Here are some comments on the students' discussions: For Paul Chang's discussion: Great analysis of the Nacirema rituals and how they differ from typical Western practices of caring for one's health. You make a good point about how portraying the rituals as religious makes them more acceptable within their culture, even if an outsider may view them as irrational. I also agree with your assessment of some of the biased language used in the original article - it's important to consider the cultural context in which it was written. Nice job breaking down the key aspects of the Nacirema rituals. For Daniel Rivas' discussion: Good point about what differentiates a ritual from other repeated actions - the incorporation of

1. · During the Revolutionary and Early Republic era, how were
the people of America affected politically, economically, or
socially?
Your report will contain an introduction, a discussion that will
provide information about the historical event, and a reflection
section for your personal writing. You will select a thesis
statement from one of the options below.
· The Revolutionary and Early Republic era united thirteen
independent colonies into one nation.
· The Revolutionary and Early Republic era was a time of great
social and economic change.
· The Revolutionary and Early Republic era was fueled by new
ideas of democracy, individual rights, and capitalism.
The contents of your report will be guided by a selected thesis
statement. The thesis statement will go in your opening
paragraph. The purpose of the thesis is to describe the scope
and direction of the paper. The thesis statement within the
opening paragraph asserts directly and succinctly exactly what
the paper is about.
Introduction
In your introduction section, complete each step listed in the
bullets below. Your answer should be two paragraphs in length.
In the first paragraph:
· Identify the historical question being answered by this paper.
· Provide a short overview of the historical question and what
this paper will cover.
· Identify the thesis that you will be discussing in this paper.
In the second paragraph:
· Describe the events leading up to the Revolutionary and Early
Republic era that impacted Americans politically, economically,
or socially.
Discussion
In your discussion section, complete each step listed in the
bullets below. Your answer should be 1–2 paragraphs:

2. · Focusing on the political, economic, or social impacts the
Revolution and then Early Republic had on Americans, describe
the following in detail:
. Who was involved?
. What happened?
. When did it happen?
. Where did it happen?
. According to the experts, why did it happen?
· Rely on the webtext and two additional sources from the list
provided below. One of the additional sources should be a
primary source and the other should be a secondary source.
Reflection
In your reflection section, answer each of the questions listed
below with your own observations and perspectives. No sources
should be used in this section, and there is no one right or
wrong answer because we all have unique experiences. Your
answer should be 1–2 paragraphs in length.
· Are the circumstances similar to anything you've experienced
or noticed in society today?
· Why or why not?
· How are they different?
· How are they similar?
Note: This course requires the use of Strayer Writing Standards.
For assistance and information, please refer to the Strayer
Writing Standards link in the left-hand menu of your course.
Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
The specific course learning outcome associated with this
assignment is:
· Summarize the causes of the American Revolution and the
impact of the Revolutionary War on the making of America.
Sources
Primary Sources:
Thesis: The Revolutionary and Early Republic era united
thirteen independent colonies into one nation.
· British Reforms and Colonial Resistance, 1767–1772:
. Boston Merchants (December 6, 1769).

3. . To the Merchants and Traders of the City of
Philadelphia (1770).
. To the Tradesmen, Farmers, and Other Inhabitants of the City
and County of Philadelphia (September 24, 1770).
. Violators of the Non-Importation Agreement (July 20, 1769).
Thesis: The Revolutionary and Early Republic era was a time of
great social and economic change.
(Note: The sources below are from Digital History. You will
need to look for social, economic, and cultural items within
the documents, events, music, and images described in these
sources.)
· Overview of the American Revolution. (Scroll through
selections, especially Documents, to find resources.)
· Overview of the Early National Period. (Scroll through
selections, especially Documents, to find resources.)
Thesis: The Revolutionary and Early Republic era was fueled by
new ideas of democracy, individual rights, and capitalism.
· The Colonies Move Toward Open Rebellion, 1773–1774:
. To the Freemen of America (1773).
. To the Worthy Inhabitants of the City of New-York (1773).
. Announcement of the Boston Tea Party (December 20, 1773).
. Proceedings of the Committee of Correspondence (July 19,
1774).
. In Times of Public Danger (July 16, 1774).
. A Fixed Plan to Bring the Most Humiliating Bondage (June 8,
1774).
. Earl of Chatham Speech to Parliament (June 17, 1774).
. Suffolk Resolves and Agreement by Continental
Congress (September 17, 1774).
. Joseph Galloway's Speech to Continental Congress (September
28, 1774).
. Declaration of Rights and Grievances (October 14, 1774).
. The Continental Association (October 20, 1774).
· Democracy:
. James Madison Considers the Problems of a New Democracy.
· Constitution:

