2. IDEOLOGY
A systematic body of concepts especially
about human life or culture
A manner or the content of thinking
characteristics of an individual, group, or
culture
The integrated assertions, theories and aims
that constitute a socio-political program
3. Is a more or less coherent set of ideas
that provides the basis for organized
political action, whether this is intended
to preserve, modify or overthrow the
existing system of power.
4. POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
Is a set of related beliefs about political
theory and policy held by an individual,
group of individuals or a particular social
class
Political ideologies form the basis of how
they view the world around them and the
proper role of government in the world.
5. (a) offer an account of the existing order,
usually in the form of a ‘world-view’, (b)
advance a model of a desired future, a
vision of the ‘good society’ and (c)
explain how political change can and
should be brought about-how to get a A
to B. (Heywood 2003, 12)
6. Characteristics of Ideology
Ideologies provide an explanation for
problems that confronts modern
societies by providing futuristic visions.
Ideology is action-oriented
Ideologies mobilize a large number of
people
8. CAPITALISM
- Is an economic system and a mode of
production in which trade, industries, and
the means of production are largely or
entirely privately owned and operated for
profit.
9. Is an Economic system based on 3 things:
Wage Labour
Private Ownership
Production for Exchange and Profit
10. SOCIALISM
Socialism refers to a broad set of economic
theories of social organization advocating
public or state ownership and administration
of the means of production and distribution of
goods, and a society characterized by equal
opportunities for all individuals, with fair or
egalitarian method of compensation.
11. Socialism existed as a result of
communism.
Society, not individuals, should own the
property.
Common ownership would mean that all
should be given opportunity to participate
on how resources should be used and thus
nobody should solely take control of the
resources.
12. Further, this means the right to
participate in the social decisions that
affect them, that is production of goods
and services and the sole object of the
production would be to meet human
needs. This would mean now that
nobody will sell, buy and have money.
13. The government then should plan the
economy; there is no free market (an
economic system in which prices are
determined by unrestricted competition
between privately owned businesses) so
that all citizens will have roughly the
same level of prosperity.
14. The Elementary Triangle of Socialism:
1.Social ownership of the means of production
The mean of production is owned by the
community. Social ownership does not mean state
ownership. It means the people are both producers
and members of the society are the ones that
determine the result of their labor.
15. 2.Social production organized by workers
(lead to cooperation and solidarity)
2.Satisfaction of communal needs and purposes
It emphasizes the necessity of letting go of
personal interest and think for the community
and society.
16. COMMUNISM
Also known as “Revolutionary Proletarian Socialism”
or “Marxism”, is both political and economic
philosophy.
Communism is enclosed in two primary writings:
1)The Communist Manifesto, by Karl Marx in 1848.
2)Das Kapital, by Friedrich Engels (a follower of Marx)
17. According to Marx and Engels, a person’s
view of the world depends on its class
membership.
Socialization among people determines the
limit and extent of a person’s world view
and members of each class should act and
think according to their class membership
(social construction of reality)
18. Furthermore, according to Marx, material
production or economic relationships are
basic to all life.
People must produce goods before they
can do anything, they must produce
themselves. However, they cannot even
do that unless they are capable of
feeding themselves.
19. MAIN GOALS OF THE COMMUNIST
MANIFESTO
To focus on the struggle and motivate
the common people to riot.
To envision a model government, whose
economics would destroy the upper
class-freeing the lower class from
tyranny.
20. According to The Communist Manifesto,
Communism has ten (10) planks:
1.Abolition of Private property
2.Heavy Progressive Income Tax
3.Abolition of Rights of Inheritance
4.Confiscation of Property Rights
5.Central Bank
21. 6.Government ownership of Communication and
Transportation
7.Government ownership of Factories and
Agriculture
8.Government control of Labor
9.Corporate Farms and Regional Planning
10. Government Control of Education
22. LIBERALISM
Liberalism a political or social philosophy advocating
the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems
of government, nonviolent modification of political,
social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted
development in all spheres of human endeavor, and
governmental guarantees of individual rights and
civil liberties.
23. Liberalism was originated from the writings of
John Locke (1632 – 1704) who developed the
arguments for consent, majority rule, and
rights, particularly property rights.
Most recent liberals trace their roots to John
Stuart Mill (1806 – 1873) “On Liberty” (1859)
that stressed freedom of thought and speech.
24. According to JOHN F. KENNEDY (1917-
1963)
“If by a “liberal” they mean someone who looks ahead
and not behind, someone who welcomes new ideas
without rigid reactions, someone who cares the
welfare of the people, someone who believes that we
can break through the slate mate and suspicious grip
us in our policies abroad, if that is what they mean by
a “liberal” then I’M PROUD TO SAY THAT I’M A
LIBERAL.
25. Liberalism emphasizes a tendency to favor
change.
People should keep trying to improve human
society.
Change is brought about by the conscious
action of men and women.
Liberalism believes that people should be
willing to use the government to improve their
condition.
26. Some people must be helped to live better lives
and fulfill their individual freedom.
Liberals prefer individual freedom but are
ambivalent about economic freedom.
Most problems are derived from impersonal,
social and economic forces acting on humanity.
