1. UNIT -2
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE
BY: RITIMA MANHAS
APS RAKHMUTHI

2. PURE SUBSTANCES
A PURE SUBSTANCE MEANS A SINGLE
SUBSTANCE WHICH CANNOT BE SEPARATED
INTO OTHER KINDS OF MATTER BY ANY
PHYSICAL PROCESS.
THE PURE SUBSTANCES ARE CLASSIFIED INTO
TWO TYPES:
a. ELEMENTS
b. COMPOUNDS

3. ELEMENTS
 AN ELEMENT IS THE SIMPLEST OR BASIC
FORM OF PURE SUBSTANCE WHICH CAN NOT BE
BROKEN INTO ANYTHING SIMPLER THAN IT BY
PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL METHOD.
 WE MY SAY THAT , ELEMENT IS THE PURE
SUBSTANCEWHICH IS MADE UP OF ONE KIND
OF ATOM ONLY.
THE COMMON EXAMPLES OF ELEMENTS ARE
HYDROGEN, CARBON , OXYGEN , NITROGEN ,
SULPHUR , COPPER, SILVER , GOLD etc.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS
• SOLID ELEMENTS
• LIQUID ELEMENTS
• GASEOUS
ELEMENTS
ON THE
BASES OF
PHYSICAL
STATE
•METALS
•NON METALS
•SEMI- METALS
ON THE
BASIS OF
CHRACTERIS-
TICS

5. COMPOUNDS
COMPOUND IS A PURE SUBSTANCE CONTAINING
TWO OR MORE ELEMENTS WHICH ARE COMBINED
TOGETHER IN FIXED PROPORTION BY MASS.
TYPES OF COMPOUNDS
a. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
b. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

6. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOUNDS
 A PURE COMPOUND IS COMPOSED OF SAME ELEMENTS
COMBINED IN A FIXED RATIO BY MASS.
 A PURE COMPOUND IS HOMOGENEOUS IN NATURE.
 A CHEMICAL COMPOUND IS FORMED AS A RESULT OF
CHEMICAL REACTION BETWEEN THE CONSTITUENT
ELEMENTS.
PROPERTIES OF A COMPOUND ARE ALTOGETHER
DIFFERENT FROM ELEMENTS FROM WHICH THEY ARE
FORMED.
CONSTITUENTS OF CHEMICAL COMPOUND CAN NOT BE
SEPARATED MECHANICALLY.

7. MIXTURES
 A COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE
SUBSTANCES WHICH ARE PHYSICALLY MIXED
AND ARE NOT CHEMICALLY COMBINED WITH
EACH OTHER AND MAY ALSO BE PRESENT IN ANY
PROPORTION.
TYPES OF MIXTURES
a. HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES
b. HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES

8. HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES:
A MIXTURE IS SAID TO BE A HOMOGENEOUS
MIXTURE IF THE DIFFERENT CONSTITUENTS
PRESENT IN IT ARE UNIFORMLY MIXED WITHOUT
ANY CLEAR BOUNDARY OF SEPARATION.
A HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE CONSIST OF ONLY
ONE PHAE, THAT MAY BE LIQUID , GAS OR SOLID.
HETROGENEOUS MIXTURES:
MIXTURE IS SAID TO BE HETROGENEOUS IF IT DOES
NOT HAVE A UNIFORM COMPOSITION AND ALSO HAS
A VISSIBLE BOUNDRIES OF SEPRATION BETWEEN THE
CONSTITUENTS.

9. PROPERTIES OF MIXTURES
 A MIXTURE MAY BE HOMOGENEOUS OR
HETEROGENEOUS.
THE COMPOSITION OF A MIXTUE IS VARIABLE.
A MIXTURE DOES NOT HAVE DEFINITE MELTING OR
BOILING POINT.
ENERGY IS NEITHER ABSORBED NOR EVOLVED
DURING THE FORMATION OF A MIXTURE.
PROPERTIES OF A MIXTURE ARE THE PROPERTIES OF
ITS CONSTITUENTS.
THE COMPONENTS OF A MIXTURE CAN BE SEPRATED
BY SIMPLE PHYSICAL METHODS LIKE EVAPORATION,
USING SEPRATING FUNNEL , SUBLIMATION ,
DISTILLATION , FILTRATION etc.

10. SOLUTIONS
 A SOLUTION IS DEFINED AS THE
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTUR OF TWO OR MORE
CHEMICALLY NON REACTING SUBSTANCES
WHOSE COMPOSITION CAN BE VARIED WITHIN
LIMITS.
THE MIXTURES ARE NOT SOLUTIONS . IF THE
MIXTURE IS TO BE CALLED AS SOLUTION IT MUST
SATISFY THE FOLLOWING TWO CONDITIONS.
a. COMPONENTS OF MITURE SHOULD BE NON
REACTING.
b. MIXTURE SHOULD BE HOMOGENEOUS.

