leakage

3. •Radioactivepolution,likeanyotherkindofpollution,is
thereleaseofsomethingunwantedintotheenvironment
and, in this case, the unwanted thing is radioactive
material.
•Radioactivepolutioncanbedefinedastheemissionof
highenergyparticlesorradioactivesubstanceintoair,water
orlandduetohumanactivitiesintheform ofradioactive
waste

4. • Radioactivedecayocursbecauseunstableisotopestendto
transformintoamorestablestate.Radioactivityismeasuredin
termsofdisintegrations,ordecays,perunitime.Commonunitsof
radioactivityaretheBecquerel,equalto1decaypersecond,andthe
Curie,equalto37biliondecayspersecond.
Radioactivewasteisusuallytheproductofanuclearprocessuchas
nuclearfission,whichisextensivelyusedinnucleareactors,nuclear
weaponsandothernuclearfuel-cycles.Radioactivepollution.
Radioactivewasteispreadthroughtheearth’satmosphereiscalled
“Fallout”.

5. •CosmicRadiation
•TerestrialRadiation
•InternalRadiation
•Productionandreserchofnuclearweapons
•Miningofradioactiveore
•Medicalwaste
•Nuclearpowerplants
•Industrialradiography(X-rayimaging)

7. •Radioactivematerialsusedinthisproductionhavehigh
healthrisksandreleaseasmalamountofradioactive
polution.
•Miningtheseinvolvescrushingand procesingofthe
radioactiveoresandthisgeneratesradioactivewastewhich
emitsalphaparticles

8. • A numberofradioactiveisotopesareusedinmedicine,
eitherfortreatmentordiagnostics.Thesecanbeleftto
decayoverashortperiodafterwhichtheyareabletobe
disposedofasnormalwaste
•Nuclearpowerplantsundercurentstandardsproduce
littleradioactivepolutionduetosafetyprecautionsthat
mustbeadheredto.Acidentsatthesepowerplantscan
causedangerouslyhighradioactivepolution,suchasinthe
caseofChernobyl,andrecentlyinfukushimaofjapan.

9. •ContinuousPollution:Thistypeofconditionexistsin
uraniummines,nucleareactors,testlabsetc.wherethe
humansareundercontinuousexposuretoradioactive
contaminantsandprotectiveclothingisrequiredto
avoidradiationexposure.
•AccidentalPollution:Thistypeofconditionexists
duringaccidentalexposuretoradiationsbyvirtueof
equipmentfailure,radiationleak,faultyprotective
equipmentetc.
•OccasionalPollution:Thisconditionexistsduring
isolatedexperimentortestofnuclearsubstance.

10. Inmedicine
-Radiationandradioactive
substancesareusedfordiagnosis,
treatment,andresearch.
Incommunication
-Almoderncommunicationsystemsuse
formsofelectromagneticradiation.
Variationsintheintensityoftheradiation
representchangesinthesound,pictures,or
otherinformationbeingtransmited.

11. Inscience
-Researchersuseradioactiveatomstodeterminethe
ageofmaterialsthatwereoncepartofalivingorganism.
Theageofsuchmaterialscanbestimatedbymeasuring
theamountofradioactivecarbontheycontaininaproces
caledradiocarbondating.
-Environmentalscientistsuseradioactiveatoms
knownastraceratomstoidentifythepathwaystakenby
polutantsthroughthenvironment.

12. • EffectonHumanbody

13. ➢OnHumanBeings
• Theimpactofradioactivepolutiononhumanbeingscan
varyfrommildtofatal;themagnitudeoftheadverse
effectslargelydependsonthelevelanddurationof
exposure to radioactivity. Low levels of localized exposure
mayonlyhaveasuperficialefectandcausemildskin
iritation.
• Long-termexposureorexposuretohighamountsof
radiationcanhavefarmoreserioushealthefects.
RadioactiverayscancauseireparabledamagetoDNA
moleculesandcanleadtoalife-threateningcondition.

14. •Therapidlygrowing/dividingcels,likethoseoftheskin,bone
marrow,aremoresensitivetowardsradioactivemisions.
• Ontheotherhand,celsthatdonotundergorapidcel
division,suchasbonecelsandnervouscels,aren'tdamaged
soeasily.
• Raysfromradioactivelementcancause
-burns
-cancers(skincancer,lungcancer,thyroidcancer)
-death
-hairloss
-heartfailure
-candamagebraincells

19. ➢Safetymeasureshouldbenforcedstrictly
➢Leakagesfromnucleareactors,carelesshandling,transport
anduseofradioactivefuels,fissionproductsandradioactive
isotopeshavetobetotalystopped;
➢Regularmonitoringandquantitativeanalysisthroug
h frequentsamplingintheriskareas;
➢Wastedisposalmustbecareful,eficientandefective.
➢appropriatestepshouldbetakenagainstocupational
exposure.
➢Safetymeasureshouldbestrengthenedagainstnuclea
r accidents
➢Preventivemeasureshouldbefolowedsothatbackgroun
d radiationlevelsdonotexceedthepermissiblelimits

20. •Innucleareactors,closedcyclecoolantsystemwith
gaseouscoolantsofveryhighpuritymaybeusedto
preventextraneousactivationproducts.
•Fisionreactionshouldbeminimised.
•Innuclearmines,wetdrilingmaybemployedalong
withundergrounddrainage.
•Nuclearmedicinesandradiationtherapyshouldbe
apliedwhenabsolutelynecesaryandearthminimum
doses

21. ➢Overal,nuclearenergyhaseveralghastlyrisksforusandthenex
t generations,andwearelivingwiththemandareresponsiblefor
them.Noneofthenuclearplants,wastes,orweaponswildisapear
inthisworldbecausetheyoverwhelminglyneedalongtimetobe
safetydisposedof,evenifwecandisposeofthem,theyarestil
aroundus,wejustcannotseeit.So,whatwecandoistodwindle
theusageofnuclearpowerforthefuture.Thethirdnuclear
plants(Chernobyl,ThreeMileIsland,Fukushikma)disastershould
beaturningpointforus.Itisnoto lateforustochangeourgoal,
althoughwehavearesponsibilityfornuclearpowerbecauseweare
usingit.Irealyhopethathefuturewithoutnuclearpowerwil
come.

22. ➢Fosilfuelsuchasoil,gas,anduraniumarefiniteand
Non-RenewableResourcesontheearth,andglobal
warminghasbecomeaseriousisueforus,wehavestarted
lookingforalternativeco-friendlyenergysources.
LikeAs:solar,tidal,wind,andgeothermalenergy.
➢Offshorewindfarmingwil
be another good alternative for us.