4. . A New York Farmer Outlines His Opposition to the
Constitution.
Secondary Sources
Thesis: The Revolutionary and Early Republic era united
thirteen independent colonies into one nation.
· Creating a Nation of Joiners.
· The Oxford Companion to United States History: Era of the
Early Republic (1789–1828).
Thesis: The Revolutionary and Early Republic era was a time of
great social and economic change.
· Creating Social Capital in the Early American Republic: The
View From Connecticut.
· Encyclopedia of American Social Movements.
· The Economic and Demographic Consequences of the
American Revolution.
Thesis: The Revolutionary and Early Republic era was fueled by
new ideas of democracy, individual rights, and capitalism.
· America's Three Regimes: A New Political History.
· Religion and the Founding of the American Republic.
· A Country Storekeeper in Pennsylvania: Creating Economic
Networks in Early America, 1790–1807
Language - Discussion Board #3
2
Learning Objective: What is Language and Where Does it Come
From?
While we may think of language as confined to the words that
we speak, there is so
much more to language than this. The world of gestures is an
excellent example; many
of us "speak with our hands" in order to emphasize the topics

5. that we are trying to
communicate. Italians are particularly famous for their
elaborate and exaggerated
language of gestures. A recent article and video from the New
York Times does an
excellent job of elucidating this topic. You can see the article
"When Italians Chat,
Hands and Fingers Do the Talking" at the following link NY
TIMES Article
(Links to an external site.)
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/01/world/europe/when-
italians-chat-hands-and-fingers-do-the-talking.html?_r=1&
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/01/world/europe/when-
italians-chat-hands-and-fingers-do-the-talking.html?_r=1&
Instructions:
1. After reading the article and watching the video about Italian
hand gestures,
you should have a greater awareness of the role of gesture in
communication. Over the course of a day, make note of the
gestures that you,
your friends, and your professors use, and in what contexts
these gestures
are used.
2. Prepare a summary of the gestures you observed for your
class's online
forum.
3. Use Canvas Studio to respond to this post (60 seconds or
less). Make a short
video of the gestures. How to respond with Canvas Studio.

6. 4. (Links to an external site.)
5.
6. Explain the gestures in a small paragraph!
7. (Links to an external site.)
8.
9. In the comment section, discuss with your classmates whether
there are
other possible meanings for any of the gestures you presented.
All posts made to each Lesson discussion are scored according
to the following criteria:
● 0 points: no participation, no attempt to begin a discussion, or
respond to a
classmate.
● .5 – 5.75 point (F): varying degrees of failure; attempt to
participate is not
sincere; does not demonstrate much or any preparation; student
clearly
unwilling to participate or prepare; posts do not address the
topic or engage
peer in discussion; and/or post is incomprehensible due to
grammar/spelling/syntax errors!
● 6 – 6.75 points (D): attempt does not demonstrate
comprehension of material
or full preparation for the discussion, or does not address the
discussion topic
in a meaningful way, and/or post is very difficult to understand,
containing
grammar/spelling/syntax errors!
● 7 – 7.75 points (C): statements indicate a willingness to

7. participate but do not
indicate full preparation or full comprehension, or may not
address the
discussion topic fully and/or post is somewhat difficult to
follow, containing
grammar/spelling/syntax errors.
● 8 – 8.75 points (B): statements indicate student willing and
prepared for
discussion, but maybe lacking a complete understanding of
concepts or
complete coverage of discussion topic, and/or post contains
some
https://community.canvaslms.com/t5/Studio/How-do-I-embed-
Canvas-Studio-media-in-a-discussion-reply-as-a/ta-p/1716
https://community.canvaslms.com/t5/Studio/How-do-I-embed-
Canvas-Studio-media-in-a-discussion-reply-as-a/ta-p/1716
https://community.canvaslms.com/t5/Studio/How-do-I-add-
comments-or-replies-to-Canvas-Studio-media-in-a/ta-p/1711
https://community.canvaslms.com/t5/Studio/How-do-I-add-
comments-or-replies-to-Canvas-Studio-media-in-a/ta-p/1711
grammar/spelling/syntax errors. They have also responded to at
least 2 other
post
● 9-10 points (A): Students’ enthusiastic participation indicates
preparation,
comprehension and complete understanding of concepts, has
complete and
accurate coverage of the discussion topic and is free of
grammar/spelling/syntax errors. They have also responded to at
least 2 other
posts.

8. here's a discussion from other student. I need to leave a
comment to her.
Rachel Stern
4 days ago
Comment Actions
Language is so much more than the written word! Tone of
voice, facial expression, and even
gestures can give the same words different meanings. I met one
of my friends for lunch today
and she brought up the new guy she was dating. Right away I
could tell that she was excited
about him because she was practically bouncing in her chair and
using exuberant hand
gestures. At some point she began explaining the way he looks
and I knew she likes him as she
was twirling her hair around her finger and looking off in the
distance with a slight smile on her
face. Then she stopped, and asked if I thought he liked her. At
this point, she began biting her
nails and I realized she was nervous. Later that day at work, my
boss called me into his office to
see my progress on the tasks he assigned me. He held his hands
clasped together, exuding
confidence and seriousness. Since my classes are online this
semester, I don’t get to see the
gestures that my professors and classmates use. I think that this
takes away from the total
picture of what they’re saying as gesturing plays a huge role in
communication.
SO i just need a comment on andres rocha’s post :)
you’ve already written the discussion :)