11. COMPONENTS OF A SOLUTION
a. SOLUTE
b. SOLVENT
 THE COMPONENT DISSOLVED IS CALLED AS
SOLUTE AND THE MEDIUM IN WHICH IT IS
DISSOLVED IS CALLED SOLVENT.
 THE SOLUTE IS PRESENT IN SMALL AMOUNT
BUT THE SOLVENT IS PRESENT IN LARGE
AMOUNT.
 WHEN THE SUGAR IS DISSOLVED IN WATER TO
PRODUCE SUGAR SOLUTION . HERE SUGAR IS
SOLUTE AND WATER IS SOLVENT.

12. TYPES OF SOLUTION
SOLID SOLUTION
LIQUID SOLUTION
GASEOUS SOLUTION
SOLID SOLUTION: IN SOLID SOLUTION, SOLID ACT
AS A SOLVENT WHILE THE SOLUTE IS EITHER
SOLID , LIQUID OR GAS.
EXAMPLE: ALLOYS , HYDRATED SALTS

13. .
LIQUID SOLUTION: IN LIQUID SOLUTION , LIQUID
IS SOLVENT WHILE SOLUTE CAN EITHER BE SOLID ,
LIQUID OR GAS.
EXAMPLES: SUGAR IN WATER , SOLUTION OF
ALCOHOL IN WATER , AERATED DRINKS.
GAS SOLUTION: IN GAS SOLUTION , GAS IS
SOLVENT WHILE THE SOLUTE CAN EITHER SOLID
OR LIQUID.
EXAMPLE: CAMPHOR IN AIR,FOG , MIST .

14. PROPERTIES OF SOLUTIONS
 A SOLUTION IS A HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE.
THE COMPONENTS OF A SOLUTION DONOT CHEMICALLY
REACT TOGETHER.
THE PARTICLES OF A SOLUTION ARE SMALLER THAN 1nm.
BECAUSE OF SMALL SIZE THE SOLUTE PARTICLES DONOT
SCATTER THE BEAM OF LIGHT PASSING THROUGH THE
SOLUTION. THEREFORE, THE PATH OF LIGHT IS NOT VISSIBLE
IN A SOLUTION.
THE SOLUTIONS ARE STABLE AS PARTICLES OF SOLUTION
DONOT SETTLE DOWN WHEN ALLOWED TO STAND
UNDISTURBED.
A SOLUTION MAY BE TRANSPARENT IN NATURE IT MAY BE
COLOURED OR COLOURLESS.

15. CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION
THE CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION IS DEFINED
AS AMOUNT OF SOLUTE PRESENT IN GIVEN
AMOUNT OF THE SOLUTION.
METHODS OF EXPRESSING THE
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION:
MASS BY MASS PERCENTAGE OF SOLUTION
MASS BY VOLUME PERCENTAGE OF SOLUTION
VOLUME PERCENTAGE OF SOLUTION

16. .
SATURATED SOLUTION: A SOLUTION WHICH HAS THE
MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF SOLUTE DISSOLVED IN GIVEN
QUANTITY OF SOLVENT AT GIVEN TEMPERATURE
AND CAN NOT DISSOLVE ANY MORE SOLUTE AT THAT
TEMPERATURE.
UNSATURATED SOLUTION: A SOLUTION WHICH CAN
DISSOLVE MORE SOLUTE IN IT AT GIVEN
TEMPERATURE IS CALLED UNSATURATED SOLUTION.
SUPER SATURATED SOUTION: A SOLUTION WHICH
TEMPORARILY CONTAINS MORE SOLUTE THAN THE
SATURATION AT A PARTICULAR TEMPERATURE IS
CALLED SUPER SATURATED SOLUTION.

17. SUSPENSION
A SUSPENSION IS THE HETROGENEOUS MIXTURE
IN WHICH SOLUTE PARTICLES DO NOT DISSOLVE
BUT REMAIN SUSPENDED THROUGHOUT THE
BULK OF THE MEDIUM.
WHEN A CHALK POWDER , WHEAT FLOUR OF
MUD IS ADDED TO WATER AND MIXTURE IS
STIRRED WE GET THE SUSPENSION IN WHICH THE
SOLIDS ARE DISPERSED IN LIQUID.

