Managing Livestock Ammonia: A Volatile, Promiscuous Fugitive in the Atmosphere
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http://www.extension.org/67750 Livestock production is the largest source of atmospheric ammonia, accounting for over 50 % and 40 % of the national and global inventories, respectively. At beef feedlots for example, 40 to 60 percent of the fed nitrogen is lost to the atmosphere as ammonia. Once ammonia enters the atmosphere it can convert to an aerosol and travel long distances from the source. Most of this fugitive nitrogen is eventually deposited back to the ground when scavenged from the air by precipitation. Unfortunately, this unintentional nitrogen transport and fertilization is having a negative ecological impact on pristine ecosystems around the globe. Thus, it is not surprising that livestock ammonia is an area of growing public concern and regulatory debate. Perhaps nowhere is ammonia from livestock under greater scrutiny than along the Front Range of Colorado. Increased levels of atmospheric nitrogen deposition are having a negative impact on the ecology of Rocky Mountain National Park, a crown jewel of the National Park System. While studies suggest many different sources are contributing to nitrogen deposition in the park (e.g., urban, out of state sources), much attention has been directed to the beef feedlots and dairies that populate the plains just east of the mountains. The keynote address will briefly discuss ammonia emissions from livestock at global scales, with commentary on a new United Nations report "Our Nutrient World" that draws considerable attention to manure management and atmospheric ammonia. The remainder of the presentation will focus on Colorado's regional ammonia issue and what is being done to reduce ammonia loss from feedlots and dairies along the Front Range. New technologies for measuring ammonia and minimizing environmental impacts will be discussed.
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Managing Livestock Ammonia: A Volatile, Promiscuous Fugitive in the Atmosphere
- 1. Managing Livestock Ammonia: A Volatile, Promiscuous, Fugitive in the Atmosphere? Jay Ham Department of Soil and Crop Sciences Colorado State University
- 2. Acknowledgements Christina Williams, Joshua Stratton, Kira Shonkwiler Co-PIs and Funding Agencies CSU Department of Atmospheric Science Members of RMNP Agric. Subcommittee Cooperators and Industry Partners
- 3. Outline The Global Nitrogen Cycle Regional Ammonia – N deposition in Rocky Mountain National Park – What is the contribution from Livestock ? Farm Scale Solutions – Measurement, Models, & BMPs
- 4. Part 1: The Global Nitrogen Cycle and Livestock Production ―a small leak will sink a great ship‖ - Benjamin Franklin
- 5. A safe operating space for humanity Rockström et al. 2009. Nature, 461, 472-475 Galloway et al. 2008. Science, 320, www.ted.com/talks/johan_rockstrom_let_the_environment_guide_our_development.html Nitrogen !
- 6. Erisman et al., 2008. Nature Geoscience
- 7. ―Globally around 80% of harvested nitrogen and phosphorus is consumed by livestock rather than directly by people, showing how global nutrient supply and pollution are dominated by humans‘ choice to consume animal products.‖ Sutton et al., 2013. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)http://www.gpa.unep.org/gpnm
- 8. Sutton et al., 2013. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Recommendations from ―Our Nutrient World‖
- 9. promotion of the ‗ demitarian ‘ option, which we define as a meal containing half the amount of meat or fish compared with the normal local amount …, The Barsac Declaration Demitarian
- 10. Global Nitrogen Fluxes and Livestock Ammonia Fluxes Tg N / yr Nitrogen Fertilizer 120 Nitrogen Fixation 50-70 Crop and Grass Production 122 Crop and Grass for Livestock Production 100 (81%) NH3 Emissions from Soils 15 NH3 Emissions from Livestock 22 (59.5 %) Total NH3 from Agriculture 37 Sutton et al., 2013. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)
- 11. Got Beef ? Got Ammonia ! Retention of fed nitrogen in feedlot cattle is typically 13% Most fed nitrogen is excreted in the urine and feces as urea Up to 50% of fed N can be lost to the atmosphere as NH3
- 12. Map Courtesy of P.I. Coyne 9.5 million head * 0.31-0.37 lbs N excreted /day = 2.7 to 3.5 million lbs N/day of excreted N If 50% is lost to the atmosphere as NH3 1.4 to 1.7 million lbs. of ammonia/day
- 13. Satellite Data of NH3 OVER NORTH AMERICA (2009) Data from Colette L. Heald, CSU
- 14. Part 2: Nitrogen deposition in Rocky Mountain National Park A "perfect storm" is an expression that describes an event where a rare combination of circumstances will aggravate a situation drastically http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_storm
- 16. Rocky Mountain National Park
- 18. NH3SOx NOx Emissions Gas-Particle Partitioning (aerosol formation) NH3 H2SO4 HNO3 NH4 + SO4 2- NO3 - Deposition Dry Wet Transport NH3 (Slide by Luke Schiferl)
- 21. Wet N Deposition in RMNP Morris et al., 2012. Natural Resource Report NPS/NRSS/ARD/NRR—2012/562
- 23. Colorado Ammonia Sources Rocky Mountain National Park Initiative ‐ Nitrogen Deposition Reduction Contingency Plan. June 21, 2010
- 24. NE Colorado CAFO Map
- 25. Malm, W. C., Collett, Jr., J. L., et al. (2009) The Rocky Mountain Airborne Nitrogen and Sulfur Study (RoMANS), final report to the National Park Service. strategy taken for apportioning various aerosol species concentrations and deposition to source emissions is a weight-of-evidence approach, comparing and contrasting results from multiple analyses.
