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Design Solution Analysis for
the Construction of
Situational Design Methods
Sit ti    l D i M th d

Prof. Dr. Robert Winter
Institute f I f
I tit t of Information Management
                   ti M         t
University of St. Gallen
robert.winter@unisg.ch
  b t i t @ i          h
www.iwi.unisg.ch
No Single (Design Solution) Size Fits All (Design Problems)!
      g

                       A set of reference solutions should each
                        address a class of design problems
                        (e.g. quadratic vs rectangual vs round roofs)
                       Reference solutions should be adaptable to
                        specific problems within that class
                        (e.g. building size, height)
                       Still all/many solutions might have certain
                        common elements/components
                       We designate
                         – such design solutions “situational”
                         – dimensions along which problem
                           classes are defined “design factors”
                            (roof shape. building height)
                                  shape
                         – resulting problem classes “situations”
                         – reusable solution components
                           “fragments”                    © Apr-11, IWI-HSG
                                                                        Slide 2
When Using Euclidian Metrics, Ultrametric Distances can be
  Calculated that Allow to Arrange Concrete & Generic
  Solutions in a Tree Diagram

 Design
 Solution
genericity




                     Selected range of design problems
                                                         © Apr-11, IWI-HSG
                                                                     Slide 3
Design Dimensions Better Help to Understand the
Mutability of (Concrete & Generic) Solutions
                                   Solutions…

   Design
Dimension 1:
Shape of roof



   two sided




   four sided



     round                             Design
                                    Dimension 2:
                                      Height of
                low
                l        high
                         hi h         building
                                                   © Apr-11, IWI-HSG
                                                               Slide 4
Using Design Theories (if Available), Solution
Fragments are Constructed Along Design Dimensions




                            DT1:
                       combination
                        if t wide
                           too id




                                      DT2:
                                     Double
                                      oub e
                                      roof




                                              © Apr-11, IWI-HSG
                                                          Slide 5
Proposed Situational Method Engineering Procedure
 Phase 1: Analysis of existing design solutions
   – Goal: Understand artefact mutability within design problem class
   – Input: Set of design solutions; Potential design factors
   – Output: Relevant design factors; Design situations (incl. context
     types, project types)
   – St
     Steps 1-7
             17

 Phase 2: Derivation of situational design method
                                         g
   – Goal: Provide situated method support for relevant design situations
   – Input: Relevant design factors; Design situations (
       p                 g         ;     g             (incl. context types,
                                                                       yp ,
     project types)
   – Output: Design method fragments; Configuration rules (fragment-
     situation assignment)
   – Steps 8-11

                                                                  © Apr-11, IWI-HSG
                                                                              Slide 6
Phase 1 (Analysis)
Steps 1-3
      13

1.
1 Delineate the design problem class (= EAM)
   Find appropriate definitions, envision the solution artifact and
   develop an idea about design goals.

2. Literature analysis: Identify potential contingency factors for
   EAM (= relevant stakeholders/concerns, scope, competences,
         (  l    t t k h ld /                         t
   etc.)

3. Conduct a field study in order to analyze design problems of
   that class in practice. As a result, the list of potential
   contingency factor candidates is reduced to a smaller set of
   relevant “design factors”. Design factors might be aggregates of
   several contingency factors that need to be semantically
   interpreted.

                                                              © Apr-11, IWI-HSG
                                                                          Slide 7
Potential EAM Contingency Factors

 Understanding of EAM
 Organisational embedding of EAM
   – Organisational units responsible / involved in EAM
   – Stakeholders and users of EAM
   – Continuous implementation of EAM
 EAM utilization and functionalities
   – EAM ser ices and their cons mption
         services           consumption
   – EAM functions
 EAM planning
       l   i


   54 Questions

                                                          © Apr-11, IWI-HSG
                                                                      Slide 8
Survey Sample
Data sources        4 EA conferences in Germany and Switzerland
Time frame          June through September 2009
Data sets           119 (minimum of 90% questions answered)
Participants        53.8% user companies, 36.2% vendors & consultants




  Number of employees                     Industry
                                                          Verarbeitendes Gewerbe

