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二十一世紀的資本論
•THOMAS PIKETTY湯瑪斯·皮克提: 如果資本的收益率(R)大於經濟
增長率(G),財富就會集中,導致收入不均,最終導致世襲資
本主義(PATRIMONIAL CAPITALISM)
•資本=財富:包括 利潤, 股息,利息,租金和其他來自於資本
的收入積累
金融化及財富積累
• 金融部門,金融機構和工具的氾濫,以及各種經濟主體在金融市場一體化下獲得更大的自主權
• 尋租(RENT SEEKING)的一種形式
• 租=不勞而獲:金融作為虛擬資本FINANCE AS FICTITIOUS CAPITAL
• 忽視使用價值,並試圖從一切中提取盡可能多的交換價值
• 金融尋租 放鬆金融管制
• 例子一: 次按危機
• 大到不能倒TOO BIG TO FAIL 銀行獲得異常利潤
• 例子二:公共資產的證券化,剝奪公民的收入以保證產生恆常的利潤,即領匯房地產投資信託基金
不公平的代價
• 史迪格里茲JOSEPH E. STIGLITZ (THE PRICE OF INEQUALITY): 世紀難題-分配不均
• 財團綁架政府、只求自己的財富如滾雪球般膨脹,而政府失能、完全無法矯正市場失靈
• 受害的不只是中產階級與勞工,更已經傷害了民主政治與司法體系
• 財富來自於
• 創造-廣泛的指新科技的創新與商業模式的創造,或
• 奪取-一種轉移而無額外的價值出現,一切的尋租行為所累積的財富
• 許多減稅項目根本上都是屬於尋租所得來的財富
• 沒以一個人的成功,是純粹靠自己努力而來的,成功的背後乃是整個社會資本所致
香港的基尼系數 • 堅尼系數的數值在 0 至
1 之間堅。系數愈高,
表示差距愈大。
• 收入差距擴大並非短期
現象
• 從20世紀80年代中期到
90年代中期貧富懸殊加
劇
• 原因:經濟轉型。中國
的開放政策 製造業的
衰落  後工業高增值
的知識型經濟經濟+金融
化
裙帶資本主義CRONY CAPITALISM
• 2014年3月,英國《經濟學人》發布的含
有23個國家的裙帶資本主義指數排行榜
• 香港第一
• 富豪財富佔國內生產總值的比重接近80%
• 這些富豪正熱衷於通過“尋租”來攫取利
益
五代香港人
• 第一代是戰前香港人(1946年前出生),
• 第二代是「戰後嬰兒潮」香港人(出生於1946至1965年間),
• 第三代是出生於1966至1975年間,
• 而第四代出生於1976至1990年間,
• 現在所謂的「九十後」可算是第五代了
香港第一代的中產階級
• 第二代香港人成長於工業高速發展的階段,有很多向上流動的機會
• 「獅子山下」精神: 在那個充滿機遇的時期,人們只要辛勤工作,大都能獲得向
上流動的機會
• 現時大多身居政經重要位置
後工業化與職業結構的轉變
• 香港仍然有向上流動的機會,但即使新生代能晉升至中產階級的職位,其薪酬及
工作條件卻大不如前
• 市場上雖有更多高層職位,但中層職位的增長放緩,難以吸納進入市場的新一代
香港人
• 對於第四、五代香港人來說,除非他們有良好的家庭背景,否則向上流動這個
「香港夢」實在是遙不可及。
金融化
• 金融化對不同世代的中產階級有不同的影響
• 第二代香港人在早期金融化(尤其是房地產)中獲利
• 房地產價格遠比現時為低 + 按揭貸款可高達樓宇價格九成
• 政府在教育、醫療、房屋的投資生活成本  餘錢作資本累積
• 財富到達一個可抵禦極高風險的「多餘」水平,短暫的資產貶值不會令他們需要變賣資產
維生。
• 新世代中產階級投資入場門檻較低的証券市場
• 高昂的租金早已佔其工資一大部份用作投資的餘錢有限
• 父母和家庭成為新世代中產階級能否有效地累積財富的決定性因素
金融化的問題
• 非金融企業金融化,通過金融投資賺取利潤,而不是真正的生產
• 增加經濟波動
• 增加經濟上的不平等:富人有錢投資,並有信用借錢來投資,而窮人不能。
• 股東價值運動SHAREHOLDER VALUE MOVEMENT:
• 企業要擠工人得到投資者或財務分析師預期的正常收益率
• 增加短期投機行為
• 貪婪正當化和貶損公共財產的想法
• 放棄持份者的價值(STAKEHOLDER VALUE)
金融化與工資增長慢/停滯
•股東利益與工人和客戶利益
•金融化 股東利益
•股東
•股東不一定是香港人
•機構投資者
•對香港沒有歸屬感和承諾,只有利潤
•主要利潤: 資產價格升值
財富分配比工資分配更重要和嚴重
•工資增長慢/停滯
•資產為主導的經濟增長
•資產 = 房地產,股票,債券等金融產品
•資產收益 = 股票期紅利,存款利息,債券利息和資本增值等
•工資 積蓄 資產財富
•財富資產資產財富
塑造金融主體
• 把人變成投資者 由市民獲得同意建立金融霸權
• 增加市民參與策略
• 必贏產品:公共資產,如地鐵股票,領匯,IBOND
• 強制投資:強積金
• 根據散戶投資者在香港股票及衍生市場的參與情況,
在2000年
• 香港個人股票投資者的平均年齡為 37 歲,
• 以白領居多,每月個人入息中位數約 為 16,250 港 元。
• 男性投資者佔 52%
• 股票投資者的教育程度較非股票投資者為高,較多從事
專業行業。
• 35%的股票投資者具有中學或以上學歷的教育程度,
• 21%是專業人士、行政人員、東主或商人。
塑造金融主體
• 根據散戶投資者在香港股票及衍生市場的參與情況,在2009年一個典型的香港股票投資者
• 男性
• 平均年齡為 45 歲,
• 具有預科或以上教育程度,
• 每月個人入息約為 16,250港元,每月家庭收入約為35,000 港元。
• 相對於非投資者,較多股票投資者具有大專或以上教育,更高的職業地位(較多從事專業行業金
融行業或專業/商業服務) ,和較高個人入息及和家庭收入。
• 股票投資者(stock investors)指在調查前 12 個月內曾持有或買賣香港上市股票(包括香港上市
的股份、認股權證或盈富基金)的人士。
• 股票持有人(stockowners)指在調查期間仍持有股票的人士。
在金融化的社會政策
•維持剩餘福利模式的原因
•低稅率以方便金融交易更多的餘錢來投資
•沒有金融相關稅收
•財政紀律 高主權評級
•資產持有人的期望
•進一步私有化和證券化的公共資產
•拒絕社會保險,但認可私人保險

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