The role of the government must be limited (that
it cannot invade rights and freedoms of
individual)
28. NEOLIBERALISM
The ideology of Neoliberalism permeates through
global political and social systems resulting in the
prevalence of class interest.
Neoliberalism as a “theory of political economic
practices proposing that human well-being can best
be advanced by the maximization of entrepreneurial
freedoms within an institutional framework
characterized by private property rights, individual
liberty, unencumbered markets and free trade”
(Harvey, 2007)
29. The State
Market is prioritized over state within Neoliberalism.
State relationship to Neoliberalism consist of the
construction and production of foundations to establish
the goals of removing market encumbrance, free trade,
and security of personal liberty grounded on private
property (Harvey, 2007).
The utilization and implementation of bureaucracy as
means for state to reinforce Neoliberal principles
(O’Neill,1986)
30. ANARCHISM
Rejects the state outright, believing it to be an
unnecessary evil.
The sovereign, compulsory, and coersive authority of
the state is seen as nothing less than legalised
oppression operating in the interests of the powerful,
propertied and privileged.
As the state is inherently evil and oppressive, all the
states have same essential character.
31. Principles of Anarchism
Anti-Authoritarianism. Anarchists are extremely
sceptical about the need for any kind of authority. At
minimum all anarchists believe that hierarchy should
be abolished and some take this further and oppose
other forms of authority. Instead of hierarchy,
everyone should have control over their own life and
an equal say in group discussions.
32. Free Association. Everyone should be allowed to
associate freely with those they choose and to
disassociate themselves when they choose.
Mutual Aid. Instead of attempting to dominate each
other, social relations should be based on solidarity
and voluntary cooperation.
Freedom. Freedom means the ability to control
one’s own life instead of being controlled by others,
as is the case with hierarchy.
33. Radical Egalitarianism. Anarchist believe in an
egalitarian society. This does not mean some
totalitarian society where everyone is identical or
lives identical lives. It does not mean denying
individual diversity or uniqueness. Rather
anarchist believe in equality of both wealth and
power – a natural consequence of the abolition
of hierarchy.
34. Self-Management. In groups decisions should be
made in a manner so that everyone has an equal
say. People should govern themselves, rather than
dividing people into some who give orders and
some who obey as in hierarchical organizations.
Feminism. Anarchists favour social, economic and
political equality for men and women. The
domination of men over women should be
abolished and all people given control of their own
lives.
35. FASCISM
Benito Mussolini – an Italian WW1 veteran,
founded the fascist party.
Fascism’s basic assumption is that humans are
not rational beings, thus, they can only be led
and manipulated. Nations and races have to
compete to survive.
An ideal fascist sees himself as part of a nation
and never as a separate entity.
36. According to Benito Mussolini, the carrier of the
culture and spirit of the nation are the past,
present, and future. It represents the “immanent
conscience of the nation”; and that it educates
the citizen in all the virtues.
Further, he added that the individual is the
nation and the success of the nation lies on his
continuous obedience to the state.
The nation embodied in the state, an therefore
the state must be glorified.
37. CONSERVATISM
Edmund Burke – Founder of Modern Conservatism.
- authored Reflections on the French Revolution (1970) in
which he said that “society is a complex web of relationships
among the past, present, and future.”
Conservatism emphasizes that change is not good.
Something that has worked, even if not very well, is better
than something untried and unknown.
38. Tradition is most important; no human reason can undo
it.
Conservatives do not reject human reason completely but
they would rather trust tradition because they believe
that tradition contains the accumulated wisdom of past
generations.
They world changes and so does the conservatives. They
do not want to conserve all the past, they want to
conserve what they believe is the best of the past.
Conservatives believe that human reason can devise a
solution to human problems.
40. REACTIONISM
This ideology advocates a return to the “old
ways”. Reactionaries seek to overturn the
present state of society as flawed and looks to
the past which they consider as a more orderly
and better time. Society, therefore, should
change a way that traditional practices and
previous state policies are revived.
41. SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY
Philosophers such as Aristotle and Plato viewed it has a
way for the commonalty to rule while sacrificing wisdom
and property.
Democracy in the 19th century as seen as a form of “mob
rob” but a “socialism” began to collapse and people
started to see the obscurities in Capitalism during the 20th
century, Democracy continued to gain popularity and
rose a strong principle among them.
42. The term Democracy originated from Greece.
Derived from “kratos” meaning power and
“demos” meaning poor or many, the word
translate into “rule by the many”.
Democracy is perhaps the most promiscuous
word in the world of public affairs. One of which
is that Democracy is a system of rule by the poor
and underpriviledged.
43. All of the definitions stated seem to be
from Anarchism, Socialism, Liberalism, and
other ideologies but a more
straightforward definition was given by
Abraham Lincoln on his Gettysburg
Address: “A government of the people, by
the people, for the people”.
44. The people who established this govern
themselves by participating in essential
decision-making.
This may be done in two ways and the
first is through popular participation
through referendum which were once
used in Athens, mass-meetings, and even
interactive television.
45. Feminism
This political ideology focuses on the position
of women in society and the roles they play.
However, they also believe that improving the
status of women will also benefit all human
beings whatever their gender is.