                                                          Handel
                        20-49
                                                          Telekommunikation
                        50-99
                        100-249                           Banken
                        250-499                           Versicherungen
                        500-1000
                        500 1000
                                                          Öffentliche Verwaltung
                                                          Ö
                        >1000
                                                          Softwareanbieter

                                                          Andere



                                                                    © Apr-11, IWI-HSG
                                                                                Slide 9
Explorative Factor Analysis
                                        Fragestellung                                              1           2           3           4           5           6           7           8
Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für IT‐Entwicklung                                             0.800476    0.141426    0.058388    0.148150    0.174145    0.000467    0.125034    0.162510
Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Koordination verschiedener IT‐Entwicklungsprojekte 
                                                                                                 0.734350    0.107586    0.096274    0.317765    0.201942    0.096149    0.109258    0.114084
untereinander
Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für IT‐Planung/Infrastrukturarchitekturgestaltung
  g                       g                    g/                        g        g              0.665297    0.013101    0.261714    0.395075    0.136232    0.163523    0.010733    0.114114
Die IT‐Bereiche nehmen UAM als ein nützliches Instrument wahr.                                   0.570033    0.322220    0.047324    -0.134532   0.049200    0.097636    0.447276    -0.124161
Ergebniss des UAM werden genutzt für Analysen auf Architekturmodelle (z. B. 
                                                                                                 0.510317    0.222308    0.314706    0.036033    0.022402    0.212943    0.129632    0.346665
Abhängigkeitsanalysen, Abdeckungsanalysen)
Die IT‐Bereiche nutzen Ergebnisse regelmässig für ihre täglichen Aufgaben.                       0.504131    0.404084    0.109916    -0.058693   0.394738    -0.032843   0.259232    -0.051119
Fachbereiche und IT suchen aktiv den Rat der Architekten.                                        0.154259    0.698418    0.071800    0.148902    0.157063    -0.009069   0.191750    -0.102167
Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Kommunikation mit Management                               0.166219    0.679039    0.211608    0.178273    0.137576    0.100136    -0.059417   0.095936
Die Stakeholder der Unternehmensarchitektur werden in das UAM eingebunden.                       0.219151    0.672739    0.257067    0.133971    -0.093445   0.185147    0.252024    0.101925
Geschäftsleitung nutzt die Ergebnisse für Managementaufgaben.                                    0.100490    0.617092    0.193176    0.089953    0.256505    0.030861    0.116287    0.411982
Geschäftsleitung nimmt UAM als ein nützliches Instrument wahr.                                   0.050413    0.590328    0.061192    -0.042414   0.052259    0.222092    0.136852    0.431051
UAM wird mit Geschäftszielen abgeglichen.                                                        0.147210    0.544520    0.086018    0.452659    -0.005170   0.036958    0.058382    0.252239
Architekten verfügen über ein umfangreiches Netzwerk im Unternehmen.                             -0.046960   0.542203    0.098489    0.252419    0.336306    0.260939    -0.115322   -0.025435
(Unternehmens‐)Architekturmodelle werden regelmässig gemessen und/oder bewertet.                 0.040821    0.040484    0.783751    0.004489    0.049957    0.041990    0.251924    0.224562
UAM‐Prozesse werden regelmässig gemessen und/oder bewertet.                                      -0.036934   0.039946    0.782813    0.023666    0.135823    0.041259    0.126394    0.378657

