Now a day Solar PV system mostly imporatant for power generation and it is renewable source of energy.

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3. outline
 Introduction of PV system
 Solar cell
 Solar panel
 Components of SPV system:
Charge controller, Inverter, Batteries
 Applications of SPV system
 Advantages / disadvantages
 Design of PV system
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4. INTRODUCTION
Photovoltaics (PV) is the science of direct conversion of light
to D.C. electricity, based on the fundamental principle of
“photovoltaic effect”. This phenomenon is exhibited in
semiconductor materials
The photovoltaic effect is defined as the generation an
electromotive force as result of absorption of ionizing
radiation.
Photovoltaic devices which convert solar energy into
electricity are called SOLAR CELLS
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5. Solar cell
It consist of
a) Semi-conductor in which electron
hole pairs are created by
absorption of incident solar
radiation,
b) Region containing a drift field for
charge separation, and
c) Charge collecting front and back
electrodes.
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6. DEVELOPMENT OF SOLAR CELL
 First Generation
Single crystal silicon wafers (c-Si)
 Second Generation
Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
Polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si)
Cadmium telluride (CdTe)
Copper indium gallium di-selenide
(CIGS) alloy
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Third Generation
Nanocrystal solar cells
Photo electrochemical (PEC) cells
• Polymer solar cells
Dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC)
 Fourth Generation
Hybrid - inorganic crystals within a
polymer matrix

7. Types of Solar Cells
 Silicon Solar Cells:
 Single Crystal Si Cells: Commonly used.
Usual efficiency of 20%. Long lifetime
(>20 yrs.). Approaching the theoretical
limit of 29%.
 Poly Crystal Si Cells: Less expensive.
Efficiency is usually less than 15%.
 Amorphous thin film Si Cell: thin non-
crystalline Si layers are printed on a
substrate. Lightweight and less expensive.
Efficiency around 10%. 7

8.  Cadmium Telluride Thin Film Cells
 Inexpensive to produce;. Best efficiency
reported is 25%. Popular for solar panel
arrays.
 Copper Indium Gallium Selenide Thin
Film Cell:
 Efficiency around 20%. Manufacturing
costs are higher that amorphous Si thin
film cells, but dropping fast.
 Gallium Arsenide Multi junction Cells:
 Maximum reported efficiency of 42.4%.
Much more expensive to produce.
Limited to scientific and high cost
commercial usage.
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9. PROPERTIES OF SILICON AS A SOLAR CELL MATERIAL
 Advantages
– Unlimited supply of raw material.
– Well developed materials and device technology.
– Well developed understanding of physics.
– High solar cell efficiency.
– Well established long term solar cell stability.
 Disadvantages
– Low light absorption coefficient.
– Large thickness of material required.
– High cost of silicon wafers 9

10. Solar Panels
 A single solar cell has very limited output capacity, e.g. a single
crystal Si cell output is about 0.5V.
 Cells are joined in series and parallel to increase their output capacity,
e.g. 36 solar cell-Si cells are connected to produce a ~24v module.
 Further increase in output capacity, require joining panels into solar
arrays.
10
+
Cells
Panel
Array

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12. Solar cell module
 In actual usage, the solar cells are interconnected in certain
series/parallel combination to forms modules. These modules are
hermetically sealed for protection against corrosion, moisture,
pollution and weathering.
 A combination of suitable modules constitutes an array.
 Solar PV system can produce an output only if sunlight is present.
If it is required to be used during non sunshine hours, a suitable
system of storage batteries will be required.
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13. Types of Arrays:
1. Tracking arrays or modules
2. Fixed arrays
Flat-plate arrays
Concentrating arrays
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Solar cell concentrating arrengements:
• Cells may be connected in parallel
to achieve the desired current and
then stacked in series to achieve the
desired voltage.
• The optimum operating voltage of a
PV cell is about 0.45 V at normal
temp. & the current full sunlight
may be taken to be 270 A/sq. m.
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14. pv controller
 The PV controller works as a voltage regulator. The
primary function of a controller is to prevent the battery
from being overcharged by the array.
 PV charge controller constantly monitors the battery
voltage.
 Size- from a few amp to 80 amps.
Types of controllers
1. Shunt controllers
2. Single stage series controllers
3. Diversion controllers
4. Pulse width modulation(PWM) controllers
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15. batteries
-Main component of SPV system.
-Solely generated electrical energy stored.
Types of batteries:
 Lead acid battery
-Liquid vented
- Sealed (VRLA-valve Regulated Lead Acid )
 Alkaline batteries
- Nickel-cadmium
-Nickel- Iron
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16. Batteries specifications
 Days of autonomy
 Battery capacity
 Rate and depth of discharge
 Life expectancy
 Environmental conditions
 Price and warranty
 Maintenance schedule
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17. Inverters/converters
Device usually solid state, which
change the array DC to AC of suitable
voltage, frequency & phase to feed PV
generated power into the power grid or
local load.
 Inverter Types:
1. Square Wave Inverters
2. Modified Square Wave Inverters
3. Sine Wave Inverters
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Standard Inverter Features:
oHigh efficiency
oLow standby losses
oFrequency Regulation
oHarmonic Distortion
oReliability
oPower connection factors
oLight weight

18. Application of SPV System
 The terrestrial application of these systems include provision of power supply to:
1.Water pumping sets for micro irrigation and drinking water supply
2.Radio beacons (signal fire) for ship navigations at ports
3.Community radio and television sets
4.Cathodic protection of oil pipe lines
5.Weather monitoring
6.Railway signaling equipment
7.Battery charging
8.Street lighting
9.Remote home lighting
10.Farm Equipment's
11.Air-conditioning and remote vaccine storage
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19. Advantages & disadvantages of sPV energy conversion
ADVANTAGES:
• Direct room temp. conversion of light to
electricity through the simple solid state device.
• Absence of moving parts.
• Ability to function unattended for long periods
as evidence in space programme.
• Modular in nature.
• Maintenance cost is low.
• Easy to operate.
• Do not create pollution.
• Long effective life.
• Highly reliable.
• wide power handling capabilities from
microwatts to kilowatts.
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DISADVANTAGES:
• Higher cost.
• Energy storage is required because of no
insolation at night.
• Effort are being made world-wise to
reduce costs through various
technological innovations.

20. Design of Pv system
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 PV system are already economically
viable system in isolated location < 1 kW.
 In that cases system is generally low
voltage DC system used to charge storage
batteries.
 It consist of one/more arrays of solar cells,
storage battery, blocking diode & battery
charge limiter.
 Design involves:
• Calculation of array size
• Calculation of battery capacity

21. Depends on technical several factors: location, required
availability, duty cycle, energy demand.
1. Calculation of array size
 PV array kilowatts needed:
(including factors for battery losses, temp losses, and miscellaneous system losses ):
2. Calculation of battery capacity
 Battery capacity (AH)
B=
𝟕𝟑𝟏.𝟔
𝟎.𝟕𝟓
× Imean ×
𝑯𝒎 −𝑯𝒐
𝑯𝒎
Where
Imean =
𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 (𝒌𝑾)
𝑩𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒚 𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 (𝑽)
,
𝑯𝒎 −𝑯𝒐
𝑯𝒎
= daily avg. insolation Ho is < annual mean value
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