Microsoft Word , and the Windows
Communication Foundation is used to design web services . For example, a
Microsoft Windows desktop application may call API functions in the .NET
Windows Forms library such as Form1.Close () and Form1.Show () [9] to close
(open) or open (show) the application. Without these APIs, the programmer
would have to rewrite these functionalities himself. Companies likeOracle and
Microsoft provide their own APIs, so many applications are written using their
software libraries, which typically contain a number of APIs.
Data structures such as hash tables , arrays, and binary trees , and algorithms
such as quicksort can be useful for creating software. A person who creates
software is called a programmer, a software engineer, or a software programmer,
terms that have a similar meaning. There are also informal terms for
programmers such as "coder" and "hacker", although the use of this last word
can cause confusion, because it is more often used to denote someone who
illegally gains access to a computer system.
Industry and organizations
A large number of software companies and developers in the world make up the
software industry. Software can be a fairly profitable industry: Bill Gates ,
co-founder of Microsoft, was the richest person in the world in 2009, largely
because of his ownership of a significant number of shares in Microsoft, the
company responsible for Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office .
Nonprofit software organizations include the Free Software Foundation , the
GNU Project, and the Mozilla Foundation. Software standard organizations such

12. as the W3C , IETF are developing recommended software standards such as
XML , HTTP, and HTML so that software can communicate with each other
through these standards.
Other well-known major software companies include Google , IBM , TCS ,
Infosys , Wipro , HCL Technologies , Oracle , Novell , SAP , Symantec , Adobe
Systems , Sidetrade, and Corel .
The connection to the hardware
Software cannot work without hardware, just as hardware cannot work without
software. Hardware (such as a hard drive ) contains software (such as an
operating system ), and software manages the hardware.
Typically, software from a hard disk is loaded into RAM from where it is passed
to a processor that executes commands contained in a program (software). The

13. lowest level of software is machine code (binary code) , the simplest form of
program that is usually difficult to change.
Software is therefore more often written in higher-level programming languages
that people understand much better than zeros and ones .
A compiler is used to translate program commands which again translates that
code into, the lowest, machine code that the computer understands (zeros and
ones).
Reliability and quality of the software
Software reliability implies errors, flaws and omissions when creating a program.
Software quality
Software testing
Software reliability
Dates for certain types of software
● Open source software
● Illegal software
● Shovelware
● Freeware
● Postcardware
● Shareware
● Uninstaller
● Free software
● The origin of computer terms
External links
Software to DigiMember
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