                                                                                                 0.215561
                                                                                                 0 215561    0.151211
                                                                                                             0 151211    0.750274
                                                                                                                         0 750274    0.045588
                                                                                                                                     0 045588    0.251292
                                                                                                                                                 0 251292    -0.006799
                                                                                                                                                              0 006799   -0.062555
                                                                                                                                                                          0 062555   0.128992
                                                                                                                                                                                     0 128992
Es existieren definierte Pflegeprozesse für (Unternehmens‐)Architekturmodelle und ‐daten.
Es existieren definierte UAM‐Prozesse.                                                           0.142311    0.192492    0.695351    0.172625    0.107889    0.131033    0.241531    -0.212421
Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Dokumentation/Nachführen der 
                                                                                                 0.283364    0.435609    0.538289    0.091555    0.087244    0.108379    -0.044629   0.074145
Unternehmensarchitektur(modelle)
Es existiert ein einheitliches, unternehmensweit gültiges Architekturmodell.                     0.359543    0.258189    0.522918    0.066051    -0.186065   0.279077    0.094033    0.250569
Architekturdaten liegen zentral beim Unternehmensarchitekturmanagement.                          0.132761    0.291882    0.521510    0.192821    0.149752    0.219872    -0.163923   -0.129651
UAM ist wesentlicher Teil der IT‐Strategieableitung.                                             0.042494    0.119321    -0.086886   0.715277    -0.001038   -0.044658   0.317121    0.111199
UAM ist wesentlicher Teil der IT‐Governance.                                                     0.138114    0.199293    0.246463    0.649011    0.100401    0.169442    0.210665    0.029940
Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Entwicklung von IT‐/Unternehmensstrategie                  0.315881    0.206874    0.067868    0.600566    0.012236    0.012150    -0.105159   0.385662
Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für IT‐Governance                                              0.413656    0.271562    0.263245    0.431554    0.254310    0.059682    0.004517    -0.161787
Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Informationsversorgung von Fachbereichen 
                                                                                                 0.322593    0.333750    0.240836    0.138419    0.609760    0.214063    0.037826    0.136209
(Dienstleistungsfunktion)
Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Informationsversorgung von IT‐Bereichen 
                                                                                                 0.514331    0.265781    0.364177    0.059373    0.514643    0.087056    0.052446    0.161004
(Dienstleistungsfunktion)
Die Fachbereiche nutzen Ergebnisse regelmässig für ihre täglichen Aufgaben.
Die Fachbereiche nutzen Ergebnisse regelmässig für ihre täglichen Aufgaben                       0.181034
                                                                                                 0 181034    0.438281
                                                                                                             0 438281    0.222279
                                                                                                                         0 222279    -0 042660
                                                                                                                                      0.042660   0.507995
                                                                                                                                                 0 507995    0.137776
                                                                                                                                                             0 137776    0.328672
                                                                                                                                                                         0 328672    0.153104
                                                                                                                                                                                     0 153104
Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Operations und Maintenance                                 0.409120    0.018416    0.295503    0.040941    0.483887    0.018000    0.167212    0.244452
Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Business/IT‐Alignment                                      0.238235    0.096592    0.107113    0.450093    0.463476    0.142554    0.257626    0.248158
Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Moderation zwischen Fachbereichen und IT‐Bereichen 
                                                                                                 0.408141    0.409507    0.089034    0.313720    0.442384    0.201688    0.011645    0.102206
(bzw. jeweils untereinander)
UAM findet mit einem interdisziplinären Team statt.                                              -0.050428   -0.033509   0.197490    0.004789    0.146615    0.826350    0.175494    0.130883
Es findet regelmässiger Austausch zwischen UAM‐Team und Fachbereichen statt (z. B. in Form 
                                                                                                 0.175375    0.323456    0.070511    0.061291    0.165969    0.759521    0.069835    0.097980
von Architekturboards o.ä.).
Es findet regelmässiger Austausch zwischen UAM‐Team und IT‐Bereichen statt (z. B. in Form von 
                                                                                                 0.410923    0.314195    0.049128    0.218196    -0.104324   0.657814    0.212544    0.036255
Architekturboards o.ä.).
UAM hat Einfluss auf die Gestaltung der IT‐Infrastrukturarchitekturen.
UAM hat Einfluss auf die Gestaltung der Anwendungsarchitekturen.
UAM hat Einfluss auf die Gestaltung der Geschäftsarchitektur.
                                                                                                 0.047357
                                                                                                 0.277847
                                                                                                             0.108147
                                                                                                             0.123176
                                                                                                                         0.086487
                                                                                                                         0.230733
                                                                                                                                     0.193450
                                                                                                                                     0.342529
                                                                                                                                                 0.089942
                                                                                                                                                 0.153073
                                                                                                                                                             0.207563
                                                                                                                                                             0.118149
                                                                                                                                                                         0.720609
                                                                                                                                                                         0.650584
                                                                                                                                                                                     0.250139
                                                                                                                                                                                     0.020106     8 Factors
                                                                                                 0.407154    0.086374    0.145291    0.397435    0.076207    0.157453    0.547972    0.070931

Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Unternehmensentwicklung                                    0.123951    0.158184    0.260378    0.193434    0.166341    0.095552    0.120478    0.720681    discovered
Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Strategische Planung (z. B. Produktplanung)
Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Strategische Planung (z B Produktplanung)                  0.257772
                                                                                                 0 257772    0.115211
                                                                                                             0 115211    0.158296
                                                                                                                         0 158296    0.339130
                                                                                                                                     0 339130    0.161227
                                                                                                                                                 0 161227    0.170475
                                                                                                                                                             0 170475    0.120380
                                                                                                                                                                         0 120380    0.571930
                                                                                                                                                                                     0 571930




                                                                                                                                                                                                      © Apr-11, IWI-HSG
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 Slide 10
Phase 1 (Analysis)
Steps 4-7
      47
4. The design problem class is redefined by specifying value ranges
   for the design factors. This means that “outliers” are ignored from
                  factors                     outliers
   further analysis in order to create homogeneous problem sets and
   subsets.
5. Those field study data of observations which still belong to the
   redefined design problem class, are used to calculate ultrametric
   distances between specific design solutions. Th calculation i
   di          b               ifi d i         l i       The l l i is
   based on certain ‘similarity’ metrics– usually the Euclidian distance
   with regard to the observed values of design factors
                                                    factors.
6. A useful level of solution generality is determined. Usually
   clustering errors related to the number of clusters are used for this
   analysis.
7. Using the desired solution g
         g                      generality, the resulting design
                                         y,             g       g
   situations are specified. The situations should not only be
   specified formally (by value ranges of the design factors), but also
   should b i t
    h ld be interpreted semantically (“design problem t
                       t d        ti ll (“d i         bl     types”).
                                                                  ”)
                                                                © Apr-11, IWI-HSG
                                                                           Slide 11
Extended Meta Model for Fragment-based Situational
Method Engineering




                      [Bucher et al., 2007]   © Apr-11, IWI-HSG
                                                         Slide 12
Cluster Analysis




                   3 Clusters
                   discovered




                                © Apr-11, IWI-HSG
                                           Slide 13
As-is EAM Approach “blue”:
Active Business to IT EAM
       Business-to-IT
                          Extensive IT operations
                             support, management support,
                             IT strategy support
                            Integrative role and d i
                             I t     ti    l    d design
                             impact is high
                          High maturity suspected
                          53 out of 94 EAM cases




                                                  © Apr-11, IWI-HSG
                                                             Slide 14
As-is EAM Approach “red”:
“Lightweight” EAM
 Lightweight
                             Very limited realization wrt
                              every design f
                                           factor!
                             Low maturity suspected
                             22 out of 94 EAM cases




                                                      © Apr-11, IWI-HSG
                                                                 Slide 15
As-is EAM Approach “green”:
Passive, IT biased
Passive IT-biased EAM
                          Focus on IT operations and on
                           IT alignment
                          Low values for design impact,
                           integrative role and business
                           support
                          Passive role!
                          Focus on documentation not
                                     documentation,
                           on innovation support
                          19 out of 94 EAM cases
                                t f




                                                   © Apr-11, IWI-HSG
                                                              Slide 16
Problem Situation = Context Type X Project Type

                   Project type A    Project type B       Project type C   Project type …


  Context type A                                  Situation 2               Situation …


  Context type B                        Situation 3                         Situation …
                     Situation 1
  Context type C                                            Situation 4


  Context type …                        Situation …                         Situation …



 Context type examples:                       Project type examples:
  Multinational company                       Company-wide introduction of SOA
  T l
   Telecommunications company
                i ti                           MMerger of units A and B
                                                          f it       d
  Financial service company                   Introduction of standard software C
                                               Process reengineering in unit D
                             Adapted from [Bucher et al. 2007]                            © Apr-11, IWI-HSG
                                                                                                     Slide 17
EAM Design Situations
(Based on EAM Maturity Model)

