Almila Akdag Salah (eHg) “Looking at classification systems from the point of view of users: analyzing deviantArt's categories” Presentation at the KnoweScape workshop "Evolution and variation of classification systems" March 4-5, 2015 Amsterdam

1. KNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015
LOOKING AT CLASSIFICATION
SYSTEMS FROM A DIFFERENT POV
by ALMILA AKDAG SALAH

2. KNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015
OUTLINE
¤ deviantArt
¤ Introduction via data collection phase J
¤ A classification system generated out of user
needs
¤ Fingerprints of these users
¤ Thomas Laqueur
¤ One Sex – Two Sex Model
¤ Cultural implications
¤ Translation
¤ Data & Strategies

3. Data: What are Daily Deviations?
¤ Daily Deviations
¤ One of the promotion mechanisms in dA is the idea of choosing about
20-30 works daily, and publishing these on the main webpage of the site
for the duration of a single day.
¤ These selected works illustrate a representative distribution of the dA
community: they might belong to the earliest or latest members, to popular
or unknown members.
¤ The jargon of the site: every member is called a ‘deviant’ and every
uploaded work is a ‘deviation’. The selected ‘deviations’ for each day are
‘daily deviations’ (DD’s).
¤ Our dataset:
¤ 30.643 daily deviations created by 21.745 deviants between
2000-2011.
¤ These deviants had a total of 1.321.264 artworks in dA archive at the
time of data retrieval.
KNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015

4. Category Distribution of dA
Photography
Digital Art
Scraps
Traditional Art
Resources
Cartoons
Customization
Fan Art
Manga & Anime
dA-related
Designs/ Interfaces
Literature
Artisan & Crafts
Antrho
KNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015

5. A look at the Network StructureKNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015

6. Category Network of dA
KNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015

7. Visualizing member’s galleries
KNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015

8. Comparing two categories
KNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015

9. Information visualization

10. ¤ Thomas Laquer’s argument: From One Sex
to Two Sex Model
¤ N-gram Dataset
¤ Building a strategy
¤ Gutenberg & Goodreads
¤ Where does KOS come into play?
OutlineKNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015

11. Body, gender, sex
¤ A monk, a beautiful -death- girl, and a
story told in three different ways
¤ in 1749, Jacques-Jean Bruhier
¤ In 1752, by Antoine Louis
¤ In 1836, by Michael Ryan
¤ What does the story has to do with body,
gender and sex?
KNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015

12. One Sex Model
¤ Woman has the same genitals as men
except that, as Nemesius, bishop of Emesa
in the 4th century put it: “theirs are inside
the body and not outside it.”
¤ In the world of Galen, who in the 2nd
century developed the most powerful and
resilient model of male/female
reproductive organs, the vagina is
imagined as an interior penis, the labia as
foreskin, the uterus as scrotum, and the
ovaries as testicles.
KNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015

13. KNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015

15. Two Sex ModelKNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015

16. Difference of degree rather
than kind
Identifies a canonical body
—one is inferior version
They are bound together in
the same system
Re-zoning of maleness
requires a relocation of
femaleness
Construed as two
essentially different
kinds
New vocabulary
introduced to describe
femininity as essentially
different from
masculinity
E.g. “ovaries” rather than
“female testes”
One Sex Two sex
From One Sex Model to Two Sex ModelKNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015

17. Data Collection/Re-collection
¤ Test phase for a digital humanities project:
¤ We develop different ideas to translate the
break from one sex to two sex model in
quantitative formats, and test them
¤ We define explicitly what kind of data we
need (in this case which words/word grams
to search for in the dataset)
¤ We might have to go to this stage and
recollect data according to the test phase
results
KNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015

18. Research Strategies
¤ Looking at adjectives:
¤ Is there a difference in adjectives used for
man/woman?
¤ Is there a change in adjectives associated
with man/woman over time?
¤ Looking at verbs:
¤ Can we talk about different verbs used for
male vs. female protagonists/characters in
novels?
¤ Are there any differences in the frequency of
passive/active voice for male/female
characters?
KNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015

19. Research Strategies II
¤ Looking at color only:
¤ The association of certain colors with specific
gender is recent.
¤ How did color association change over time?
¤ Image Analysis problems: automatic face/
gender identification where the current norms
do not apply!
¤ Looking at objects:
¤ In portraits, which objects were mostly used
with which gender?
¤ What are the color usage for the common
used objects?
KNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015

