Nitric acid and hydrochloric acid are strong acids with various industrial uses. Nitric acid is produced via the Ostwald process involving ammonia oxidation. It is used to make fertilizers and explosives. Hydrochloric acid is a byproduct of chlorine production and is used in steel pickling and PVC production. Both acids are corrosive and their vapors can form toxic gases, so proper storage in acid-resistant containers is needed.

1. PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
1

2. NITRIC ACID AND
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
2

3. NITRICACID
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
3

4. INTRODUCTION
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
4
Nitric acid is a colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates
and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic
chemicals.
It is a strong oxidizing agent and can oxidize metals and nonmetals easily.
It is a strong, monoprotic acid and is almost completely ionized in aqueous solution. Nitric acid
is a resonance-stabilized acid allowing it to share its electrons among its own bonds.
Structure:

5. PROPERTIES
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
5
Molar mass: 63g/mol
Color: Pure nitric acid is a colorless liquid but commercial nitric acid may beyellowish brown
due to presence of dissolved nitrogen dioxide.
Odour: Nitric acid is a fuming & hygroscopicliquid.
Acidity: Nitric acid is a strong acid and dissociates very highly and is very corrosive.Ka value
is 28.
Taste: It is sour in taste due to acidic in nature.
Density:1.513gcm-3 at 20° C.

6. TYPES OF NITRICACID
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
6
Strong nitric acid:
Density; 1.4; Percentage Concentration; 65% HNO3.
Fuming nitric acid:
A red liquid made by passing NO2 gas through concentrated HNO3.
Concentrated nitric acid:
Density 1.5; Percentage Concentration; 98% HNO3.

7. PREPARATION METHODS
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
7
CHILE SALTPETRE METHOD BY NANO3
BRIKLAND EYDE’S METHOD BY USING AIR
OSTWALD’S METHOD BY USING AMMONIA

8. OSTWALD’S METHOD
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
8
Three steps method:
Oxidation of ammonia NH3
Oxidation of nitric oxide
Absorption of NO2
NH3 is oxidized into NO by air at 800 C in presence of Pt (Platinum) catalyst with 10%Rh
content.

9. RAW MATERIALS
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
9
Ammonia
Water
Air
Catalyst (platinum-rhodium gas)

10. FIRST STEP
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
10
Primary oxidation (formation of nitric acid):
Oxidation of nitric acid is carried out in catalyst chamber in which one part of ammonia
and eight parts of oxygen by volume are introduced. The temperature of chamber is
about 600°C. This chamber contains a platinum gauze which serves as a catalyst.
Chemistry of primary oxidation:
Oxidation of ammonia is reversible and exothermic process. Therefore according to Le-
Chatelier’s principle, decrease in temperature favors the reaction in forward direction. In
primary oxidation, 95% of ammonia is converted to nitric oxide(NO).
4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O

11. SECOND STEP
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
11
Secondary oxidation (formation of nitrogen dioxide):
Nitric oxide gas obtained by the oxidation of ammonia, is very hot. In order to reduce its
temperature, it is passed through aat exchanger where the temperature of nitric oxide is reduce
to 150°C. Nitric oxide after the cooling, is transferred to another oxidizing tower where at about
50°C, it is oxidizing to NO2
2NO + O2 2NO2

12. FINAL STEP
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
12
Absorption of NO2 ( formation of HNO3):
Nitrogen dioxide from secondary oxidation chamber is introduced into special absorption tower.
NO2 gas passed through the tower and water is showered over it. By the absorption, nitric acid is
obtained.
3NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO
Nitric acid obtained is very dilute. It is recycled in absorption tower so that more and more NO2 get
absorbed. HNO3 after recycle becomes about 68% concentrated.
In order to increase the concentration of HNO3, vapors of HNO3 are passed over concentrated
H2SO4. Being a dehydrating agent, H2SO4 absorbs water from the HNO3 and concentrated
HNO3 isobtained.

13. PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
13

14. FLOW SHEET
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
14

15. PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
15
BIRKLAND EYDE PROCESS
In this process the nitrogen and oxygen of the air combine to give
nitric oxide in an electric arc at temperature 3000
At 600 0C NO combine with O2 to give NO2
Nitrogen dioxide is absorbed in water to give dilute nitric acid
along with nitrous acid
Nitrous acid is oxidized to nitric acid and nitric oxide reoxidized to
NO2

16. PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
16

17. PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
17

18. PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
18
Chile Saltpetre method
Chile Saltpetre method is based on a laboratory scale reaction. It was once
popular in the 1920’s. Chile saltpeter, a material which contains sodium
nitrate NaNO3 with percentage around 35-60%, and remaining percentage
compounds with KNO3 and NaCl. Refined Chile Saltpetre and concentrated
sulfuric acid are mixed in the following chemical reaction to produce the
desired nitric acid in vapor form. The vapor is then condensed into liquid
nitric acid.
NaNO3 + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HNO3

19. PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
19

20. PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
20

21. PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
21

22. STORAGE AND PRESERVATION:-
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
22
Store nitric acid in the original container. Dilute solutions must be stored in
acid resistant bottles. Do not store nitric acid near materials with which it
might react.
HNO3 and others acid are store in Teflon coated plastic container.
It is stored in acid resistance bottles.
It is not store near the material which are most reactive.

