2. ANAEMIA
Definition:
Anemia is defined as a
decreased O2 carrying
capacity due to quantitative
and qualitative Reduction in
RBC counts and Hemoglobin
levels.
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3. ANAEMIA
ANAEMIA is labelled
when Hb is less than
13gm/dl in Males
11 gm/dl in Females
15gm/dl in Newborn.
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7. DUE TO DECREASED RBC
PRODUCTION.
IRON DEFICIENCY
ANAEMIA.
In women of
reproductive age group
(20-45 yrs)
In periods of active
growth of infancy,
childhood & adolescence
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8. IRON METABOLISM
Total body contains 4-5
gms
Forms –
Haemoglobin 70%
Storage iron 20-23% 2/3rd
Ferritin & 1/3rd
Haemosiderin.
Myoglobin in red muscles
5%
Intracellular enzymes 2-3%
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9. DAILY REQUIREMENTS &
SOURCES
5-10 mg/day in Males
20 mg/day in
Females.
40 mg/day in
Pregnant & lactating
women.
Meat, liver, egg, green
leafy veg, Jaggery &
whole wheat.
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11. IRON
ABSORPTION
Mainly in duodenum &
upper jejunum.
MECHANISM
Transport across brush
borders
Haeme iron
Non-haeme iron.
Fate in Enterocytes.
Transport in plasma.
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12. IRON ABSORPTION
Transport across brush
borders.
Absorption of Haeme
form
Absorption of Non-
haeme form
Fate in Enterocytes.
Transport in plasma.
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13. Factors affecting iron
absorption
Form of dietary iron –
haem iron
Non-haem iron – ferrous form (Fe2+) > ferric form
(Fe3+)
Meat & fish ,Human breast milk ,Acid gastric
juice – enhances absorption.
Dietary factors – Phytates , phosphates, calcium,
egg white, phenols, tea, coffe wine reduces.
Iron stores in body – Negative feedback effect.
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15. REGULATION OF BODY IRON
Mucosal block theory of absorption.
Saturation of apoferritin & apotransferrin
Decresed rate of apoferritin synthesis.
Role of specific iron receptors in brush borders.
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18. APPLIED ASPECTS.
Iron deficiency- iron
deficiency Anaemia
Iron excess –
Haemosiderin
accumulation –
Haemosiderosis –
damages tissue –
Haemochromatosis.
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19. CAUSES OF IRON DEFICIENCY
ANAEMIA.
Inadequate dietary
intake.
Increased loss of iron.
Increased demand of
iron.
Decreased absorption.
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20. Megaloblastic Anaemia
Megaloblast –
abnormally large cells
of Erythroid series.
Caused by defective
DNA synthesis due to
deficiency of Vit B12 &
Folic acid.
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21. Vit B 12 (Extrinsic Factor)
Vit B12 –
Cyanocobalamin or
extrinsic factor.
Daily need – 1-2 μg.
Sources – Milk, Meat,
Liver of Animals
Also synthesized by
bacterial Flora.
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22. Vit B 12 (Extrinsic Factor)
Absorption – need
Intrinsic Factor Of Castle ,
a glycoprotein secreted by
parietal cells of gastric
mucosa.
With it form Intrinsic
Factor- Cyanocobalamin
complex
Bound to sp receptors in
ileum & absorbed by
Endocytosis.
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23. Vit B 12 (Extrinsic Factor)
Transport – in blood
transported by
combining with
Transcobalamin-II
Storage – In liver &
Muscle
Role – required for
synthesis of DNA &
maturation of nucleus &
cell.
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25. Aetiology.
Due to vit B12
deficiency
Causes –
Inadequate dietary
intake
Malabsorption due to
gastric cause
Intestinal Cause.
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26. Addisonian Pernicious
Anaemia.
Aetiology – vit B12
deficiency due to
failure of secretion of
Intrinsic Factor by
stomach due to
Autoimmune
Atrophy of Gastric
Mucosa.
Features.
Features of
Megaloblastic anaemia
Anti-intrinsic factor
antibodies.
Schilling test.
(abnormal vit B12
absorption test
corrected by addition
of Intrinsic Factor)
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27. Clinical Features:
General features of Anemia
Pallor, Weakness, Lethargy,
Breathlessness on exertion
Palpitations heart failure pedal edema
Special features :
Angular cheilitis, Atrophic glossitis,
Oesophageal atrophy/web Dysphagia,
Koilonychia, brittle nails, gastric atrophy.
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29. LAB FINDINGS
Blood picture & red cell
indices.
Hb Decreased
RBC – Microcytic,
Hypochromic in iron
deficiency
Megaloblastic in vit B12 &
FOLIC ACID deficiency
Red cell indices – MCV,MCH
& MCHC Decreases
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30. BONE MARROW FINDINGS.
Iron deficiency
anaemia
Marrow Cellularity –
Erythroid Hyperplasia.
Erythropoiesis –
Normoblastic
Marrow Iron –
Deficient.
Megaloblastic
anaemia.
Marrow cellularity –
Megaloblastic
Hyperplasia.
Marrow iron – by
Prussian Blue staining
increase in size & no of
iron granules.
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