20. Research Strategies III
¤ Looking at Book Covers:
¤ Can we transfer knowledge from our color
study done for paintings to analyze book
covers?
¤ How do book covers change over time?
¤ Differences in book covers reflecting the
gender of the author
¤ Looking at Authors/Text/Reviews:
¤ Historical data: Reviews, reactions to authors
who published first with male name
¤ How do male authors ‘voice & describe’
female characters vs how do female authors
do that
KNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015

21. Data Resources & Shortcomings
¤ Google N-grams
¤ Gutenberg
¤ Goodreads
KNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015

22. Metadata of Google N-grams
¤ For each word in an n-gram we know
¤ In which year it appeared
¤ With which words it appears (at most with 5-
words distance
¤ The position of it in the sentence (i.e. we can look
for words that are at the start or end of a
sentence, or search for word/adjective pairs,
word/verb pairs etc.)
¤ What we do not know:
¤ The publication venue (book, journal, ?)
¤ The genre (poem, novel, scientific text, religious
text, etc)
¤ The full sentence it appears
KNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015

23. N-Gram Corpora
¤ English/American
¤ French
¤ German
¤ Italian
¤ Spanish
¤ Chinese
¤ Russian
¤ Hebrew
N-Gram CorporaKNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015

24. Metadata of Gutenberg
¤ For each book in Gutenberg
¤ The authors name
¤ Title
¤ The full text
¤ Language
¤ LoC class
¤ Subjects
¤ What we do not know:
¤ The publication year
¤ The publication edition
KNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015

25. KNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015
A Snapshot from Gutenberg Bibrec
¤ Author Doyle, Arthur Conan, 1859-1930
¤ Title The Sign of the Four
¤ Language English
¤ LoC Class PR: Language and Literatures: English
literature
¤ Subject Holmes, Sherlock (Fictitious character) --
Fiction
¤ Subject Private investigators -- England -- Fiction
¤ Subject Detective and mystery stories
¤ Category Text
¤ EBook-No. 2097
¤ Release DateMar 1, 2000
¤ Copyright Status Public domain in the USA.
¤ Downloads 2811 downloads in the last 30 days.
¤ Price $0.00

26. KNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015
Crawling Goodreads
¤ data on the books:
¤ Reviews
¤ ratings
¤ number of ratings
¤ number of reviews
¤ author
¤ first publication date
¤ as for the authors, they have their separate profile pages
which we can use to collect additional data:
¤ age (born/died info)
¤ gender (yahoo :)
¤ genre (yes!)
¤ and the reviewer info:
¤ age
¤ gender
¤ number of reviews
¤ number of ratings
¤ achievements (best reviewer, top reviewer etc. anything that is
listed on their profile page under their profile pic)

27. KNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015
When and where does KOS come into play?
¤ Classification of Color
¤ Population of classification systems as a
mirror of sub-cultures
¤ How differently are books classified in
different library collections and what does
the differences tell us?
¤ Classification Systems as a way to assess
an overview, evolution, interests and goals
of an SNS community

28. KNOWESCAPE
05.03.2015
Thanks to…
¤ deviantArt:
¤ Albert Ali Salah
¤ Lev Manovich
¤ Jay Chow
¤ From One Sex to Two Sex:
¤ Alexender Petersen (IMT)
¤ Orion Penner (IMT)
¤ Zoe Borovsky (UCLA)
¤ Arzucan Ozgur
¤ Alper Çetin
¤ Albert Ali Salah

29. References
Borgatti, Steve. Netdraw: Graph Visualization Software. Harvard: Analytic
Technologies. http://www.analytictech.com/Netdraw/netdraw.htm
Clover, Carol J. 1993. Men, Women, and Chain Saws: Gender in the Modern
Horror Film. Princeton University Press.
Danowski, James. WORDij. Chicago: University of Illinois at Chicago.
http://wordij.net/.
-----. 2009. Network analysis of message content. In The content analysis reader,
ed. Krippendorff, K and Bock, M., 421-430. Sage Publications. L
Laqueur, Thomas. 1992. Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud.
Harvard University Press.
Borovsky, Zoe. 2010.
Hota, Sobhan, et al. "Performing gender: Automatic stylistic analysis of
Shakespeare’s characters." Proceedings of the Digital Humanities Conference.
2006.
Google Books - https://developers.google.com/books/
Wikipedia API - http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/API:Main_page
Project Gutenberg - https://www.gutenberg.org/
Stanford Parser - http://nlp.stanford.edu/software/lex-parser.shtml
KNOWESCAPE
05Ç03Ç2015