- 27. Part 3: Measurements, Modeling, and BMPs ―What gets measured gets managed ― - Peter Drucker
- 28. CSU Livestock NH3 Research Measurement of NH3 Emissions and Regional Conc. Patterns Development of management BMPs Modeling and Software Tools New Technology Funding Sources: USDA, EPA, NRCS, and NSF
- 29. Best Management Practices to Reduce Livestock Ammonia Impacts Feed Management Change Manure Management Meteorological Warning Systems NH3 Measurement Technology
- 30. Blue – 13.5% CP Red – Oscillating Green – 11.6% CP Effect of Reduced Crude Protein Diet on Pen Surface NH3 Emissions Diet Galles K., Ham J., Westover E., Stratton J., Wagner J., Engle T., Bryant T.C. 2011. Influence of Reduced Nitrogen Diets on Ammonia Emissions from Cattle Feedlot Pens. Atmosphere. 2(4):655-670.
- 31. New Measurement Technology Identification of NH3 ―Hot Spots‖ Tracking and Trend Detection of NH3 emissions Information for Decision Making Meeting future regulatory requirements
- 32. Robotics for Managing Air Emissions of Ammonia at Livestock Operations Ham et al., 2012.National Robotics Initiative (NSF/USDA-NIFA) Goal: Develop a robotic air-quality management system for dairies and cattle feedlots that will help managers reduce ammonia emissions Design new low-cost Laser for real-time NH3 monitoring Laser Det. Sample Gas Develop a wireless NH3 sensor network Design weather forecast retrieval system to predict NH3 emissions and transport in advance.
- 34. Conditional Passive Samplers `` Linear Actcuator Acrylic Tube Cap Spacer Vertical Adapter Radiello Diffusive Sampler Foam Acrylic Disc Hall Effect Sensor Control Cable Spacer Clevis Clevis Plunger Magnet Hall Effect Cable Arduino
- 37. http://sensemake.rs/portfolio-item/air-quality-egg/ http://aircasting.org/ http://aircasting.org/
- 39. Conclusions Livestock NH3 is becoming a dominant global and regional environmental issue – and linkages between N pollution, livestock, and food choice will gain more attention over time. Contact Information: jay.ham@colostate.edu; 970-491-4112
- 40. Conclusions The Front Range of Colorado and RMNP has emerged as a test case for how science, policy, and cooperation among stakeholders can address a regional NH3 issue. Contact Information: jay.ham@colostate.edu; 970-491-4112
- 41. Conclusions New measurement technologies, IoT, and M2M communications will likely greatly help livestock managers reducer NH3 losses. Contact Information: jay.ham@colostate.edu; 970-491-4112
- 42. Questions ? Contact Information: jay.ham@colostate.edu; 970-491-4112
Notas del editor
- Although complicated, this system can be broken into 3 main processes: Emissions of SOx from power production, NH3 from catalytic conversion and NOx from fossil fuel combustion in urban areas and NH3 from agriculture in rural areas; the partitioning of oxidized versions of SOx and NOx in the forms of sulfuric acid and nitric acid during their reaction with NH3 into particle ion species, and the loss of these species through dry and wet deposition. This deposition can affect the nitrogen balance of ecosystems, causing degredation. and particles which are present at the surface can negatively affect human health. It is important to understand all three of these processes in order to understand the system as a whole.
- Over the next four years (2009-2012), Weld County is growing rapidly with a projected population increase in the state at 13.8%, which will result in increased NOx emissions and possibly decreasing ammonia emissions as farmland is converted to urban use.