                  To-be Approach   To-be Approach   To-be Approach
                      “green”           “red”           “blue”

 As-is Approach
                     Situation 1      Situation 2     Too difficult
   “No
   “N EAM”

 As-is Approach                                         Situation 3
                                     No progress
     “green”
      g

 As-is Approach                                        Situation 4
      “red”          No progress

 As-is Approach     Already most    Already most
     “blue”          advanced        advanced




                                                                      © Apr-11, IWI-HSG
                                                                                 Slide 18
Phase 2 (Method Derivation)
Steps 8-10
      8 10
8. By linking back analysis results to the characteristics of the
   underlying design problem descriptions, design f   factors ( result
                                                              (=
   of principal component analysis) and design situations (= result
   of agglomerative cluster analysis) of the design problem class
   are interpreted semantically.
9.
9 Those combinations of design (problem) situations and 1 or 2
   design factors are identified where the selected design factors
   represent best an elementary problem solution fragment.
10.By linking desired properties to design factors, ideal problem
   solutions are related to the n-dimensional system. If many
                                                    y             y
   observations in the data set have already reached such desired
   state(s), there might be even one (rarely more) “design
   situation(s)” where the problem has already been solved – i.e.
   there might have been cluster(s) identified that represent(s) ideal
   problem solutions.
       bl      l ti
                                                              © Apr-11, IWI-HSG
                                                                         Slide 19
ME2011 presentation by Winter
ME2011 presentation by Winter
ME2011 presentation by Winter
ME2011 presentation by Winter
ME2011 presentation by Winter
ME2011 presentation by Winter
ME2011 presentation by Winter
ME2011 presentation by Winter

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ME2011 presentation by Winter