9. Andres Rocha
Throughout the day I've noticed that I have many hand gestures.
Over the course of
today I noticed several. one of them is when I'm giving my dog
treats ill point down for
her to sit or when i put my hand out for her to give me her paw.
I also noticed I do
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several gestures when listening to music like I'll bop my head or
move my hands to the
music. I don't see my professors movements cause this class has
no zoom and my
other class that I zoom in the professor doesn't show their face
so I wouldn't know.
My discussion
The Nacirema - Discussion Board #1
Nare Petrousyan
1.The functional belief underlying Nacirema is that human is
trapped in both that is meant to be ill. Thus,
being in the human body is as one will be ill of deadly diseases.
The second underlying functional belief is
that the human body is naturally ugly. Thus, to look beautiful
and avoid deadly illnesses, one must engage

10. in Nacirema body rituals (Horace, 1956).
2.In my opinion, the Nacirema ceremony is more of a ritual than
behavior for several reasons. One, it is
based on how it does it. This is not behavior as not everyone
can do it. It is delegated by specialists and
specific older adults among Nacirema.
3.Nacriem that the human body is ugly. This is why intense care
and protection of it is necessary (Horace,
1956). This is quite different from our culture, where we
believe we are wonderfully and fearfully made.
4.One thing that makes miner's analysis of the Nacirema
irrational is the analysis of the holy room. This is
a room where special people do the special ritual. I think that
performing normal customs as religions
rather than scientific makes them quite irrational. For instance,
using a medicine that was not prescribed
to witch doctors directly made it irrational (Horace, 1956).
5.However, the care of the body in my religion is not irrational
at all. There is nothing ritual in nature done
in the protection of the body. Religiously, we believe in the
power to get healed by drugs prescribed by the
doctors. However, I do find it irrational for people who only
take herds as drugs. These are people who do
not believe in scientific drugs and thus prefer hubs.
Heres 2 students discussion that i need comments for them
Paul Chang
The people of Nacirema practice rituals that are focused on the
human body, more
importantly the appearance and health of their body and their
focus on preserving and

11. maintaining it with large usage of spiritual practices. Large
portions of their time would
be used in performing these rituals in order to wave off diseases
and weakness that the
human body might be subjected to. They would see the huma n
body being vulnerable
and it is something that cannot be replaced or ascended from.
The human body is
indeed both very resilient and at the same time very vulnerable
and we had been
advancing in order to tend or treat what may occur to
preventions acts of future
illnesses. The Nacirema also are similar to us in the fact that
they tend to their mouths,
in this case of an ascetics point of view but at a much greater
magnitude. The main
differences would be that they would incorporate spiritual
practices in order to cure and
prevent the illnesses with the usage of shrines, specially blessed
charms, and potions.
Throughout the article Miner wrote the people of Nacirema
being barbaric in terms of
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their level of society. One example would be in the end of the
article he would call them
"magic-ridden" people and question on how they are able to
exist this long. This might
be from the influence of the era it was written in but reading the

12. article was a bit of a
challenge in terms of its bias wordings. Portraying their custom
as a religion does make
it look more acceptable but also isolated. Seeing it as a
medicine or science, there are
already a set standard of facts that cannot be disproven but with
religion, there are no
written evidence of what can be or not be, but at the same time,
won't be accepted by
all.
Daniel Rivas
Question 1#: I believe caring for the body can be made to be
ritualistic but the act of the
repeated action itself doesn’t necessarily make it a ritual. What
differentiates them to me
is the incorporation of a spiritual or religious aspect. Constantly
going about certain
actions and adding religious intent for a better spiritual
outcome, mental, emotional, and
even physical well-being can be made to be a ritual. For
example with the Nacirema
every day each of the family members cleanse themselves with
holy water in front of the
shrine. The act alone of cleaning oneself with water would be
considered mundane if
not for the incorporation of the holy water and the shrine. To
me this becomes a ritual
instead of a habit because it is their belief that the water is holy
and purifying their
bodies from decay while also worshiping a shrine that has
charms and potions for
meant for a specific intentions or outcome.
Question #3: I believe that the Nacirema people view their
bodies and their health

13. poorly and as naturally deteriorating, showing not too much
concern, maybe going as
far as to accelerating this. They will go twice a year to see the
holy mouth men ,of which
during, they will be subject to being poked and prodded at the
mouth as well as having
holes and decaying wounds opened. This would be dissimilar to
our culture as we may
think that this could cause only more problems as we may value
our health more
significantly than drawing in friends or taking in more pain in
an attempt to counteract
the progress of decay. Especially if it’s showing signs of
worsening. To the tribes people
they are relieving themselves of this decay and focused on the
magic forces of drawing
in people that they get in exchange for expelling evil through
this process. This could
imply that they may value this more than their health. Seeing as
they already view the
human body as frail, they may believe that the pain and
worsening of their health is
worth it in the end.
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