18. PROPERTIES OF SUSPENSION
 A SUSPENSION IS A HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE.
THE SOLID PARTICLES OF SUSPENSION ARE LARGE
IN SIZE THAT IS THEY ARE VISSIBLE TO NAKED EYES.
THE SOLID PARTICLES OF SUSPENSION SETTLE
DOWN WHEN KEPT UNDITURBED FOR SOME TIME.
THUS THE SUSPENSION IS UNSTABLE.
THE PARTICLES OF SUSPENSION SCATTER THE
BEAM OF LIGHT WHEN IT IS ALLOWED TO STAND
UNDISTURBED FOR SOME TIME.
THE PARTICLES OF SUSPENSION CAN NOT PASS
THROUGH FILTER PAPER.
SUSPENSION IS EITHER OPAQUE OR TRANSLUCENT.

19. COLLOIDAL SOLUTION
 SOLUTION IN WHICH THE SIZE OF PARTICLES
LIES BETWEEN THOSE OF TRUE SOLUTIONS AND
SUSPENSION ARE CALLED COLLOIDAL SOLUTION.
DUE TO RELATIVELY SMALLER SIZE OF THE
PARTICLES THE MIXTURE APPEAR HOMOGENEOUS
BUT ACTULLY THEY ARE HETROGENEOUS.
FOR COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS WE USE TERM SOL .
THE COLLOIDAL SOLUTION HAS TWO PHASES:
a. DISPERSED PHASE
b. DISPERSION PHASE

20. PROPERTIES OF COLLOIDS
 COLLOIDAL SOLUTION APPEAR HOMOGENEOUS BUT
ACTUALLY HETEROGENEOUS.
COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS ARE TWO PHASE SYSTEM.
COLLOIDAL PARTICLES PASS THROUGH THE ODINARY
FILTER PAPER.
COLLOIDAL PARTICLES CARRY CHARGE.
PARTICLES OF COLLOIDAL SOLUTION FOLLOW ZIG ZAG
PATH.
COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS SCATTER THE BEAM OF LIGHT
PASSING THROUGH IT. THUS THEY SHOW TYNDALL EFFECT.
COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS IN WHICH ONLY LIQUIDS
PARTICIPATE IS CALLED EMULSIONS.

21. TYPES OF COLLOIDS
DISPERSED PHASE DISPERSION PHASE TYPE
SOLID LIQUID SOLID SOL
SOLID LIQUID SOL
SOLID GAS SOLIDAEROSOL
LIQUID SOLID GEL
LIQUID LIQUID EMULSIONS
LIQUID GAS AEROSOL
GAS SOLID SOLID FOAM
GAS LIQUID FOAM

22. APPLICATIONS OF COLLOIDAL
SOLUTION
BLEEDING FROM A CUT CAN BE IMMEDIATELY
STOPPED BY APPLYING ALUM OR FERRIC
CHLORIDE.
MEDICINES IN COLLOIDAL FORM CAN BE EASILY
ABSORBED BY THE BODY.
SOAPS CLEAN THE DIRTY CLOTHES DUE TO THE
FORMATION OF COLLOIDAL SOLLUTION.
SKY APPEARS BLUE IN COLPUR.
USED IN PRODUCTION OF RUBBER.

23. SEPRATION OF COMPONENTS OF
MIXTURE.
 THE METHOD USED TO SEPARATE THE
COMPONENTS OF MIXTURE IS BASED ON THE
NATURE OF CONSTITUENTS.
THE VARIOUS PROCESSES USED TO SEPARATE
CONSTITUENTS OF MIXTURE ARE: DISTILATION ,
FILTRATION , EVAPORATION , SUBLIMTION,
CENTRIFUGATION CHROMTOGRAPHY ,
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION , CRYSTALLIZATION.

24. SEPARATION METHOD
SEPRATION METHOD WHAT IT SEPARATES
CHROMATOGRAPHY COMPOUNDS IN SOLUTION WITH SAME
PROPERTIES.
FILTRATION SOLIDS OR GROUP OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
IN A MIXTURE.
CRYSTALLIZATION DISSOLVED SOLIDS IN A SOLUTION
SIMPLE DISTILLATION LIQUIDS IN SOLUTION
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION MIXTURE OF MISCIBLE LIQUIDS
SEPARATING FUNNEL IMMISCIBLE LIQUID
SUBLIMATION SUBSTANCES THAT SUBLIMES FROM TWO
SUBSTANCES
EVAPORATION SOLIDS THAT CANNOT DECOMPOSE WHEN
HEATED IN SOLUTION

25. .
1. HOW WE CAN OBTAIN COLOURED
COMPONENT FROM BLUE/ BLACK INK?
ANS: EVAPORATION
2. HOW CAN WE SEPARATE CREAM FROM MILK?
ANS: CENTRIFUGATION
3. HOW CAN WE SEPARATE MIXTURE OF
IMMISCIBLE LIQUIDS?
ANS: SEPARATING FUNNEL
4.HOW WE CAN SEPARATE MITURE OF WATER
AND ALCOHOL?
ANS: FRACTIONAL DISTILATION

26. .
THANKS.
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