  • 1. Design Solution Analysis for the Construction of Situational Design Methods Sit ti l D i M th d Prof. Dr. Robert Winter Institute f I f I tit t of Information Management ti M t University of St. Gallen robert.winter@unisg.ch b t i t @ i h www.iwi.unisg.ch
  • 2. No Single (Design Solution) Size Fits All (Design Problems)! g  A set of reference solutions should each address a class of design problems (e.g. quadratic vs rectangual vs round roofs)  Reference solutions should be adaptable to specific problems within that class (e.g. building size, height)  Still all/many solutions might have certain common elements/components  We designate – such design solutions “situational” – dimensions along which problem classes are defined “design factors” (roof shape. building height) shape – resulting problem classes “situations” – reusable solution components “fragments” © Apr-11, IWI-HSG Slide 2
  • 3. When Using Euclidian Metrics, Ultrametric Distances can be Calculated that Allow to Arrange Concrete & Generic Solutions in a Tree Diagram Design Solution genericity Selected range of design problems © Apr-11, IWI-HSG Slide 3
  • 4. Design Dimensions Better Help to Understand the Mutability of (Concrete & Generic) Solutions Solutions… Design Dimension 1: Shape of roof two sided four sided round Design Dimension 2: Height of low l high hi h building © Apr-11, IWI-HSG Slide 4
  • 5. Using Design Theories (if Available), Solution Fragments are Constructed Along Design Dimensions DT1: combination if t wide too id DT2: Double oub e roof © Apr-11, IWI-HSG Slide 5
  • 6. Proposed Situational Method Engineering Procedure  Phase 1: Analysis of existing design solutions – Goal: Understand artefact mutability within design problem class – Input: Set of design solutions; Potential design factors – Output: Relevant design factors; Design situations (incl. context types, project types) – St Steps 1-7 17  Phase 2: Derivation of situational design method g – Goal: Provide situated method support for relevant design situations – Input: Relevant design factors; Design situations ( p g ; g (incl. context types, yp , project types) – Output: Design method fragments; Configuration rules (fragment- situation assignment) – Steps 8-11 © Apr-11, IWI-HSG Slide 6
  • 7. Phase 1 (Analysis) Steps 1-3 13 1. 1 Delineate the design problem class (= EAM) Find appropriate definitions, envision the solution artifact and develop an idea about design goals. 2. Literature analysis: Identify potential contingency factors for EAM (= relevant stakeholders/concerns, scope, competences, ( l t t k h ld / t etc.) 3. Conduct a field study in order to analyze design problems of that class in practice. As a result, the list of potential contingency factor candidates is reduced to a smaller set of relevant “design factors”. Design factors might be aggregates of several contingency factors that need to be semantically interpreted. © Apr-11, IWI-HSG Slide 7
  • 8. Potential EAM Contingency Factors  Understanding of EAM  Organisational embedding of EAM – Organisational units responsible / involved in EAM – Stakeholders and users of EAM – Continuous implementation of EAM  EAM utilization and functionalities – EAM ser ices and their cons mption services consumption – EAM functions  EAM planning l i 54 Questions © Apr-11, IWI-HSG Slide 8
  • 9. Survey Sample Data sources 4 EA conferences in Germany and Switzerland Time frame June through September 2009 Data sets 119 (minimum of 90% questions answered) Participants 53.8% user companies, 36.2% vendors & consultants Number of employees Industry Verarbeitendes Gewerbe Handel 20-49 Telekommunikation 50-99 100-249 Banken 250-499 Versicherungen 500-1000 500 1000 Öffentliche Verwaltung Ö >1000 Softwareanbieter Andere © Apr-11, IWI-HSG Slide 9
  • 10. Explorative Factor Analysis Fragestellung 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für IT‐Entwicklung 0.800476 0.141426 0.058388 0.148150 0.174145 0.000467 0.125034 0.162510 Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Koordination verschiedener IT‐Entwicklungsprojekte  0.734350 0.107586 0.096274 0.317765 0.201942 0.096149 0.109258 0.114084 untereinander Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für IT‐Planung/Infrastrukturarchitekturgestaltung g g g/ g g 0.665297 0.013101 0.261714 0.395075 0.136232 0.163523 0.010733 0.114114 Die IT‐Bereiche nehmen UAM als ein nützliches Instrument wahr. 0.570033 0.322220 0.047324 -0.134532 0.049200 0.097636 0.447276 -0.124161 Ergebniss des UAM werden genutzt für Analysen auf Architekturmodelle (z. B.  0.510317 0.222308 0.314706 0.036033 0.022402 0.212943 0.129632 0.346665 Abhängigkeitsanalysen, Abdeckungsanalysen) Die IT‐Bereiche nutzen Ergebnisse regelmässig für ihre täglichen Aufgaben. 