23. HYDROCHLORIC ACID
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
23

24. INTRODUCTION
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
24
Hydrochloric acid is a clear, colorless, highly pungent solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in
water. It is a highly corrosive, strong mineral acid with many industrial uses. Hydrochloric acid
is found naturally in gastric acid.
About 20 million tons of hydrochloric acid are produced worldwide annually.
Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is listed as a Title III Hazardous Air Pollutant.
Hydrochloric acid is a versatile chemical used in a variety of chemical processes, including
hydrometallurgical processing (e. g., production of alumina and/or titanium dioxide), chlorine
dioxide synthesis, hydrogen production, activation of petroleum wells, and miscellaneous
cleaning/etching operations including metal cleaning (e. g., steel pickling).Also known as
muriatic acid

25. PROPERTIES
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
25
Appearance:
Odor:
Boiling point:
Melting point:
Vapor pressure:
Density:
colorless, fuming liquid
pungent odor
3C (127F)
74C (-101F)
190 mm Hg @ 25C (77F)
1.18 (water = 1)

26. PREPARATION METHODS
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
26
Synthesis from elements (Burning Process)
Organic By-product Synthesis.
Metallic chlorides with Sulfuric acid.
Waste Incineration.
Thermal decomposition of hydrated heavy metals
Hydrochloric acid may be manufactured by several different processes, although over 90
percent of the HCl produced in the world is a byproduct of the chlorination reaction.

27. PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
27

28. PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
28

29. PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
29

30. PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
30

31. PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
31

32. ORGANIC BY-PRODUCT SYNTHESIS
Hydrochloric acid is made during chlorination of
organicproducts as follows:
• RH2+ Cl2 → RCl + HCl
Hydrochloric acid is also made during fluorination of chlorinated organic
products to manufacture (hydro)chlorofluorocarbons as follows:
• RCl + HF → RF + HCl
Where RCl stands for chloroform, trichloro ethane, etc andRF
stands for (hydro) chlorofluorocarbons
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
32

33. • As a byproduct of chlorination, e. g., in the production of dichloromethane,
trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, or vinyl chloride:
• C2H4 Cl2 → C2H4Cl2
• C2H4Cl2 → C2H3Cl HCl
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
33

34. FLOW SHEET
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
34
Chlorination
Process
HCL
Absorption
Scrubber
HCL & Cl2
Chlorination Gases Vent Gas
Dilute HCL
Concentrated
HCL

35. PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
35

36. BY THERMAL DECOMPOSITION
By thermal decomposition of the hydrated heavy-metal chlorides from spent
pickle liquor in metal treatment: 2FeCl3 6H2O → Fe2O3 3H2O 6HCl
FROM INCINERATION
From incineration of chlorinated organic waste: C4H6Cl2 5O2 → 4CO2 2H2O
2HCl
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
36

37. USES
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
37
For pickling Steel
For the manufacturing of PVC pipes
For the production of compounds that used in wastewater treatment
For manufacturing of Dyes and Fertilizers
It is used in textile and rubber industries

38. HEALTH SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
38
Concentrated hydrochloric acid (fuming hydrochloric acid) forms acidic mists. Both the mist and
the solution have a corrosive effect on human tissue, with the potential to damage respiratory
organs, eyes, skin, and intestines irreversibly. Upon mixing hydrochloric acid with common
oxidizing chemicals, such as sodium hypochlorite (bleach, NaClO) or potassium
permanganate (KMnO4), the toxic gas chlorine is produced
NaClO + 2HCl → H2O + NaCl + Cl2
2KMnO4 + 16HCl → 2MnCl2 + 8H2O + 2KCl + 5Cl2
PbO2 + 4HCl → 2H2O + PbCl2 + Cl2

39. STORAGE AND PRESERVATION
Store in a cool, dry, ventilated storage area with acid resistant floors and good
drainage.
XLPE tanks are recommended but HDPE, LDPE, FRP, rubber-lined steel and
• polypropylene tanks can also store HCL.
The tanks use for storage of HCL its specific gravity should be 1.9
Employ fume scrubbers for HCL vapor mitigation.
PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
39

40. PREPARED BY MAHEEN RAHIM
40