0.504131 0.404084 0.109916 -0.058693 0.394738 -0.032843 0.259232 -0.051119 Fachbereiche und IT suchen aktiv den Rat der Architekten. 0.154259 0.698418 0.071800 0.148902 0.157063 -0.009069 0.191750 -0.102167 Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Kommunikation mit Management 0.166219 0.679039 0.211608 0.178273 0.137576 0.100136 -0.059417 0.095936 Die Stakeholder der Unternehmensarchitektur werden in das UAM eingebunden. 0.219151 0.672739 0.257067 0.133971 -0.093445 0.185147 0.252024 0.101925 Geschäftsleitung nutzt die Ergebnisse für Managementaufgaben. 0.100490 0.617092 0.193176 0.089953 0.256505 0.030861 0.116287 0.411982 Geschäftsleitung nimmt UAM als ein nützliches Instrument wahr. 0.050413 0.590328 0.061192 -0.042414 0.052259 0.222092 0.136852 0.431051 UAM wird mit Geschäftszielen abgeglichen. 0.147210 0.544520 0.086018 0.452659 -0.005170 0.036958 0.058382 0.252239 Architekten verfügen über ein umfangreiches Netzwerk im Unternehmen. -0.046960 0.542203 0.098489 0.252419 0.336306 0.260939 -0.115322 -0.025435 (Unternehmens‐)Architekturmodelle werden regelmässig gemessen und/oder bewertet. 0.040821 0.040484 0.783751 0.004489 0.049957 0.041990 0.251924 0.224562 UAM‐Prozesse werden regelmässig gemessen und/oder bewertet. -0.036934 0.039946 0.782813 0.023666 0.135823 0.041259 0.126394 0.378657 0.215561 0 215561 0.151211 0 151211 0.750274 0 750274 0.045588 0 045588 0.251292 0 251292 -0.006799 0 006799 -0.062555 0 062555 0.128992 0 128992 Es existieren definierte Pflegeprozesse für (Unternehmens‐)Architekturmodelle und ‐daten. Es existieren definierte UAM‐Prozesse. 0.142311 0.192492 0.695351 0.172625 0.107889 0.131033 0.241531 -0.212421 Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Dokumentation/Nachführen der  0.283364 0.435609 0.538289 0.091555 0.087244 0.108379 -0.044629 0.074145 Unternehmensarchitektur(modelle) Es existiert ein einheitliches, unternehmensweit gültiges Architekturmodell. 0.359543 0.258189 0.522918 0.066051 -0.186065 0.279077 0.094033 0.250569 Architekturdaten liegen zentral beim Unternehmensarchitekturmanagement. 0.132761 0.291882 0.521510 0.192821 0.149752 0.219872 -0.163923 -0.129651 UAM ist wesentlicher Teil der IT‐Strategieableitung. 0.042494 0.119321 -0.086886 0.715277 -0.001038 -0.044658 0.317121 0.111199 UAM ist wesentlicher Teil der IT‐Governance. 0.138114 0.199293 0.246463 0.649011 0.100401 0.169442 0.210665 0.029940 Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Entwicklung von IT‐/Unternehmensstrategie 0.315881 0.206874 0.067868 0.600566 0.012236 0.012150 -0.105159 0.385662 Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für IT‐Governance 0.413656 0.271562 0.263245 0.431554 0.254310 0.059682 0.004517 -0.161787 Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Informationsversorgung von Fachbereichen  0.322593 0.333750 0.240836 0.138419 0.609760 0.214063 0.037826 0.136209 (Dienstleistungsfunktion) Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Informationsversorgung von IT‐Bereichen  0.514331 0.265781 0.364177 0.059373 0.514643 0.087056 0.052446 0.161004 (Dienstleistungsfunktion) Die Fachbereiche nutzen Ergebnisse regelmässig für ihre täglichen Aufgaben. Die Fachbereiche nutzen Ergebnisse regelmässig für ihre täglichen Aufgaben 0.181034 0 181034 0.438281 0 438281 0.222279 0 222279 -0 042660 0.042660 0.507995 0 507995 0.137776 0 137776 0.328672 0 328672 0.153104 0 153104 Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Operations und Maintenance 0.409120 0.018416 0.295503 0.040941 0.483887 0.018000 0.167212 0.244452 Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Business/IT‐Alignment  0.238235 0.096592 0.107113 0.450093 0.463476 0.142554 0.257626 0.248158 Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Moderation zwischen Fachbereichen und IT‐Bereichen  0.408141 0.409507 0.089034 0.313720 0.442384 0.201688 0.011645 0.102206 (bzw. jeweils untereinander) UAM findet mit einem interdisziplinären Team statt. -0.050428 -0.033509 0.197490 0.004789 0.146615 0.826350 0.175494 0.130883 Es findet regelmässiger Austausch zwischen UAM‐Team und Fachbereichen statt (z. B. in Form  0.175375 0.323456 0.070511 0.061291 0.165969 0.759521 0.069835 0.097980 von Architekturboards o.ä.). Es findet regelmässiger Austausch zwischen UAM‐Team und IT‐Bereichen statt (z. B. in Form von  0.410923 0.314195 0.049128 0.218196 -0.104324 0.657814 0.212544 0.036255 Architekturboards o.ä.). UAM hat Einfluss auf die Gestaltung der IT‐Infrastrukturarchitekturen. UAM hat Einfluss auf die Gestaltung der Anwendungsarchitekturen. UAM hat Einfluss auf die Gestaltung der Geschäftsarchitektur. 0.047357 0.277847 0.108147 0.123176 0.086487 0.230733 0.193450 0.342529 0.089942 0.153073 0.207563 0.118149 0.720609 0.650584 0.250139 0.020106 8 Factors 0.407154 0.086374 0.145291 0.397435 0.076207 0.157453 0.547972 0.070931 Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Unternehmensentwicklung 0.123951 0.158184 0.260378 0.193434 0.166341 0.095552 0.120478 0.720681 discovered Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Strategische Planung (z. B. Produktplanung) Ergebnisse des UAM werden genutzt für Strategische Planung (z B Produktplanung) 0.257772 0 257772 0.115211 0 115211 0.158296 0 158296 0.339130 0 339130 0.161227 0 161227 0.170475 0 170475 0.120380 0 120380 0.571930 0 571930 © Apr-11, IWI-HSG Slide 10
  • 11. Phase 1 (Analysis) Steps 4-7 47 4. The design problem class is redefined by specifying value ranges for the design factors. This means that “outliers” are ignored from factors outliers further analysis in order to create homogeneous problem sets and subsets. 5. Those field study data of observations which still belong to the redefined design problem class, are used to calculate ultrametric distances between specific design solutions. Th calculation i di b ifi d i l i The l l i is based on certain ‘similarity’ metrics– usually the Euclidian distance with regard to the observed values of design factors factors. 6. A useful level of solution generality is determined. Usually clustering errors related to the number of clusters are used for this analysis. 7. Using the desired solution g g generality, the resulting design y, g g situations are specified. The situations should not only be specified formally (by value ranges of the design factors), but also should b i t h ld be interpreted semantically (“design problem t t d ti ll (“d i bl types”). ”) © Apr-11, IWI-HSG Slide 11
  • 12. Extended Meta Model for Fragment-based Situational Method Engineering [Bucher et al., 2007] © Apr-11, IWI-HSG Slide 12
  • 13. Cluster Analysis 3 Clusters discovered © Apr-11, IWI-HSG Slide 13
  • 14. As-is EAM Approach “blue”: Active Business to IT EAM Business-to-IT  Extensive IT operations support, management support, IT strategy support  Integrative role and d i I t ti l d design impact is high  High maturity suspected  53 out of 94 EAM cases © Apr-11, IWI-HSG Slide 14
  • 15. As-is EAM Approach “red”: “Lightweight” EAM Lightweight  Very limited realization wrt every design f factor!  Low maturity suspected  22 out of 94 EAM cases © Apr-11, IWI-HSG Slide 15
  • 16. As-is EAM Approach “green”: Passive, IT biased Passive IT-biased EAM  Focus on IT operations and on IT alignment  Low values for design impact, integrative role and business support  Passive role!  Focus on documentation not documentation, on innovation support  19 out of 94 EAM cases t f © Apr-11, IWI-HSG Slide 16
  • 17. Problem Situation = Context Type X Project Type Project type A Project type B Project type C Project type … Context type A Situation 2 Situation … Context type B Situation 3 Situation … Situation 1 Context type C Situation 4 Context type … Situation … Situation … Context type examples: Project type examples:  Multinational company  Company-wide introduction of SOA  T l Telecommunications company i ti  MMerger of units A and B f it d  Financial service company  Introduction of standard software C  Process reengineering in unit D Adapted from [Bucher et al. 2007] © Apr-11, IWI-HSG Slide 17
  • 18. EAM Design Situations (Based on EAM Maturity Model) To-be Approach To-be Approach To-be Approach “green” “red” “blue” As-is Approach Situation 1 Situation 2 Too difficult “No “N EAM” As-is Approach Situation 3 No progress “green” g As-is Approach Situation 4 “red” No progress As-is Approach Already most Already most “blue” advanced advanced © Apr-11, IWI-HSG Slide 18
  • 19. Phase 2 (Method Derivation) Steps 8-10 8 10 8. By linking back analysis results to the characteristics of the underlying design problem descriptions, design f factors ( result (= of principal component analysis) and design situations (= result of agglomerative cluster analysis) of the design problem class are interpreted semantically. 9. 9 Those combinations of design (problem) situations and 1 or 2 design factors are identified where the selected design factors represent best an elementary problem solution fragment. 10.By linking desired properties to design factors, ideal problem solutions are related to the n-dimensional system. If many y y observations in the data set have already reached such desired state(s), there might be even one (rarely more) “design situation(s)” where the problem has already been solved – i.e. there might have been cluster(s) identified that represent(s) ideal problem solutions. bl l ti © Apr-11, IWI-HSG Slide 19